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DIFFERENTIA ORGANI AUDITUS ANIMALIUM.

D I S S E R T A T I O IN A U G U R A L I S

QUAM

CONSENSU ILLUSTRIS MEDICORÜM ORD1NIS,

P R O G R A D U M A G I S T R I MEDICINJE I N U N I V E R S I T A T E CAESAREA D O R P A T E N S I

RITE CONSEQUENDO

PR^SIDE D. M. E. STYX.

I t O C T E M P O R E K E D I C O R U M O R B I N I 3 E R A B F . U T A , P R O F . P . O R D I N A R I O , M A T E R I / E H E M C * , D I ^ T E T I C K S E T H I S T O R I E M P . D I C I N < E .

* D I E P R I M O J U N I I MDCCC1V

P U B L I C K D K F E K D I 1 T

AUTOR

C A R O L U S DE W I L P E R T ,

R I G f ' t f S I S .

V

D ' O A T I ,

u r c n s M I C H A E L I S G E R H A R D I G R I i N Z I I ,

T V r O 0 R A V H l A C A D K M I C f .

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T_Jt functio a u d i t u s , ita a c t i o p a r t i u m orgahr itfiuS ncfbls adrruc v a l d e i g n o t a eft, q u o fit, u t p a t h o l o g i a q u o q u e e t t h e r a p i a m o r b o r u m illarum p a r t i u m , anguftis t e r m i n i s c i r c u m f c r i p t a fit ac obfcura. Cujus materiae, nimis a d h u c n e g l e c r s e , expofitionem u t i i e m e f l e , mihi perfuafum h a b e o , eftque igitur c u r , h a c occafrone rriihi o b l a t a , illam prae aiiis e ü g e n d a m p u t a v e r i m , q u a m v i s ad c o g n i t i o n e m ejus perfectiofem r e d d e n d a m , vix aliquid majoris m o m e n t i c o l l a t u r u s .

Quae differentia inter c u j u s c u n q u e organi ftructuram, i r i a n i m a l i b u s diverfis, i n t e r c e d a t , nobis, ad ejus functiones i n d a g a n d a s e t cognofcen- d a s . m u l t u m faepius prodeft, L i c e a t ergo ofgani a u d i t u s difterentiam in animalibus a t t e n t e c o n f i d e r a r e ! Q u a id disquifitione o r d i n e m fe- q u e n t e m o b f e r v a b i m u s , u t i ) d e differentia a'uris ex'ternae e t m e a t u s auditorii e x t e r n i , 2 ) d e m e m b r a n a e t c a V f r a t e t y m p a n i , 3) d e l a b y - r i n t l i o , 4) d e nervo auditorio difTeramus.

I. De

differentia

aufis exterhte atque meatus auditorii externi.

C o n c h a animalium debilium t i m i d o r u m q u e , v. c. a f i n i , leporis, gazellcB, praecipue vero a n i m a l i u m n o c t u r n o r u m , major e(t q u a m alio«

rurn , J) m e a t u s a u d i t o r i u s c a r t i l a g i n e u s e o r u m faepe t u b u l o f u s , a u r i s e x t e r n a mobiiior n e c n o n mufcdlis u b e r i u s q u a m in n o m i n e , inftructa.

t) Cuviei's Vorlefunprn über vergleichende'Aiiatomie, überfettt von Filetier. Bd. IT.

(Brauuiclw. 1S0J.) p- 555.

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vero c e t e r a s fpecies hujus generis, haec c o n c h a in i Iiis capite major eft. T r a - g u s in iis m a g n u s ac fingulari m o d o f o r m a t u s , in aliis animalibus, j a m me«

m o r a t i s , fcre non confpicitur. Heiice c a r e n t o m n i a fereanimalia, e x c e p t i s finüs. In.BonnulUs So.ricum fpecjebus,y. c. in Sprjce fodiente ( i n aqua vivenfe1,') antitfa^ilsj inflar öftefculi, m e a t u i auditorio infervit. *) C e t a - cea t a n r u m , R o s m a r u s , fpecies üonruülae P h o c a r u m , P a n g o l i n a , M a r m o t a T y p h k i s , M u s a m p h i b i u s , fpecies certae Soricurn e t T a l p a ,

• i n t e r t».3ttjfl]alia,ooncha c a r e n t .

M e a t u s a u d i t p r i u s . o f l e u s , i n t e r , o n m e s p a r t e s ofieas organi a u d i -

| u s poftremo f o r m a t u s , -).in a n i m a l i b u s carnivoris, ficutin n o m i n e , hori- z o n t a l i t e r ad i n t u s p e n e t r a t , in C a n e , F e i e , & c . q u i d e m re'cta, in n o - mine, fimul antxorfum, i n L , u t r a , V i v e r r a , Marte v e r o retrorfum t e n - d e n s . Defceudit i a a n i m a l i b u s r o d e n t i b u s e t aliis, praecipue in lepore.

L o n g i t u d i n e a c l a t i t u d i n e h i c m e a t u s valde differt. In Simiis breviqr eft q u a m in h o n i i n e , in E l e p b a n t e l o n g u s a c a m p l u s , in S u e valde l o n g u s a t q u e t e n u i s , in feris plurimis brevis a t q a e a m p l u s . *) T a l p a h a b e t m e a t u m v a l d e p l a n u m , a t l a t u m . Oftium m e a t u s iftius in h o - m i n e , ovali p e n e ^ g u r a , ,iq;jSimiis m i n u s a t q u e ttiagis r o t u n d u m eft. 4) . S c a v i a C a h y b a r a e t S c a v i a . A g u t i , ft»b m a r g i n e inferiori m e a t u s auditorii,

f o r a m e ^ fißbent, ad cav^tatem t y m p a n i p e n e t r a n s . 5)

C e t a c e a t a n t u m inter j m a m m a l i a o m n i a , m e a t u auditorio ofleo c a r e n t . M e a t u s c a r t i l a g i n e u s , oftio a d m o d u m angufto ac fpcmte c o a r - ctabili inOfuctys ,,.,p^r. a d i p e m finuofe a d m e m b r a n a m . t y m p a n i p e n e t r a t . 7)

4) Cuvier's Vorlefuiifsen über vergleichende Anatomie, iiberleUt von Fifcher. Bd. II.

' (Bräurifclivf. 1802.) p; 553* : ~1 '

2) Uenilamm difT. dt fteleto human, var, in;8efatibus. p. 1<J. 15- 19- 20.

3) Blumenbach Gefchichte uud Befehrcibung der Knochen, p. 1ZJ, Anm.

4) Jofephi Anatomie der Saugthiere.. Bd. I , . p. £56». .y . 5) Cuvier loco citato. p. 554.

6) Monro Ftiyfiology, ot'Fish«. Stet, III. \. 1.

7) Klein maiiuir. de piftium auditu. p. IQ. ;

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In a v i b u s , m e a t u s a u d i t o r i u s e x t e r n u s a d m o d u m b r e v i s , p l e r u m - q u e e x foramine t a n t u m confiftit, p e n n i s fpirale collatis, faepe longiori«

b u s , ( u t in Oti.de t a r d a , ) a t q u e fingulariter difpofitis, fupertecto. Iu S t r i g u m fpeciebus, a p e r t u r a auris e x t e r n a in fundo c a v i t a t i s m a a m e j a - cet, m e m b r a n a plicata veftitae a t q u e conchae m a m m a l i u m n o n infiniiüs.

Veftigiumpoftremum m e a t u s auditorii i n C r o c o d i l o invenimus, cujus m e m b r a n a t y m p a n i labiis quafi, a b i n t e g u m e n t i s c a p i t i s f o r m a t i s , tegi p o - teft. *) Klein e t H a l l e r 2) m e a t u m a u d i t o r i u m e x t e r n u m pifcibus adefle falfo c r e d i d e r e , ficut M o n r o 3 ) e t H u n t e * 4) finus mucofos in cervice pifcium c a r t i l a g i n o f o r u m , pro m e a t u illo h a b e b a n t . A n i m a l n u l l u m c a - vitate t y m p a n i p r i v a t u m , m e a t u auditorio e x t e r n o g a u d e t .

II. De differentia membranae tympani, cavitatis tympani officulorumque auditus illa conten- torum.

Animalia omnia calido f a n g u i n e f i c u t h o m ofm e m b r a n a m t y m p a n i h a - bent, e x c o n t i n u a t i o n i b u s i n t e g u m c n t o r u m corporis a t q u e cavitatis t y m ­ pani et ex m e m b r a n a propria confiftentera, 5) q u a m m e m b r a n a m propri- a m vero pleriqüe a n a t o m i c i non diftinguunt. 6) I n h a c m e m b r a n a , fibras r a d i a t a s ex loco infertionis m a n u b r i i m a l l e i , t a h q u a m e m e d i o ad p e r i - p h e r i a m c u r r e n t e s , o b f e r v a m u s m a x i m e diftinctas in E l e p h a n t e , E . H o m e in h a s praecipue a d t e n t i o n e m incitavit. C r e d i t e n i r a , m e m b r a n a m t y m p a n i mufculum c u m fibris r a d i a l i b u s effe. 7)

l ) Scarpa anatomifche Uiiterfuchungen • des Gehörs und Geruchs. A. d.Lat. Nürnb.lSOO 4 p. 27-

2) Element, phyflolog. Lib.XV. Sect. I. §. 8.

