Size of the Size of the
balloelectric ions balloelectric ions
H. Tammet, U. Hõrrak, M. Kulmala
Pühajärve 2008
Annalen der Physik 1892
Lenard, P. (1915) Über Wasserfallelektrizität und über die Oberflächenbeschaffenheit der Flüssigkeiten.
Annalen der Physik 47, 463–524.
Philipp Eduard Anton
von Lénárd
Chapman, S.: Carrier mobility spectra of spray electrified liquids,
Phys Rev., 52, 184–190, 1937.
Chapman, S.: Carrier mobility spectra of liquids electrified by bubbling,
Phys. Rev., 54, 520–527, 1938.
Chapman, S.: Interpretation of carrier mobility spectra of liquids electrified by bubbling and spraying,
Phys. Rev., 54, 528–533, 1938.
0 3 6 9 12
Temperature Noise
85 90 95 100
RH%
Precipitation
Tammet (Helsinki, 2005 jaanuar) Evaporation of ions, a review
Experimental study of the “rain effect” on the mobility distribution of air ions.
Experiments with water jet.
U. Hõrrak, H. Tammet, E.Tamm, A. Mirme.
Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Tartu, 18 Ülikooli St., 50090 Tartu, Estonia.
E-mail: Urmas.Horrak@ut.ee
Pikajärve, June 27–29. 2005
Hõrrak, U., Tammet, H., Aalto, P.P., Vana, M., Hirsikko, A., Laakso, L., Kulmala, M. (2006) Formation of Charged Nanometer Aerosol Particles Associated with Rainfall: Atmospheric Measurements and Lab Experiment. In Report Series in Aerosol Science, Helsinki, 81, 180-185.
Diameter = f
(charge, mobility)
Singly or multiply
charged particles?
Rayleigh limit charge
Half of the Rayleigh limit
Single charge
Singly charged particles:
The concentration decreases,
but the mobility does not change.
Multiply charged particles:
The number concentration does not change, the mobility and the charge concentration decrease proportionally to each other.
Idea of the neutralization experiment:
Neutralization experiment
BSMA measured the mobility distribution in the range of 0.032 - 3.2 cm
2V
-1s
-1, the corresponding singly charged particle diameters are 0.4 - 7.5 nm.
The splashing of rain droplets was imitated using a thin water jet streaming from a nozzle of
diameter 2.5 mm. The water stream broke to droplets which hit a vertical ceramic wall in distance of 65 cm from the nozzle. The cluster ions were generated by beta rays emitted from a weak Sr-90 source. The concentration of cluster ions was controlled by screening the beta rays by aluminum sheets of proper thickness.
Flow rate: 55 cm3/s, ejection speed: 11 m/s, equivalent rain intensity: 36 mm/h
Stream of water droplets
Conclusion:
The balloelectric ions
are mostly the singly
charged nanometer
particles.
Size and mobility
Tammet, H. (1995) Size and mobility of nanometer particles, clusters and ions.
JAS 26, 459–475.
IMPORTANT CORRECTION OF THE PASCAL-ALGORITHM:
http://ael.physic.ut.ee/tammet/prg/mobility_function.txt
Singly charged
Doubly charged
Water or
dry residue?
The rainwater contains about 10 mg/l of TDS (total dissolved solids).
The waterworks water used in the
experiments contains 550 mg/l of TDS.
Conclusion: the dry residues of the
waterworks water droplets should have 3-4 times bigger diameters when compared with the dry residues of the rainwater droplets.
Let’s compare…
Rain data: FINESTION-2003-2006
A rainy day in Hyytiälä, 6 December 2006.
Comparison of measurements at Hyytiälä SMEAR station (left) and results of the experiment with water jet (right). Negative
ion spectra.
0 . 4 0 . 6 0 . 8 1 1 . 2 1 . 6 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
M a s s d ia m e t e r ( n m ) N e g a t iv e io n s . A u g u s t 2 3 , 2 0 0 3 .
0 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 0
Fraction concentration (cm-3 )
1 6 : 1 7 1 6 : 2 2 1 6 : 2 7 1 6 : 3 2 1 6 : 3 8 1 6 : 4 3 1 6 : 4 8
0 . 4 0 . 6 0 . 8 1 1 . 2 1 . 6 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
M a s s d ia m e t e r ( n m ) N e g a t iv e i o n s . M a y 1 2 , 2 0 0 5 .
0 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 0
Fraction concentration (cm-3 ) 1 2 : 4 5 1 2 : 5 5 1 3 : 0 5 1 3 : 1 5 w a t e r 1 3 : 2 5 w a t e r 1 3 : 3 5 w a t e r 1 3 : 4 5 1 3 : 5 5 1 4 : 0 5
Rain event. Hyytiälä Water-jet. Tartu
Average mobility distribution of negative atmospheric ions during the rain
Average mobility distribution of negative atmospheric ions during the
rain of different intensity in Tartu.
RH = 90–100%
RH = 60–89%
RH < 60%
Size distribution of negative balloelectric ions:
blue – natural rain Hyytiälä, green – in Tartu, pink – laboratory experiment
Conclusion:
The size of balloelectric ions does not depend on the TDS and they cannot be considered as dry
residues of droplets.
A PARADOX
The characteristic evaporation time of 2.5 nm liquid water droplets at 10ºC and 100% relative humidity does not exceed 1 μs according to
the kinetic theory. This time is about 7
magnitudes less than the estimated time of passage of the air to the instrument and 5
magnitudes less than the time of passage of the air through the analyzer.
If these estimates were true then the
observation of 2.5 nm droplets in the described measurements would be recognized as
impossible.
Conclusion:
The balloelectric ions
are not composed of
the liquid water.
Chaplin’s
superclusters?
Number of water molecules
n = (πρd
3/ 6) / (18 u) n 17.5 (d / 1 nm)
3n = 280 follows d = 2.52 nm.
The magic water clusters known in mass spectro- metry have maximum n = 21. Chaplin did not use mass spectrometry and does not refer
experts of mass
spectrometry like Beyer, Kebarle, Keesee and Castleman. He studied clusters not in the gas but in the water environment.
Chaplin’s magic icosahedron has n = 20×14 = 280.
http://lsbu.ac.uk/water
Lenard 1915
n = 21 d = 1.06 Z = 0.96
Distribution of balloelectric ions according to the number of water molecules A, B, C ja D are levels of neutralizing ionization in the laboratory experiment
Distribution of balloelectric ions according to the number of water molecules A, B, C ja D are levels of neutralizing ionization in the laboratory experiment
