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Measuring the Distance to the Sun: Final Report

Udo Backhaus November 26, 2007

Contents

1 Goal of the Project 1

2 Preparation 2

3 The Hot Phase 4

4 Results of Observation 4

4.1 La Silla, Chile, November 19/20, 1996 . . . . 5

4.2 COAA, Portugal, November 20/21, 1996 . . . . 5

4.3 OHP, France, November 20/21, 1996 . . . . 5

4.4 La Silla, Chile, November 20/21, 1996 . . . . 5

5 Evaluation 5 5.1 Orbit Determination . . . . 5

5.1.1 Klio . . . . 6

5.1.2 Semiramis . . . . 6

5.1.3 Yerkes . . . . 6

5.2 Position and Parallax Determination . . . . 7

5.2.1 Klio, November 19/20, La Silla . . . . 7

5.2.2 Semiramis, November 20/21, Portugal . . . . 8

5.2.3 Semiramis, November 20/21, Haute-Provence . . . . 8

5.2.4 Semiramis, November 20/21, La Silla . . . . 9

5.2.5 Combination of Semiramis’ positions due to Chile and France . . . 9

6 Conclusion 12

1 Goal of the Project

The distance to the sun is one of the most important constants of astronomy. Up to

the thirties of our century parallax determinations for planets and asteroids led to the

best results. For these measurements expensive and sometimes dangerous expeditions all

over the earth had to be undertaken - and the abilities of the best astronomers had been

necessary to derive the sun’s parallax from the experimental data.

(2)

Due to modern CCD imaging and electronic computing and due to the possibilities of international cooperation offered by the internet it should be possible to get appropriate data by amateur equipment and without the necessity of worldwide expeditions.

Main goals of this project were

the incorporation of collaboration between groups of pupils, students and/or ama- teur astronomers,

the acquisition of pictures and astrometric data allowing the derivation of the As- tronomical Unit as easy as possible,

the understanding of the basic evaluation procedures,

the development and testing of appropriate computer algorithms of our own and, of course,

the derivation of our own measure of the distance to the sun by means of the results of the cooperating groups.

By this way we hoped to get a better insight into the underlaying mathematics, to astrometry and to the corresponding technical problems. Last but not least, we hoped to find other groups with similar interests.

2 Preparation

We described the basics of the parallax method in our project description

1

and pub- lished the mathematical details

2

and the pascal source code of the corresponding com- puter algorithm

3

in seperate papers.

Because of the difficulties of finding cooperative groups we tested the algorithms and the possibilities of our own equipment in close cooperation with the Astronomische Arbeitsgemeinschaft Osnabr¨ uck

4

(the details of theses tests are described in the doc- ument FirstTests

5

. Erwin Heiser took several CCD pictures showing the three minor planets 84 Klio, 584 Semiramis and 990 Yerkes, respectively.

In a first step, these pictures allowed us to test the abilities of our astrometry pro- grams (Mira resp. MiPS) and the problems due to them. The results derived with the respective programs differed slightly but both proved to be appropriate for our purpose.

The positions of the reference stars we got from the Guide Star Catalogue which is due to the astronomy program Guide.

For instance, by combinating two CCD images we got the following picture showing the retrograde motion of Klio in a time interval of only one hour:

The four brightest stars in this picture are:

1

http://www.eso.org/astronomyonline/market/collaboration/solpar

2

http://www.eso.org/astronomyonline/market/collaboration/solpar/solpar-det.html

3

http://www.eso.org/astronomyonline/market/collaboration/solpar/solpar-par.html

4

http://www.physik.uni-osnabrueck.de/students/ahaenel/aol/first.html

5

tests.html

(3)

1. GSC 2329 624: RA 2h43m 1.624s, DEC 33d11’53.77”

2. GSC 2329 573: RA 2h43m 0.434s, DEC 33d11’03.91”

3. GSC 2329 084: RA 2h42m46.190s, DEC 33d10’02.24”

4. GSC 2329 812: RA 2h42m51.110s, DEC 33d08’45.82”

With these reference stars we found the following topocentric positions of Klio:

1. 19:16:56 UT: RA 2h42m47.740s, DEC 33d09’00.87”

2. 20:10:01 UT: RA 2h42m45.567s, DEC 33d09’06.75”

The calculated geocentric positions are due to Ceres

1. 19:16:57 UT: RA 2h42m47.518s, DEC 33d09’06.54”, r = 1.028148 AU 2. 20:10:01 UT: RA 2h42m45.377s, DEC 33d09’11.67”, r = 1.028072 AU

In a second step, we tested our algorithms by evaluating these data:

Combinating the two positions of Klio, thus regarding them as having been taken from different positions in space (due to the earth’s daily revolution) we got our first estimate for the sun’s parallax:

π

sun

= 9 . 6

By combinating one of the topocentric positions with the corresponding geocentric position we got:

π

sun

= 8

In this way we became shure that the pictures taken at the Oldendorfer Berg, the astrometry and our algorithms are precise enough (and perhaps more than this) for our goal.