3) riiyfioloey'of Fishes. Sect. III. |. 4.

h) Mükdbphical fransactions ann. 17S2. vol. 72. T. IT. p. 379. [q.

5) Cuvier 1. c. p. 532.

6) Haller Eiern, phyf. Lib. XV. Sect, I. Caldani inftitut. phyfiologicie, ed. Sandifort. p.20<5.

l) Everard Home in philofophical iransact. for the year 1S00- T.T. p. 1. translat. inHufe- land, Schreper und Harles Journal der ausländ, med. 1 .itltralur. Bd. II. p. 421 et 527 • Home, über die Strucktur und den Nutzen des Trommelfells.

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In m a m m a l i b u s , m e m b r a n a t y m p a n i , ficut in h o m i n e , fuperficiem e x t e r n a m h a b e t c o n c a v a m , i n t e r n a m vero c o n v e x a m , c o n o fimilem, c u j u s a p e x , non plane ad c e n t r u m fitus, malleo adhaeret. T a n t u m m e m ­ brana t y m p a n i Talpae plana eft. Haec m e m b r a n a in h o m j n e ita fita eft, ut c u m pariete anteriori m e a t u s auditorii a n g u l u m formet a c u t u m , c u m p a r t e pofteriori vero obtufum. *) In m a m m a l i b u s nonnullis a c u t e a u d i - e n t i b u s , e a m a d m o d u m oblique a t q u e c u m fuperficie e x t e r n a deorfüm fpecrantem i n v e n i m u s , 2) v. c. in P a g o l i n a , Muftela, L u t r i s & c . M e m ­ b r a n a t y m p a n i T a l p a e , t e g m e n t i l o c o , m e a t u i auditorio infervit, i d e o q u e h o r i z o n t a l i t e r fere fita eft. L e p u s vero a t q u e p l e r a q u e p e c o r a m e m b r a n a m fere p e r p e n d i c u l a r e m h a b e n t . Major eft in a c u t e a u d i e n - t i b i i s , q u a m in aliis. — M e m b r a n a t y m p a n i avium in fuperficie e x t e r n a c o n v e x a , major a c tenuior q u a m in m a m m a l i b u s , a t t a m e n fibrisradiatis inftructa eft, et g e n e r a l i t e r f e r e , pragfertirovBro i n a v i b u s n o c t u r n i s , in la­

t u s rctrorfum verius ac deorfum fpectat. M e m b r a n a Anferis e t P f i t t a c i m a g i s perpendicularis eft.— I n t e r a m p h i b i a , m e m b r a n a t y m p a n i m e a t u a u d i t o r i o deftituta, eo m a g i s adfpectui p a t e t , q u o m i n u s animal in a q u a vivit. 3 ) In R a n a , Bufone e t L a c e r t i s , i n t e g u m e n t i s tenuiffimis t a n t u m fupertecta eft. M e m b r a n a t y m p a n i tenuiffima Lacertae agilis, e x t r o r - fum paulifper convexa,, fere n u d a j a c e t . 4) In Bufone q u o q u e valde t e n u i s eft, at m e m b r a n a fere plana R a n a r u m , e x fibris cartilaginofis, in 'medio c r a d i o r i b u s e t a i b i s , conftat. 5) In T e f t u d i n i b u s , m e m b r a n a c a r - t i l a g i n o f a , craffa, i n t e g u m e n t i s craffis t e c t a , oculis expofita n o n eft.

A t t a m e n itiTeftudinibus terreftribus, m a g i s fuperficialis j a c e t quam in raa- rinis, q u a r u m t y m p a n u m in fundo cavitatis infundibiliformisfitum eft. 6)

l) VVi-ldberg, über die Gehör-Werkzeuge des Menfchen. Jena 1795. p. 50.

2) Cuvicr's Vorlefungfcu. Bd. II. p. 533- 3) Scarpa 1. c. p. 5.3.

4) Geoffrcys Abhandlung von Jen Gehör-Werkzeugen des Meijfchen, der Amphibien und der ['ilche. A. d. Franz. I pz. 178O. P- J9- 4o.

5) ibidem. S. I. p. 4L 5 1 . Cuvier p. 53J.

«,') ,S<.arpa !. c. p. '{"•

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In A n g u e fragili e x t e r n e nihil o b f e r v a m u s , quoniam. m e m b r a n a t y m ­ pani tenuiffima, i n t e g u m e n t i s ac mufculis i'upertecta eft. *) In Caecilia poftremum vefligium ejus invenimus. 2) C h a m a d e o n h a b e t quidem c a v i t a t e m t y m p a n i , a t fme m e m b r a n a ejus propria, ab i n t e g u m e n t i s t a n t u m i m m u t a t i s claufam. I n V i p e r i s , Colu- b r i s , S a l a m a n d r a e t pilcibus, n e c cavitas n e c m e m b r a n a t y m p a n i in- venitur. 4)

Cavitas t y m p a n i p l e r a r u m q u e S i m i a r u m , magis plana q u a m i n h o m i - nibus, cellulis proceflus maftoidei c a r e t , h o c proceilu fere difparente. ->) P l e r a q u e c e t e r a m a m m a l i a vero c a v i t a t e m , h o m i n i s c a v i t a t e h a b e n t m a j o - r e m , capfulam ofleam f o r m a n t e m , in fuperficie inferiori capitis valde p r o . t u b e r a n t e m . 6) Capfulahaec f u p p l e t q u o q u e c e l l u l a s proceiTusrnaftoidei, in plerisque m a n i m a l i b u s digitatis c a r e n t e s . F i g u r a capfulae p r o t u b e - r a n t i s v a r i a , a t p l e r u m q u e ovalis vel fubrotunda eft. S e m p e r f e r e capfula, u t v. c. L e p o r i s , O v i s , Cervi cava eft, a t S u e s a c B o v e s e a m Iamel- lis ofleis in loculis anguftis divifam h a b e n t . 7) In feris , praecipue ex g e n e r e Canis vel F e l i s , valde m a g n a invenitur. Urfus vero ea c a r e t . C a v i t a s t y m p a n i F e l i u m e t V i v e r r a r u m f p i n a ofleain d u a s c a v e r n u l a s per foramen c o m u n i c a n t e s divifa eft, q u a r u m anterior oflicula a u d i t u s e t fe^

neftram o v a l e m , pofterior vero m a j o r , feneftram r o t u n d a m continet, e t t a n t u m in m a m m a l i b u s , a c u t e a u d i e n t i b u s , inveniri videtur, 8) f i c u t i n avibus q u o q u e h o c loco cellula m a g n a adeft. Cavitas t y m p a n i h o m i n i s e t i a m in p a r t e pofteriori, veftigia nonnulla cellularum monftrat in c e t e - fis vero m a m m a l i b u s , p l e r u m q u e m a j o r e s tales a p p e n d i c e s cavitatis hujus r e p e r i u n t u r , v. c . i n H i p p o p o t a m o ; in B r a d y p o d e cellula talis a r c u z y g o m a t i c o c o n t i n e t u r . In E l e p h a n t e , cellulae multae verfus c a v i t a t e m t y m p a n i c o n v e r g e n t e s , c u m h a c e t c u m cellulis auris alterius c o m m u -

l) Geoffroy p. 56. 2) Scarpa p. 4;i. 3) Cuvier p. 531- 4) GeoPfroy p-5S. Scarpa p. 45.

S) Jofephi Anatomie der Saugthiere. Bi'. I. p. IÖ7 <t l60. Blumenbach ]. r. 124.

6) Cuvier 1. c. p. 522. 523.

7) Blumenbruh Gttchichte der Knochen, p. 125- 8) Cuvier J. 0 p. 52-i

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n i c a n t e s r e p e r i u n t u r . *) CapfulaPhocas et R o s m a r i m a g n a , indivifa c e t a c e o r u m vero parva et fingulariter f o r m a t a a c t u r b i n a t a eft. 2) — C a v i t a s t y m p a n i a v i u m , extrorfum valde extenfa, cavis tribus m a g n i s a laminis offeis t e n u i b u s c l a u ß s c i r c u m d a t u r , praecipue in Strige flammea a d m o d u m a m p l i s . Q u o r u m a l t e r u m inter c a n a l e s f e m i c i r c u l a r e s , a l t e r u m circa c o c h l e a m in fundo cranii, t e r t i u m i n occipitefe expandit, c u m c a v o l a t e - ris alterius c o m m u n l c a n s . In c e t e r i s S t r i g u m fpeciebus, n o n a d e o a m p l a i n v e n i u n t u r ; i n a v i b u s n a t a n t i b u s a c T r i n g i s , p l e r u m q u e angufta, in S t r u t h i o C a m e l o e t Cafuario ormjjbus c e t e r i s minora funt. Nonnullae S p e c i e s P f i t t a c o r u m e i s p l a n e c a r e r e videntur, a t c a v i t a s e o r u m r e t r o r f u m major eft. V e r u m in o m n i b u s fere avibus , c a v i t a t e s tympanicaa a m b o - r j m l a t e r u m , p e r diploen cranii inter fe c o m m u n i c a n t .

C a v u m t y m p a n i in L a c e r t i s , Ranis e t A n g u e fragili, m a x i m a p a r t e ligamentofum vel m e m b r a n a c e u m invenitur. 5) In T e f t u d i n i b u s , diftinctius vero in Crocodilo c a v u m , p e r conftrictionem q u a f i , in p a r t e m e x t e r n a m e t i n t e r n a m fegregatur. P a r s i n t e r n a in Teftudine cellulam f o r m s t m a g n a m , e t ex fundo cavi, canalis anguftus ad feneftrara o v a l e m t e n d i t , per q u e m officulum a u d i t u s ad e a m p e n e t r a t . Colubri Vipe- rseque 6) ficut pifces ea c a r e n t .

Animalia o m n i a c a v i t ä t e tympani g a u d e n t i a , verifimiliter t u b a m E u f t a c h i a n a m q u o q u e poffident. In carnivoris brevior ac in n o m i n e eft;

i n t e r d u m ficut i n F e l i b u s , in Muftelis & c . t a n t u m foramen feu fiffura adeft. I n E l e p h a n t e vero canalis m a g n u s l o n g u s q u r : -peritur. T u b a E u - ftachiana E q u i , c u m facco m a g n o m e m b r a n a c e o , in p a r t e oris pofteriori j a c e n t i , c o m m u n i c a t . In C e t a c e i s , t u b a m a g n a «x p a r t e auteriori cavita- t i s t y m p a n i , ad c a v i t a t e m nafi abit. 7 ) — In avihas, t o t a haec t u b a o f l e a

1) E. Home I. c. Journal für ausl. med. Litt. Bd. II. p. Cuvier p. 525.

2) C u v i e r p. 529.

3) Cuvier p. 518-

4) Scarpa de ftructura fencflrae rotundx. p. 118- 5) Geoffroy p. 4 l . 4;). 5Ö-

(,) Geoffroy p. 58.

7) Cuvier p. 530-

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eft- Geoffroy n e g a t c o n t r a V a l i s n i e r u m , amphibia p l e r a q u e h a c t u b a i n f t r u c t a efi'e, 1) n u n c vero in o m n i b u s amphibiis, qiue cavitatem t y m - pani h a b e n t , illam adefle conftat. I n l a c e r t a canalem b r e v e m Format, in R a n a ac Bufone t a n t u m foramen. 2)

Oflicula a u d i t u s e a d e m i n o m n i b u s m a m m a l i b u s , ficut i n h o m i n e , i n - v e n i u n t u r . I n o m n i b u s r a m u s a n t e r i o r ftapedis.pofteriorimajoreft T a l p a r a m o s h o s , m a x i m e inter animalia o m n i a , cuirvatos a c inter fe diftantes h a b e t . C e t a c e a ftapedem, c o r p u s folidum f o r m a n t e m , parvo foramine t a n t u m perfbratum h a b e n t . — A v e s u n i c u m t a n t u m ofliculum poffident, a Cafferio 3 ) in Anfere p r i m u m d e t e c t u m . R a m i s d u o b u s compofitum eft, q u o r u m alter, mallei inftar, m e m b r a n a e t y m p a n i adhaeret, e t per r a m u l o s q u o s d a m a r c t i u s c u m ea c o n j u n g i t u r , alter vero offeus, i n t e r d u m in fila dua vel tria fiflus, lamina fua ovali vel t r i a n g u l a r i , feneftram vefti- b u l i c l a u d i t . — O f l i c u l u m a m p b i b i o r u m , avium ofllculo m a g i s vel m i n u s fimile eft. I n C o l u b r i s et Viperis, qui cavo t y m p a n i carent, officulum a u ­ d i t u s tarnen adeft, p a r t e i n t e r n a feneftram c l a u d e n s , p a r t e e x t e r n a inter mufculos fitum et o p e ligamenti fulcro olfeo maxillae interioris adhae- r e n s . 4) Ofliculum t a n d e m , in L a c e r t a lacuftri, in o p e r c u l u m cartilagi- n e u m a b i t , et in Raja e t S q u a l o , m e m b r a n a t a n t u m feneftram veftibuli claudit.

Mufculi o f l k u l o r u m a u d i t u s iidem in m a m m a l i b u s funt, ac in h o - m i n e . — Aves q u o q u e tenforem t y m p a n i h a b e n t et filamenta d u o t e n - dinofa, tenfionem nimis m a g n a m impedientia. s) L a c e r t a agilis poftre­

m u m eft a n i m a l , cujus tenTor t y m p a n i fatis nobis conftat.

Feneftrae, e cavo t y m p a n i a d l a b y r i n t h u m d u c e n t e s . f i g u r a e t m a g n i - t u d i n e q u o q u e variant. Feneftra r o t u n d a , feu Cochleae m e m b r a n a intror- fum c o n v e x a , claufa in c e t e r i s m a m m a h b u s , ficut in h o m i n e , retrorfum

1) Geoffroy p. 4y. 52.

2 Scarpa p. 46 et 52. not. — Cuvier p. 517.

3) CaflVrius de vocis auditusque organis, Ferrarae. 16~00- Fol. p. 78.

4) Scarpa p. 4.;.

5: Cuvier [;; 5'»9- E. Home hoc non novit. Vide 1. c. im Journal 8cc. p. 530.

B

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fpectat. In vefpertilionibus e t plerisque c a r n i v o r i s , b r u t i s et folidun- gulis, n e c non in c e t a c e i s , feneftra Cochleae altera major eft- A t in n o ­ m i n e , feneftra ovalis paulifper major i n v e n i t u r , et in L e p o r e r o t u n d a m i n a g n i t u d i n e m u l t u m lüperat. Feneftra r o t u n d a E l e p h a n t i etiam ad- m o d u m parva eft. I n T a l p a aliisque m a m m a l i b u s , feneftra ovalis tigno t r a n s v e r l a r i o partita reperitur. — A v e s feneftras u t r a s q u e ovales ha- bent. -— Feneftra veftlbuli in amphibiis o m n i b u s a d e l t Campe." p r i m u s feneftram r o t u n d a m in Crocodilo invenit. C o m p a r e r t i vero p r i m u s par t e m Cochleae analogain in lacertis defcripfit, e t c u m h a c , feneftra r o t u n d a q u o q u e adeft, q u a m q u a m Scarpa e t Geofi'roy h a n c feneftram in a m ­ phibiis non m e m o r a n t A m p h i b i a c e t e r a v e r o t a n t u m feneftram veftibuli habent.officulo v e l o p e r c u l o c l a u f a m et, magis vel m i n u s mufcu- lis ac i n t e g u m e n t i s f u p e r t e c t a m . — I n Raja et S q u a l o feneftra haec m e m ­ b r a n a t a n t u m claufa, p e r i n t e g u m e n t a co'nfpicua eft. *) Pifces ceteri (fpinofi) h a c feneftra c a r e n t . O r g a n u m a u d i t u s e o r u m offibus cranii inclufum, f e c u n d u m S c a r p a e t C u v i e r , n o n i m r o e d i a t e , fed t a n t u m per ofla illa, v i b r a t i o n e s accipit. 2) GeorTroy tarnen d u a s defcripfit a p e r t u - r a s , m e m b r a n i s c l a u f a s , ex c a v i t ä t e b r a n c h i a r u m ad Organum a u d i t u s t e n d e n t e s . 3) In C a n c r o feneftra veftibuli oculis expofita eft, a t Sepiae ea c a r e n t . 4)

III. De differentia labyrinthi.

Labyrinthus in Simiis idem ac in homine. 5) in ceteris quoque

a n i m a l i b u s , t a n t u m p a r t i u m p r o p o r t i o n e s v a r i a n t . In h o m i n c b a f i s Coch­

leae, canalera femicircularem h o r i z o n t a l e m , feu m i n o r e m , a m p l i t u d i n e non fuperat. A t in vefpertilionibus m u l t o major eft, i m o in f p e c i e c e r t a e o r u m , d i a m e t e r Cochleae d e c i e s canalium d i a m e t r u m , a n t e c e l l i t In

l) Cuvier p. 496. Scarpa p. l4. Geoffroy tarnen hoc negat, p. 67- 2) Scarpa p. 31. 32. Cuvier p. 5l4.

3) Geoffroy p. 92. 93- Ii) Scarpa p. 4. 9. 10.

5) Joiephi 1. c. p. 168. ' '

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p l e r i s q u e feris, ficut etiam in S u e , E q u o a c E l e p h a n t e , Cochlea, r a - t i o n e c a n a l i u m , major a c in n o m i n e e r t , in L e p o r e ac T a l p a vero m i ­ nor. I n q u a d r u p e d i b u s f e r e o m n i b u s , Cochlea circulos d u o s e t d i m i d i u m conficit, a t i n C a v i i s et in Hyftrice t r e s et dimidium, i n B a l a e n a u n u m e t d i m i d i u m . *) C a n a l e s femicircularesBalaenae adeo t e n u e s funt, ut C a m ­ per illos r e p e r i r e non p o t u e r i t . Cochlea contra m a g n a eft, 2) — in n o m i n e , ficut q u o q u e in C a n e , E l e p h a n t e , E q u o , B r a d y p o d e ac DeU p h i n o , fcala t y m p a n i paulffper altera a m p l i o r eft, raagis a d h u c inVefper- tilione. In O v e , L e p o r e , F e i e & c . vero fcala veftibuli major eft.