In a third step, Erwin Heiser took pictures of the three respective asteroids on three

different days. These three positions made it possible for us to derive first orbital ele-

ments using the Gauss algorithm described by A. Guthmann (Einf¨ uhrung in die Him-

melsmechanik und Ephemeridenrechnung). In this way we became able to calculate geo-

centric positions and, especially, the geocentric distances needed in parallax determination

by our own (but, up to now, not very precise!).

(4)

3 The Hot Phase

For us, it was disappointing that we didn’t get any contact to other amateur or student groups neither in overseas nor in Europe during the first four weeks. Therefore, we published two “cries for help” in the last week of the warming up phase of Astronomy On- Line. And the Astronomische Arbeitsgemeinschaft Osnabr¨ uck proposed observations by the ESO observatory La Silla. Only in the last two days we got contact with observatories in Denmark and Italy and with the Centro de Observacao Astronomica no Algarve (COAA)

6

in Portugal.

But, unfortunately, during the first night of the hot phase (November 19/20) the weather was very bad in Europe not allowing any astronomical observations (but some nice small talks via e-mail about this nerve-shattering fact and the related bad moods!).

For this reason, it was very exciting for us to get images from La Silla - taken especially for us!

In the second night the weather in Europe was as bad as in the first one. We lost any hope to get appropriate images and data. But, luckily, we were wrong! Two days later we got the information about pictures made by the COAA in Portugal, taken not in the proposed time interval but about four hours earlier because of the weather.

Some days later, we heard that La Silla had taken pictures of the three asteroids during the second night as well. We managed to get them before they had been published and tried to combine them with the data from Portugal. But, unfortunately, the time difference between the pictures due to Portugal and Chile proved to be too large making it impossible to extrapolate the topocentric positions due to La Silla to the observation time of Portugal with sufficient accuracy. The resulting measure of the sun’s parallax was wrong by more than the factor 2!

But some more days later, we got additional pictures of Semiramis made from Europe in exactly the same time intervall as those made in Chile! We can hardly imagine how the observers of the Observatoire de Haute-Provence

7

succeeded to look through the clouds of that night! But, because of these images, we suddenly could hope after all to get able to derive the distance to the sun from pictures simultaneously taken from different observatories.

4 Results of Observation

For further evaluations we collect here the main images (or a combination of them, re- spectively) and the urls from which the complete image files can be downloaded.

All of the following pictures are minimized versions of bigger ones which you can see by clicking on them!

6

http://www.algarvenet.pt/coaa

7

http://www.obs-hp.fr

(5)

4.1 La Silla, Chile, November 19/20, 1996

The following picture shows the combination of the first and the last of the images showing Klio. The size of the image is about 3

3

.

4.2 COAA, Portugal, November 20/21, 1996

The following pictures show the three respective minor planets as observed by the COAA early in the second night:

You can get the FITS files here: Klio

8

, Semiramis

9

, Yerkes

10

.

4.3 OHP, France, November 20/21, 1996

The following picture is a combination of all of the five images of 584 Semmiramis taken by the OHP.

You may get the FITS files via this url

11

.

4.4 La Silla, Chile, November 20/21, 1996

In the pictures below we combined the first and the last of the images of “our” respective minor planets made with the dutch telescope of La Silla (or, in the case of Semiramis, all of them). The pictures besides them show the corresponding sky maps as drawn by Guide.

You can get the FITS files here

12

: The images have the following numbers:

Klio: dut0318, dut0321, dut0324, ..., dut0339,

Yerkes: dut0319, dut0322, dut0325, ..., dut0340,

Semiramis: dut0320, dut0323, dut0326, ..., dut0341.

5 Evaluation

5.1 Orbit Determination

During the warming up phase Erwin Heiser took several pictures of the three respective minor planets with the telescope on the Oldendorfer Berg. Thus we got the topocentric positions of three different days of each of these asteroids. Because each of them is taken at the same time, approximately, we can take them as input data for the Gauss algorithm for orbit determination (thus taking them as geocentric positions!).

8

portugal/a84.fit

9

portugal/a584.fit

10

portugal/a990.fit

11

http://www.obs-hp.fr/www/aol/aol-images.html

12

http://www.eso.org/data/aol/

(6)