A t t a m e n in bis q u o q u e , fcala t y m p a n i , a p u d feneftram r o t u n d a m , a m p l i o r eft.

P a r t e s labyrinthi m e m b r a n a c e i a d e o a r c t e lamellis oifeis circum- datae funt, u t d i u , iinmo fere u s q u e ad Scarpa, a n a t o m i c i t a n t u m oileum n u n c l a b y r i n t h u m defcripferint, e t m e m b r a n a c e u m , feu v e r u m , plane p r a e t e r m i f e r i n t , vel pro periofteo t a n t u m h a b u e r i n t . 5) L a m e l l e t e n u e s a c elafticae labyrinthi offei, p l e r u m q u e fubftantia denfa o H i s p e - trofi c i r c u m d a n t u r , at i n a n i m a l i b u s n o n n u l l i s a c u t e a u d i e n t i b u s , Cochlea offea, a u t canales femicirculares liberiores, vel in c a v i t a t ^ c r a n i i , vel e x - trorfum p r o m i n e n t , '1) ut in Vefpertilionibus et T a l p i s , vel i n t e r d u m fubftantia offis petrorfi m a g i s cellulofa eft. Denfiffima haec fubftantia i n C e t a c e i s invenitur, a t c u m reliquis capitis oflibus, o s petrofum e o r u m per l i g a m e n t a t a n t u m c o n j u n c t a , e t fupra id c a v u m r e p e r i m u s , a b olfe occipitis praefertim f o r m a t u m . A q u a e d u c t u s in o m n i b u s adfunt m a m ­ m a l i b u s , in Delphino praecipue m a g n i funt. L a b y r i n t h u s m e m b r a n a - c e u s in a v i b u s , a m p h i b i i s a c pifcibus, c u m labyrinrho m a m m a l i u m v a l d e c o n g r u i t . S a c c u l u s r o t u n d u s q u i d e m , qui in receflu hemifphaerieo veftibuli h o m i n i s ( a c forfan m a m m a l i u m p l u r i u m , ) i n v e n i t u r , in avi­

b u s non adeft, et Cochlea, in avibus j a m m i n u s perfecta, in a m p h i b i i s l) Cuvier p. 50.*.

2) Camper in Actis Harlemenf. T. XT. V. III. p. 1Q.J.

3) Scarpa ). c. l'raefatio p. V.

.'() ( . . u v i e r ! . c. p. 510-

B 2

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p l e r i s q u e a c in pifcibus o m n i b u s difparet, e t l o c o e j u s , p a r t e s alias in veftibulo r e p e r i m u s . A t t a m e n p a r t e s l a b y r i n t h i plurimae in o m n i b u s fere c o n v e n i ü n t *) O m n i a ehim animalia illa c a n a l e s t r e s femicircula- res h a b e n t , c u m a p e r t u r i s q u i n q u e in a l v e u m c o m m u n e m , ( q u o Raja e t S q u a l u s t a n t u m c a r e n t , ) i n t r a n t e s , q u o r u m fingulus, prope i n t r o i t u m in alveo c o m n u n i , ubi n e r v u m a u d i t o r i u m recipit, veficulae inltar inrumefcit. Tubuli c a n a l i u m , veficulas a c alveus c o m m u n i s claufi, ac liquore proprio repleti, in liquore alio veftibuli n a t a n t , per q u e m vibra t i o n e s r e t i p i u n t . In o m n i b u s animalibus, veficulae, feu ampullac cana­

lium, expanfionem pulpofam nervi auditorii c o n t i n e n t , in o m n i b u s q u o q u e extenfio hujus nervi a l i a , m a g i s fibrofa, r e p e r i t u r , cui reci- piendae in a v i b u s , ficut in m a m m a l i b u s , Cochlea infervit, in c e t e r i s v e r o a n i m a l i b u s p a r t e s aliae adfunt.

L o c o Cochleae, in m a m m a l i b u s e x figura proprie fic dictae, a v e s c o r - niculum h a b e n t c ö n i c u m , leviter c u r v a t u m , apice obtufo retrorfum a c introrfum t e n d e n s . Laminae duae t e n u e s , cartilaginofae, m e m b r a n u l a conjuncrae, in partero a n t e r i o r e m et pofteriorem id dividunt e t in api­

c e ejus c a v i t a t e m formant. 2) P a r s pofterior ad feneftram r o t u n d a m t e n d i t , anterior vero longior, fcalam veftibuli format- C o r n i c u l u m , ficut v e f t i b u l u m , l i q u o r e r e p l e t u m . In S t r u t h i o C a m e l o parvifiimum i n v e n i m u s . Veftibulum avium p a r v u m . $) Canales femicirculares m e m b r a n a c e i , in c a - n a l i b u s o U e i s a m p l i o r i b u s , tela cellulofa firmantur. D u o e o r u m fe invicem d e c u f i a n t , quod in m a m m a l i b u s non invenimus. Verticalis, m a x i m u s , a t in avibus cantricibus r a t i o n e c e t e r a r u m m i n o r , ae m a g i s r e t r orf u m fitus eft. In Accipitribus, praecipue vero in n o c t u r n i s , canales majores funt, q u a m in Gallinis e t G r a l l i s . L a b y r i n t h u s offeus avium, nonnullis in p a r t i b u s , m e m b r a n a c e o amplior eft. C a n a l e s d u o in c a v i t ä t e cranii a d - p a r e n t . P a r t e s ceterae q u o q u e n o n maffa denfa, fed cellulis cavitatis

i~) Cuvier 1. r. p. 500. Scarpa p. 62. 65. et pr.rf>lio, p. IV. V.

2) Cuvier p. 500. Scarpa p. 59. — Scarpa c!e ftnelira rotunda, Cap. IV.

3) Cuvier p. 501. Blumenbach contra dun: C1. c. p. l-'/". Not.) vtiiibulum in avibus amplum eile.

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t y m p a n i , et tela ceJlulofa, offea, r a r a , c i r c u m d a n t u r . Cotunni n e g a t aves aquaeductus h a b e r e . 1) C o m p a r t t t i vero canales tales invenit. 2)

Amphibid generaliter Cochlea c a r e n t , e t loco ejus corpufculum a m y l a c e u m in veftibulo e o r u m r e p e r i m u s , expanfionem fibrofam nervi auditorii recipiens. Q u o s de dictos calculos a u d i t u s , in Teftudine, Cro codilo et L a c e r t a , in facculo proprio i n v e n i m u s , gelatina repleto, ac fub alveo c o m m u n i canalium, in fundo veftibuli, iinniediate ad bafin ofllculi a u d i t u s pofito. •*) Corpufcula, n u m e r o t r i a , confiftentiam amyli fere h u m e c t a t i h a b e n t . A t t a m e n praeter h u n c a p p a r a t u m , in Crocodilo et in Lacertis, a d h u c p a r t e m a l i a m Cochleae a n a l o g a m C o m p a r e t t i p r i m u s n o bis delcripfit. / () S a c c u l u s calculorum n e m p e p r o l o n g a t i o n e m h a b e t conicani, per laminam c a r t i l a g i n e a m ita p a r t i t a m , ut c a n a l e m infe r e t r o - flexuin formet, ad m e m b r a n a m feneftroe rotundse d u c e n t e m . Q u o d Or­

g a n u m in nonnullis aliis amphibiis vix c o n n f p i e u u m , in R a n i s , B u f o n e a c S a l a n i a n d r a plane abeft, in Teftudine vero tranfitum ad p a r t e m , locum ejus in pifeibus t e n e n t e m , diftinete d e f i g n a t . — C a n a l e s femicirculares, in L a c e r t a t r i a n g u l u m aequilaterum, et in Rana e t B u f o n e circulum fere formantes, fecundum Geoffroy, t r i b u s t a n t u m f o r a m i n i b u s c u r a veftibulo c o m m u n i c a n t , 5) fecundum S c a r p a et Cuvier vero a p e r t u r a s q u i n q u e h a b e n t . 6) In A n g u e fragili, viperis, colubris e t S a l a m a n d r a , Geoffroy et alii canales nullos r e p e r i e b a n t 7) Adfunt tarnen in o m n i b u s . 8) S a c ­ culus fub alveo c o m m u n i c a n a l i u m , in f e r p e n t i b u s , in Rara e t B u f o n e . calculum u n i c u m t a n t u m contihet. L a b y r i n t h u s m e m b r a n a c e u s , in a m ­ phibiis n o n tarn a r e t e q u a m in m a m m a J i b u s e t a v i b u s , Iamina ollea cin-

•l) Cotunni de aqujeductibi]".

2) Comparttti obdrvat. anatom. de aure interne coinparata.

.3) S<arpa p. 4S. 4y:

4) Cuvier p. 4y8.

5) Gcoifroy 1. c. p. '1.3- Aj. eum figuris v. r . Tab. I. f. 10 et 11.

6) Scarpa p. 44. £()• 51. — Cuvier p. 4<)0.

7) GtoflVoy p. 57. 60. 65. — Haller Eiern. Pbyi. lib. XV. Seit. III. ". 4- 8) Scarpa p. 4o. 4 l . 44- Cuvier p. 498.

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gitur. I n T e f t u d i n e , feptum verfus c e r e b r u m , ex p a r t e m e m b r a n a - c e u m eft.

In pifcibusbranchiisclaufis, *) (in Raja e t S q u a l o , ) veftibulum t r i a n ­ g u l ä r e f a c c n l o s t r e s , calculos c o n t i n e n t e s h a b e t , q u o r u m m a x i m u s in a n g u l o pofteriori j a c e t . Calculi paulifper foiidiores ac a m p h i b i o r u r a funt. Superficies e o r u m a n t e r i o r fubftantia gelatinofa t e c t a eft, in pofteriori v e r o , m e m b r a n a facculi c u m t e x t u r a nervofa e x p a n d i t u r . 2) S a c c u l i c a l c u l o r u m , in liquore veftibuli n a t a n t e s , per t e l a m cellulofam, cum canalibus c o p u l a n t u r , a t nusqua'm c u m i l l i s c o m m u n i c a n t . C a n a l e s a n n u l o s f o r m a n t integros, ex parte, liberein v e f t i b u l o e m i n e n t e s i d e o q u e a l v e u m c o m m u n e m n u l l u m h a b e n t , f e d d u o t a n t u m e o r u m feconjungunt, q u i s q u e tarnen a m p u l l a m format, e t o m n e s liquore proprio repleti funt. 3j L ü b y i i n t h u s ofi'eus pifcium h o r i y n , m e m b r a n e c e o m u l t o a m p l i o r , offi- b u s denfis cranii c o n t i p e t u r .

File es brauchiis liberis, Organum a u d i t u s plane in c a v i t ä t e cranii inclufum h a b e n t . C a n a l e s femicirculares t r e s , m a j o r e s q u a m in pifei- b u s a n t e c e d e n t i b u s , a p e r t u r i s q u i n q u e alveo c o m m u n i fe i n l e r u n t , 4) et p r o p e infertionem, q u i s q u e a m p u l l a m format, liquore proprio r e p l e t a m , et veftibuli aquacircumfui'am. In pifeibus cartilagineis, branchiis liberis, veftibulum indivifum, e t a p e r t u r a s c a n a l i u m , e t c a l c u l o s , d u o s ple- n i m q u e , continet. In p l e r i s q u e vero c e t e r i s , f e c u n d u m C u v i e r , cavi­

t a s luec, conftrictione ipfius, in p a r t e s d u a s feparatur, q u a r u m inferior, calculos d u o s , et inter illos, maxiinura c o n t i n e n s , Cochleae analoga eft, e t a Cuvier faccus v o c a t u r , a n t e r i o r h a r u m v e r o , c a n a l e s reeipiens.

l) Hic Cuvier fequim«ir, Scarpa et Geoffroy pifee« in cartilagineos et fpinoios, feu fqua nioios, dwidunl, et.inter priores , pracipue generaBat-e et Squali n-ferunt. Cuvier pifces cum branchiis liberis et cla<il>s,e( inter priores, itenim Ipmolos ei cartilagineos djitingiut, pii< ibiis bramhiis ciaulii vero, Brij^m etSqualum adnumerat. Vid, Scarpa- p. l.j. fq- Cuvit-r p. 4'J.. Geoffroy p. 89.

2) Scarpa p. 13. 17- 1S. Geoffroy p. 6~. Cuvier 496.

Scarpa p. 18 et .32.

>'C> Sr.arpn p. 3S- Geoffroy p. 98- aperturas fex nurnerat, at forfan in hbyrimbo ofleo, no«

oi lnemhraiuceo.

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calculum m i n o r e m u n i c u m c o n t i n e n s , veftibulum proprie fic d i c t u m formar, et aCuYierfinus appellatur. Q u a s partes d u a s veftibuli, c a n a l e c o m m u n i c a n t e s , j a m GeoiTroy, q u a m v i s non diftincte, defigriat. 2) C a l c u ü t r e s a d f u n t , q u a m v i s Scarpa t a n t u m d u o s illos in facco defcribit, e t t e r t i u m in finu, ut fingulare quid, in Lucio a d h o t a t . 3) Confiftentiam, non u t in R.'ija e t S q u a l o farinofam, fed valde d u r a m , fere lapidofam h a ­ bent. Calculi m u c o o b t e c t i . e t e m e m b t a n a fubtili facculorum fuorum fufpenfi, feptum quafi.ut in Cochlea, nervis inftructum formare videntur. '•) Sacculi hi calculorum c u m c a n a l i b u s n o n c o m m u n i c a n t , at h o r u m aper- turae illis v a l d e vicinse funt. 5 ) I n t e r calculos a u d i t u s , u n u s femper ce- t e r i s major eft- r i g u r a e t m a g n i t u d o ejus tarnen, ficut c e t e r o r u m , v a l d e variat P l e r u m q u e o v a l i s , i n t e r d u m r o t u n d u s , triangularis & c . eft.

M a x i m u m in M o r r h u a et Carpione, m i n i m u m in Anguilla i n v e n i m u s . 6) L u c i u s in p a r t e anteriori Gnus, proceiTum h a b e t c a v u m , fecundum S c a r ­ pa, a p p e n d i c e m canalis pofterioris f o r m a n t e m . ?) — O r g a n u m a u d i t u s h o r u m pifcium, m e m b r a n a craffa t a n t u m a cerebro feparatum, e x p a r t e m i n i m a , offibus c i r c u m d a t u r . P a r s Cochleae analoga tarnen, ubi m a g i s formata eft, v. c. in M o r r h u a , facco offeo cingitur, e t in S t u r i o n e c a n a l e s o m n e s in canalibus offeis c o n t i n e n t u r .

In C a n c r o rurfus feneftram ovalem in apice Verrucae offeae, fub bafi a n t e n n a r u m m a g n a r u m p a t e n t e m , et m e m b r a n a fubtili claufam, in­

v e n i m u s . S a c c u l u s circumcirca claufus, Verrucae illius c a v i t a t e m repleti et liquorem limpidura c u m fubftantia pulpofa nervi auditorii c o n t i n e t . C a n a l e s nulli, calculi nulli. 8)

O r g a n u m a u d i t u s Sepiarurn, e m i n e n t i a cartilaginofa, in bafi a n t e n - 1) Cuvier p. 492. 49.3.

2) Geoffroy p. 96. 98.

3) Scarpa p. 31- 34. 38- -

4) Cuvier 496. Geotfroy 3S- Scarpa 95.

5) Scarpa p. 20- GeoJfrvy 98.

(f) Klein , lnl'tor. piA ium. MifT. I.

7) Curur /192. Scarpa 3S.

| ) Cuvier p. 489- Scarpa p. 4.

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n a r u m m a g n a r u m , feu p e d u m fita, continetur fine a p e r t u r a ulla- M e m ­ brana labyrinthi hic q u o q u e facculum in liquore veftibuli n a t a n t e m , et in Sepia officinali, introrfum eminentiis nonnullis i n f t r u c t u m , format. In pulpa, h u n c facculum replente, corpufculum, in Sepia officinali, offeuru, in Sepia o c t o p o d e v e r o , a m y l a c e u m , fufpenfum eft. J)

M e m b r a n a labyrinthi pellucida, fubtilis, a d m o d u m elaftica, eo fub- tilior eft, q u o arctius offibus cingitur. Subtiliffima igitur io h o m i n e et m a m m a l i b u s , craßlor in a n i m a l i b u s aetatis t e n e r a e , q u a m in a d u l t i s .

IV. De differentia nervorum organi auditus.

Nervi auris internae, in mammalibus ita ut in homine fe habent, au-

ris e x t e r n « vero p l e r u m q u e majores, n e c non m a j o r e n u m e r o a d f u n t . — N e r v u s facialis i n t e r d u m , u t in Vitulo, r a d i c e m a l t e r a m e ganglio nervi vagi, incapfula offea j a c e n t i , accipit et c u m fympathico q u o q u e c o n j u n g i videtur. 2)

N e r v u s a u d i t o r i u s a v i u m , e x m e d u l l a o b l o n g a t a , u b i p e d u n c u l o s cerebelii accipit, oritur R a m i t r e s ad a m p u l l a s canalium eunt, q u o r u m in c a v i t ä t e nervi pulpofi e v a d e n t e s , c o l l i c u l u m f o r m a n t , et, fic u t retina, p a - r i e t e m ampullas o b d u c u n t , 3) a t iiic q u o q u e , ficut in m a m m a l i b u s et in o m n i b u s a n i m a l i b u s , n o n in c a n a l e s ipfos i n t r a n t . 4) R a m u s q u a r t u s nervi auditorii cochleam i n g r e d i t u r , e t r a d i a t u s infornice, in apice coni, expanditur. Fila plura illius, j u x t a p a r i e t e m coni, ad bafm ejus defcen- d u n t , in liquore fere n a t a n t i a N e r v u s facialis ita u t in vitulo, c u m v a g o c o n j u n c t u s , in canale proprio c u r r e n s , p e r c a v i t a t e m t y m p a n i tranfit.

Origo nervi auditorii in reptilibus idem a c i n a v i b u s . R a m u s priir.u>

fibris fubtiliflimis in fuperficte corpufculi a m y l a c e i , in facculo veftibuli fe expandit, et a m p u l l a m u n a m ingreditur, r a m u s fecundus v e r o ad a m ­ pullam a l t e r a m et tertiam tendit. 5) — N e r v u s facialis hic q u o q u e p e r c a v i t a t e m t y m p a n i tranfit.

1) Scarpa p. 9. 10- 2) Cuvier p. 245- 3") Scarpa p. 60. 6l.

.'() Scarpa p. 94. Cotunni de a(jU*ductiL'US.

5) Scarpa p. 4i. 5o.

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Animadverfiones generale? q u a s d ä m phyfiologicas, d e diverfitate partium organi a u d i t u s , h i c a d d e n d a s effe e r e d o , q u a m v i s a d d o c t r i - n a m o b f e u r a m , d e ufu h a r u m p a r t i u m d u c e n d a m , p a r u m valeant.

1) Siarpa p. 22. 32. Cuvier p. 57.?.

2) Scarpa j \ 2 3 .

3) CjccifTVoy p. 100. Cuvier p. 5/19. Scarpa p. 32.

4) Scarpa p. 25 et 33.

5) Siarpa ibid. Monro 1'liyüolopy of Fishcs. Sect, III.

N e r v u s a u d i t o r i u s pifcium o m n i u m , r a m u s nervi quinti paris eft.—

In Raja e t Squalo, r a m o s d a t d u o s , unurn aropullje canalis femicircula- ris anterioris e t h o r i z o n t a l i s , n e c non fuperficiri pofteriori facculi c a l ­ culi m i n o r i s , ubi fibris radiatis fubtiiiflimis diftribuitur, a l t e r u m v e r o facculo majori. — N e r v u s facialis, hifce in pifcibns, ab auditorio r e m o t u s , e x medulla o b l o n g a t a o r i t u r , e t c u m r a m o majori nervi a u d i ­ t o r i i , anaftomofin f o r m a t , ex qua f e m p e r n e r v u s ad a m p u l l a m c a n a ü s , pofterioris abit. 2) in pifcibus branchiis l i b e r i s , r a m u s primus ad a m - pullam canalis h o r i z o n t a l i s , fecundus ad a m p u l l a m a n t e r i o r i s , t e r t i u s ad faccum calculos c o n t i n e n t e m , q u a r t u s ad ampullam canalis pofte­

rioris t e n d i t . 3) — N e r v u s facialis, in his pifcibus ex hypogloffo o r t u s , i t e m anaftomofin c u m auditorio formar, e t ex h a c , n e r v u m a l t e r u m a d a m p u l l a m canalis pofterioris mittit. — R a m i n e r v o r u m , ad a m p u l l a s t e n d e n t e s , in o m n l b u s pifcibus. j a m a n t e infertionem e x p a n d u n t u r , et in aropullis ipfis, telam pulpofarn f o r m a n t , quae, m e m b r a n a i u b t i - liffima fuftenta, fepti inftar,. c a v i t a t e m ampullae in d u a s p a r t e s fepa- r a t .4) Superficies hujus fepti verfus a p e r t u r a m canalis fpectat, in ca*

n a l e m vero n e r v u s non i n g r e d i t u r . 5) R a m i n e r v o r u m , qui in calculis d i i t r i b u u n t u r , t e x t u r a m retifojrnen fubtiliffimam et formofiffimam effin- g u n t , prseeipue in calculis m a g n i s , v. c. in M o r r h u a , fpectabilem. v

In C a n c r o , n e r v u s auditorius, c u m nervo a n t e n n a r u m m a g n a r u m , ex q u a r t o ; vel trochleari, oritur, in Sepia vero, e x cerebro ipfo. In fac­

culo veftibuli, pulpam mollem format.

c

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Aliris e x t e r n a , m e m b r a n a e t c a v i t a s t y m p a n i , officula a u d i t u s , et t u b a E u f t a c h i a n a , p a r t e s a u d i t u i non effentiales, quibus ideo plura a n i m a ü a carent, generaliter e o perfectores r e p e r i u n t u r , q u o magis a n i - mal in a e r e vivit, et q u o acutiori fenfu ad fonum aeris r e c i p i e n d u m , g a u - d e t . V i d e m u s t a r n e n animalia n o n n u l l a , a c u t e in a e r e a u d i e n t i a , u n a vel altera parte jam a d d u c t a c a r e r e , v e r u m t a m e n defectus illius, p e r - fectione majori alterius p a r t i s , p l e r u m q u e compenfatur. Sic in talpa, et in a v i b u s , a c u t e tarnen a u d i e n t i b u s , auris e x t e r n a deeft, cujus ufus, fi, q u i b u s in animalibus m a j o r , m o b i l i o r , q u a r a t i o n e , pro diverfitate n a t u r a e e t vitae g e n e r i s a n i m a l i u m , directa ac fita fit, ') confideremus, d u b i u s nobis efie vix poteft. R e p e r i m u s vero in T a l p a , in Pangolina, e t in avibus fere o m n i b u s , m e m b r a n a m t y m p a n i m a g n a m et valde obli­

q u e fitam, 2) quae fitus r a t i o , u t v i d e t u r , non folum per fuperficiem e x a u c t a m membranae, fedalio q u o q u e m o d o a c t i o n e m foni ä u g e t , q u u m e a n d e m m u l t i s in m a m m a l i b u s a c u t e a u d i e n t i b u s , i m m o in avibus eo majori g r a d u i n v e n i m u s , q u o meliori avis a u d i t u g a u d e t . Mamraalia per- p a u c a , c o n c h a c a r e n t i a , ita u t a v e s , tarnen e longinquo m i n u s b e n e a u d i r e c r e d o . I n C e t a c e i s , defectus conchae, t u b a Euftachiana m a g n a , e t ad fonos ex a e r e recipiendos b e n e fita, aliquo m o d o compenfatur.

A v e s praeter m e m b r a n a m t y m p a n i majorem, c a v i t a t e m q u o q u e t y m p a n i e t cellulas c u m illa c o m m u n i c a n t e s , e a s d e m q u e valde amplificatas h a ­ b e n t , e t forfan canales e a r u m femicirculares m a g n i , etiam defectui a u ris externae compenfando infervinnt, d e q u o infra p l u r a ! — M e m b r a n a t y m p a n i in reptilibus eo m a g i s libere p a t e t , e t eo fubtilior eft, q u o m i ­ n u s a m p h i b i u m in a q u a vivi*", v. c. in L a c e r t a agili, ubi tenfore q u o q u e inftructa eft. In reptilibus a q u a t i c i s , m i n u s fuperficialis j a c e t , e t i n t e ­ g u m e n t i s craffis tecta reperitur. Officulum a u d i t u s ipfum in Teftudini- b u s m i n u s a c in L a c e r t i s formata eft. M e m b r a n a t y m p a n i in nonnullis f e r p e n t i b u s , in l i g a m e n t u m a b i t , maxillae inferiori affixum, e t verifi- m i l i t e r e x ea vibrationes r e c i p i e n s , e t ad officulum a u d i t u s d u c e n s ,

1) Derham phyfic. theolog. p. 119. Haller Element. Pliyliolog. Lib. XV. Sect. I. §. 32.

S) Cuvier 1. c. p. 533.

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cujus l o c o , in L a c e r t a lacuftri, t a n t u m o p e r c u l u m cartilagineum inve­

n i m u s . In pifcibus branchiis claufis, apertura externa organi a u d i t u s i n v e n i t u r , e t i n C a n c r o , m u l t u m in aere vivente, m e m b r a n a feneltraa ovalis p a t e t . A t in pilcibus c e t e r i s , ficut in S e p i a , a p e r t u r a e x t e r n a nulla adeft.

Sic ad animalia a q u a t i c a t r a n f e u n t e s . p a r t e s h a s , extra l a b y r i n t h u m f i t a s , m a g i s m a g i s q u e i m p e r l e c t a s , o r g a n u m q u e a u d i t u s ipl'um m a g i s o c c u l t u m , t a n d e m o m n i n o claufum i n v e n i m u s . In l a b y r i n t h o ipio a n i - m a l i u m a q u a t i c o r u m , diverfitates alias obfervamus Quo m a g i s n e m p e animal ad fonos in aqua a u d i e n d o s deftinatum eft, eo magis Cochlea iu e o d i f p a r e t , e t calculi, l o c o Cochleae, extenfionem fibro/am nervi r e - c i p i e n t e s , eo duriores funt Corpufcula hvec calculofa, vel in o r g a n o a u d i t u s fimpliciff.mo animalis a q u a t i c i , fcilicetSepiae, r e p e r i u n t u r , a t in C a n c r o non adfunt. Pifces plurimi Organum a u d i t u s prorfus claufum h a b e n t , et tarnen a u d i u n t , q u a m v i s nonnulli id n e g a v e r i n t . 0 In pifci- n i s , eos fonitu plaufus, c a m p a n » a u t muficae a l l e c t o s , a d n a t u r e vi- d e m u s , 2) e t Plinius vel n o m i n i b u s certis illos adfuefieri poffe c o n t e n - dit. 3) Q u o m o d o h i c defectus aperturae externae c o m p e n f a t u r ? Calculi gelatina obtecti, et in liquore veftibuli fufpenfi, ad v i b r a t i o n e s hujus ii- quoris leniffimas e x c i p i e n d a s , fine dubio a d m o d u m idonei f u n t ,4) ad v i b r a t i o n e s e x t e r n a s vero colligendas e t veftibulo a d d u c e n d a s , , m i n u s - apti videntur. C a n a l e s labyrinthi in pifcibus, praefertim vero in pifci­

b u s branchiis l i b e r i s , qui a p e r t u r a e x t e r n a auditoria o m n i n o carent, v a l d e amplificatos i n v e n i m u s . S c a r p a inde c o n c l u d i t , Illos, v i b r a t i o n e s offibus cranii c o m m u n i c a t a s , ex o m n i b u s p a r t i b u s recipere e t veftibulo a d d u c e r e . 5 ) H u i c opponi poteft, hifce in pifcibus, c a n a l e s partim t a n ­ t u m offibus cirigi, m a x i m a p a r t e vero liberos effe, fed revera in pifcibus

1) Ardin ex philol'oph. transact. translat. in : Hamburgifchcs Magazin 1750. Th. V. p. 655- 2) Klein rnanliffa de pilcium auditu , p. 2*. 23.

i) Plinii Hilter, nat. L ib. X. Cap. 70.

fi) S< arpa 1. c. cap. de pilcibus.

5) Scarpa 1. c. p. 110.

C 2

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nonnullis a c u t e a u d i e n t i b u s , v. c. in C a r p i o n e , o m n i n o fere offibus cir- c u m d a n t u r . Infuper non folum expanfip fibrofa nervi auditorii in calcu­

l i s , h i c exitui canalium propior q u a m in Cochlea eft, fed exteniio ejus pulpofa etiam in ampullis c a n a l i u m , m e m b r a n a m f o r m a t , verfus a p e r - t u r a r a canalis d i r e c t a m , i d e o q u e c a n a l e s , fonum nervis o p t i m e a d d u - c e r e poffe, v i d e n t u r . C a n a l e s v a l d e ampli n o v u m a d j u m e n t u m fortaife funt, cujus o p e a v e s , a u r e e x t e r n a c a r e n t e s , tarn a c u t e a u d i u n t . In h o m i n e forfan q u o q u e foni, offibus cranii c o m m u n i c a t i , q u o s furdi m u l t i p e r c i p i u n t , canalibus e x c i p i u n t u r . — C u m c a n a l e s nervös nullos acci- p i a n t , p a r t i b u s federn fenfus auditorii f o r m a n t i b u s a d n u m e r a r i n o n pof- funt. Igitur illos, vibrationes foni vel a d d u c e r e , vel nimis fortes a b d u - c e r e , et ad m o d u m pigmenti nigri in o c u l o , fenfationes c o r r i g e r e , n e - ceife eft. Q u a m ob r e m v e r o , in pifcibus, a p e r t u r a e x t e r n a organi a u ­ d i t u s c a r e n t i b u s , m a x i n i o s ülos invenimusV Hic, u t v i d e t u r , v i b r a t i o n e s paucas et debiles labyrintho c o m m u n i c a n t u r , (altem n o n nimis f o r t e s ; e r g o canales ad vibrationes foni colligendas e t a d d u c e n d a s , adeffe vi­

d e n t u r . Idcirca ampullae, p a r t e s ad a u d i e n d u m m a x i m e effentiales, c a n a l i b u s affixae funt,

C e r t u m eft, n o s pro lubitu, fonos a c c u r a t i u s percipere poffe, q u o d e x a c t i o n e mufculi tenforis t y m p a n i d e r i v a n d u m eft, ficut etiam ftrepi- tus, q u e m h o m i n e s n o n n u l l i voluntarie in a u r i b u s fuis efficere poflbnt.

A t effectum foni in a u r e , ex v o l u n t a t e noftra d i m i n u e r e n o n v a l e m u s , q u a m v i s mufculos alios l a x a t o r e s appellemiis. -) Tenfionem m e m b r a - nae t y m p a n i , pro variis fouis, variam effe, ita u t m e m b r a n a v i b r a t i o n e s fonis refpondentes faciat, olim j a m phyfiologici nonnulli credidere. 3) E . H o m e vero n u p e r h a u e a c t i o n e m alio m o d o explieavit. Obfervans

l ) Fabricius ab Arpiapendente de aure c. 6". p. 31. Meyer Beichreibung des rnenfch.iich.cn Körpers, 'l'h. V. p. 44."?.

2) Boerhave praelect. in prop. inflii. T. IV. p. 402.

3) Haller Element. Phyilolng. I ib.XV. Sect. III. ". 3-

4) E. Home, über die Struiktur und den Nutzen der Trommelfells ex ThiloK transarf.

(1800. P. 1.) transJ. im Journal iiir ausländ, med. LilterUur von. Huielaud. Bd. 11.

p. 421 et 52/.

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fibras m e m b r a n a e tympani, ex peripheria ad p u n c t u m affixionis mallei t e n d e n t e s , m e m b r a n a m h a n c . m u f c u l u m r a d i a t u m effe contendit. Mufcu- lus tenfor m e m b r a n a m t y m p a n i t a n t u m h o c fine t e n d i t , u t mufculus r a d i a t u s efücacius et a p t i u s a g a t , q u o m u f c u l o , m e m b r a n a tarn vario m o d o t e n d i t u r , u t vibrationes, variis fonis refpondentes efficere poffit.

S t r u c t u r a e t actio h a r u m p a r t i u m , n a t u r a et e x e r c i t a t i o n e m a g i s vel m i ­ n u s perfecta eft, i n d e q u e fenfus q u o q u e fonorum, praecipue inaiticula- t o r u m , magis vel m i n u s c o r r e c t u s . I n d e h o m o ac a v e s a u d i t u m Opti­

m u m a d moficam h a b e n t , c u m m e m b r a n a m t y m p a n i paene r o t u n d a m , in c e n t r u m fere f u u m , m a l l e u m r e c i p i e n t e m , p o l ü d e a u t , animalia c e ­ tera vero o v a l e m . N a t u r a hujus membranae raufculofa tarnen a d h u c incerta eft. Subtilitas m a x i m a ejus in nonnullis a n i m a l i b u s , e t tranfi- t u s ad cartilaginem in aliis, v c. in R a n a , vel m a g i s d u b i a m e a m r e d - d e r e yidetur. M e m b r a n a m t y m p a n i , pro variis fonis, faepe celerrime fe invicem fequentibus, vario m o d o t e n d i et c u m illis harraonice vibrari, neceffarium non p u t a v e r i m . S o n o s , offibus cranii c o m m u n i c a t o s , non fokim fine modiiicatione tali organi a u d i t u s , o p t i m e diftinguere poffumus, !) fed fonos q u o q u e per a e r e m p r o p a g a t o s , i l l i , qui m e m ­ brana t y m p a n i c a r e n t , 2) (et multi alii q u i b u s m e m b r a n a perforata eft b e n e , q u a m u s i n t e r d u m non e longinquo percipiunt a c diftinguunt. — E x p l a n a t i o ipfa, q u a m H o m e de a c t i o n e membranae' t y m p a n i dedit, mihi obfcura videtur. M e m b r a n a - h a e c , dicit, t e n f o r e , i t a ut c h o r d a m o n o c h o r d i t e n d i t u r , mufculus r a d i a t u s v e r o , ponticulo mobili h u j u s inftrumenti fimilis, vibrationes defideratas m e m b r a n a e definit. 4) H i c m e m b r a n a m , q u a m ipfam a n t e a mufculum effe c e n t e n d e b a t , a mufculo d) Excmpla vide in Haller E!em. phyf. Lib. XV. Scrt.IIi. §. 7. S- Kaauw Boerhave impe-

tum Quirns l.u&d. Batav. p.37J>. et Home ipfe J. c. p. 5JO.

2) Fabri« ms Hildamis ohi. med. chir. Cent. 3. obl. 2 et .3.,-— Martin, in Roux Journal de nie«

ditine T. 31. p. 17;). pr*upiie vero A. Cooper in pliüoi. transact. 1S00. P. 1. p. 1 5 1 . I<|. Journal lür aii.O.'.nd. midie. J.ittcr. Bd. 11. p.53S.

3)

Morrspii

Epifi. anal. 5. n. 1 2 . 1 3 . Haller Eiern, phyf. l.ib.XV. Sect.I. ^.13, et Cooper Journal p. yi).

4) Honu 1. t, p. 4j2. 433-

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r a d i a t o diftinguit. Niim fub illa ftratum e x t e r n u m , fnb h o c vero i n t e r - n u m m e m b r a n a a intelligit? Seu fibras ipf'as mufculi radiati v i b r a r e , et forfan fibras fingulas, fonis finguüs refpondere c r e d i t ? — H o m e m e m ­ b r a n a m t y m p a n i asque tali ufu ac Cochlea effe, ex eo q u o q u e probat, q u o d a v e s Cochlea c a r e n t e s acutiffime a u d i a n t . ' ) A r g u m e n t u m h o c vero falfum eft, c u m aves revera gpchleam, q u a m v i s m i n u s peri'ectam, h a b e a n t .

OfFicula a u d i t u s , vibrationes m a g i s c o n c e n t r a t a s aquae veftibuli c o m m u n i c a n t . C r e d u n t p l u r e s , hoc per demiflionem ftapedis in h u n c liquorem fieri, c u m ftapes eo m o d o i n m a r g i n e f o r a m i n i s ovalis alligatus fit, ut per fpatium q u a d r a n t i s lineae, 2) faltim in m a m m a l i b u s et avi­

b u s , in veftibuium d e m i t t i poftit, et D e r h a m fe h a n c d e m i d i o n e m in talpa ipfum obfervafle dicat. ! i) Mihi tarnen verifimilius v i d e t u r , fonos m a g i s vibratione bafis ftapedis, q u a m demiflione e j u s , veftibuli liquori c o m m u n i c a r i . Illa alligatioois ratio fortaffe t a n t u m vibrationi liberiori infervit; forfan etiam g r a d u s demiflionis ftapedis, pro g r a d u v e h e m e n - tiae foni v a r i a t u r , vibrationes fubftantiae ejus vero a l t i t u d i n e et profun- d i t a t e foni definiuntur C u m mufculus ftapedis voluntarie h a n c demiffi- ö n e m f t a p e d i s in liquorem veftibuli p r o d u c e r e valeat, $) h o c e t i a m a d j u - m e n t u m ad a c u t i u s , fi libeat, a u d i e n d u m effe poterit. — A t non t a n ­ t u m oflicula a u d i t u s , vibrationes ex m e m b r a n a t y m p a n i r e c i p i u n t , fed e t i a m a e r cavitatis t y m p a n i , qui m e m b r a n a m feneftrae rotundae c o n - cuffit, q u a m q u a m Haller h o c negavit. ß) Q u a m ob r e m in a n i m a l i b u s a c u t e a u d i e n t i b u s , cavitas t y m p a n i m a g n a et cellulis amplis conjuncta eft, u t major fit q u a n t i t a s a e r i s . major refonantia et concuftio hnjus t y m p a n i fecundarii. S i t u s feneftrae rotundae retrorfus, c a m e r a pofte- rior cavitatis t y m p a n i , h a n c feneftram in a n i m a l i b u s a c u t e a u d i e n t i b u s c o n t i n e n s , et cellulae in ahis, n e c n o n ipfo in h o m i n e p o n e feneftram fi- tse, h a n c feneftram, fonum e x t o t a c a v i t a t e ^ t ex cellulis reflexum exci- p e r e , p r o b a n t . — Officulorum feries c u m valde d u r a ac elaftica fint, probabiliter fonos a l t o s vel a c u t o s , a e r vero h u m i d u s cavitatis t y m p a n i , o b t u i b s et profundos m e l i u s p r o p a g a t . Animalia i g i t u r . q u i b u s vel u t r a p a c i b u s , vel u t perfecutionibus r a p a c i u m obnoxiis ftrepitus furdos v.

c. greffus i n i m i c i , aufculture neceffarium eft, c a v i t a t e m t y m p a n i a m - l ) Home 1. c, p. .'32. 2) Cotuuni de aquaeductibus p. 33. 3) Wie erhält man fein Gehör

gut:' v. 'lrninpel, Pyrmont p. r„ 4) Derham phylir. iheolog. p. 1 IS- 5) Hallrr Elem. phyf. Lib. X\r. Sert. Iii. {. 4. 6) Haller Eiern, phyf. 1. c. §. 6.

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plificatam h a b e n t I n d e forfan ferae nocturna^ ac aves nocturnae, c a m e - ra illa pofteriori, et m a g n i s cellulis g a u d e n t , c u m praeferrim ad fonos obtufos a t t e n d e r e d e b e a u t , H u i c adfertioni T r a m p e l c e n f t n t i t , qui fe­

neftram r o t u n d a m ac fcalam t y m p a n i c a m Cochleae, fonis furdis ac p r o - f u n d i s , fcalam veftibuli v e r o , altis et a c u t i s , deftinatam efl'e credit. a) Ubi enim facillime locomotio ofliculorum a u d i t u s priufumi potuit. fpeciem baryecoiae nafci obfervavit, qua foni profundi t a n t u m a u d i e b a n t u r , v. c.

g a l l i n a r u m t e r r a m r a d e n t i u m , et quse m o t u ofliculorum fponte p e r a c t o , tollebatur. I n t e r d u m contra foni alti melius ac profundi percipiuntur. *) Feneftra r o t u n d a in feris g e n e r a l i t e r ovali m a j o r , i m m o in F e l i b u s ac Viverris duplo major eil Scala ipla t y m p a n i t a r n e n , in Felibus fcala v e ­ ftibuli m i n o r eft, fed in Vefpertilionibus major r e p e r i t u r . Cochlea et feneftra r o t u n d a d i f p a r e n t i b u s , c a v i t a s q u o q u e t y m p a n i in a m p h i b i i s difparet; ex quo etiam concludi poffe v i d e t u r , feneftram r o t u n d a m v i ­ b r a t i o n e s a e r i s cavitatis t y m p a n i , feneftram o v a l e m v e r o vibrationes ofliculorum a u d i t u s excipere. — Corpufcula a m y l a c e a e t calculi a u d i t u s , quafi feptum Cochleae, intra veftibulum t r a c t u m , vel fenfu ftrictiffimo, c u m fcala t y m p a n i defit, fcalam veftibuli in ipfo veftibulo c o n t e n t a m repraefentant

O r g a n u m a u d i t u s fimplicifllmum in C a n c r o , ex veftibulo t a n ­ t u m , fenfu vel ftriftiffimo, ex ampulla unica confiftit. N i h i l o m i n u s Cancri a u d i u n t , u t faepe obfervare licet; q u i n , Aelianus confirmat, cerras fpecies e o r u m , mufica e l a t t b r i s fuis clici- •*) Ampulla e r g o ad a u d i t u m lurficit In furdis illis, qui fonos offibus capitis c o m m u - n i c a t c s , vel faltim fufurrum i n t e r n u m , ex m o t i b u s - i n organo ipfo a u ­ ditus o r t u m , a u d i u n t *1) ampullae verifimiüter m o r b o non afficiuntur.

Sine dubio vero h o c Organum fimpliciffimum p e r c e p t i o n e s valde indi- ftinftas praebet. Ad m a j o r e m audirionis perfecrionem, faltim in ani­

m a l i b u s , a p e r t u r a externa organi c a r e n t i b u s , c a n a l e s , & ad fonos diftinguendos, calculos a u d i t u s , extenfionem fibrofam nervi recipien- t e s , necelTarios e i l e , p a t e t . Cochlea v e r o , fcala d u p l i c e , forfan fo­

nis altis & profundis clarius diftinguendis infervit.

l ) Trampel 1. i. p. 61. IV;. 2) Hrn. v. Strmberes Vrrfmhe mit dem Galvanismus, her- ausc/p. v. S<lii.rFer p. Q0 et t)-l. 3) Aehan liil'tor. animal VI. c. 30. 4) Exempla viele:

Mural tu* in Mil'c. nat. cur. der. 2. ann. ob f. |(y. — Smetius Mifc. med. L. 10.

J>. 5«'lS. Tulpius obi. med. L . l . r. 33. \. 4.

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T Ii e f e s.

r.

Sectatores

Brunonis, dum divifionem morborum in byperfthenicos et afthenfcos tantum refpiciebant, relationes fyftematum diverforum corporis h'umani nicnis

negligebant.

2 .

Exploratio fyftematis, vel primum, vel praecipue in morbo aliqiio af-

fecti,

mcgni

morhenti eft,

tum ad formam

valetudinis advcrfae explican'dam,

tum ad mcdicamina recte eligenda. „

Remedia metallica incitamenta principalia funt fyftematis vaforum ab- forbentium et organorum fecernentium,

' 4 .

In morbis afthenicis quoque, cortex peruvianiis aliaque remedia fic dicta per- ma'nentia, intumefcentiam lienis vel pedum, afciten, et cet. producere polYunt.

Synchondrotomiam nunquam fufcipiendam eile credo,

6.

Vulner'a, et operationes chirurgicrc perpelTae, qua tales, nunquam vence- feetionem vel methodum

antiphlogifticam

indicant.

7 .

In morbis afthenicis, interdum remedia debilitantia abhibenda funt.

8-

Obfervatio a Dr. Balfour et a Prsefide meo facta, morbos liyperftheni- cos plerumque manc exacerbare, attentionem femiologorum meretur. '

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