5.1.1 Klio

With the following topocentric positions

1. Oct. 14, 1996, 19:17:07 UT: RA 2h42m47.740s, dec 33d 9’ 0.87”

2. Nov. 13, 1996, 20:14:06 UT: RA 2h 9m40.625s, dec 31d48’ 8.62”

3. Nov. 14, 1996, 18:26:40 UT: RA 2h 8m49.550s, dec 31d41’52.24”

we got the following orbital elements:

a = 2 . 361 AE, e = 0 . 241 , i = 9 . 309

, Ω = 327 . 940

5.1.2 Semiramis

With the following topocentric positions

1. Nov. 8, 1996, 21:20:27 UT: RA 2h43m41.376s, dec 34d45’50.30”

2. Nov. 13, 1996, 20:27:58 UT: RA 2h39m 5.268s, dec 33d51’13.48”

3. Nov. 14, 1996, 18:39:53 UT: RA 2h38m16.977s, dec 33d40’22.86”

we got the following orbital elements:

a = 2 . 307 AE, e = 0 . 241 , i = 9 . 990

, Ω = 285 . 075

5.1.3 Yerkes

With the following topocentric positions

1. Oct. 14, 1996, 19:29:36 UT: RA 3h14m 1.07s, dec 29d 8’24.11”

2. Nov. 8, 1996, 21:03:06 UT: RA 2h49m35.70s, dec 29d38’27.92”

3. Nov. 14, 1996, 18:01:09 UT: RA 2h43m20.97s, dec 29d25’57.00”

we got the following orbital elements:

a = 2 . 672 AE, e = 0 . 215 , i = 8 . 771

, Ω = 354 . 277

All of these elements are in surprisingly good agreement with those we got from Guide.

Therefore, we are able to calculate the necessary ephemeris data by means of self measured

and calculated orbital elements. But we must be aware that the results will be not very

precise.

(7)

5.2 Position and Parallax Determination

5.2.1 Klio, November 19/20, La Silla

Because of the cloudy sky during the first night and the lack of reference pictures from Europe we evaluated the pictures from La Silla with respect to the sun’s distance. For instance, we measured the positions of Klio due to the first and the last picture, respec- tively.

The above pictures illustrate the corresponding difficulties: In spite of the GSC cata- logue’s size the near vicinity of Klio in the sky map seems to be empty. Indeed, no star in the La Silla image can be identified without additional information to be a GSC star!

It then would have been impossible to determine Klio’s position.

But fortunately, Andreas H¨ anel of the Astronomische Arbeitsgemeinschaft Osnabr¨ uck knew the internet address of the Digital Sky Survey (DSS)

13

: By this url it is possible to get a digitized image of any region of the sky, that means of arbitrary center and arbitrary size. The parameters of the right picture above which we got in this way match nearly to those of the Guide map besides it. In this picture, you can easily identify all GSC stars (for instance GSC 2308 324, GSC 2308 440, GSC 2308 300). In this way, it is possible to identify GSC 2308 300 in the lower center of the La Silla image. Now, by means of astrometry of the DSS picture, the positions of the other stars in the La Silla image can be determined - and on the basis of these data finally the position of Klio!

For the first and the last position of Klio, for instance, we got in this way the following positions (delta means the geocentric distance):

La Silla, latitude -29d15’, longitude -70d44’, h 2400 m, November 20, 1996

==========================================================================

Klio1: 1:53:04 UT

( measured ) topocentric position: RA 2h04m27.686s DEC 31d04’13.33’’

(calculated) topocentric position: RA 2h04m27.873s DEC 31d04’14.49’’

(calculated) geocentric position: RA 2h04m27.873s DEC 31d04’14.49’’ delta 0.090 Klio2: 5:20:46 UT

( measured ) topocentric position: RA 2h04m20.902s DEC 31d03’09.40’’

(calculated) topocentric position: RA 2h04m21.111s DEC 31d03’10.18’’

(calculated) geocentric position: RA 2h04m21.446s DEC 31d04’04.00’’ delta 1.091 With the help of our program these positions yield the following measure of the sun’s parallax:

π

sun

= 9 . 2

There is a little but significant difference between the results calculated in Osnabr¨ uck and Koblenz, respectively, which could not be cleared up yet. The results of Osnabr¨ uck yield a solar parallax which is a little bit closer to its correct value.

13

http://archive.eso.org/dss/dss

(8)

5.2.2 Semiramis, November 20/21, Portugal

We didn’t spend many time for evaluation the COAA images because there are no suitable reference images. But of course, we tried to combine the Semiramis picture with those made in La Silla by extrapolating the topocentric positions due to La Silla to the exposure time of Portugal (the procedure is described below). The result is, not surprisingly because of the five hour time difference, quite bad. Nevertheless, we give here our for illustration:

Semiramis

=========

Portugal, latitude 37d11’, longitude -8d36’, h 75 m

===================================================

( measured ) topocentric position RA 02h33m30.257s DEC 32d25’44.08"

(calculated) topocentric position RA 02h33m30.323s DEC 32d25’44.09"

(calculated) geocentric position RA 02h33m29.983s DEC 32d25’45.58" delta = 0.97107 La Silla, latitude -29d15’, longitude -70d44’, h 2400 m

=======================================================

(extrapolated) topocentric position RA 02h33m30.764s DEC 32d25’50.88"

( calculated ) topocentric position RA 02h33m30.600s DEC 32d25’48.65"

From these values we derived the following solar parallax:

π

sun

= 14 . 4

The error is mainly due to the 2” extrapolation error in declination.

5.2.3 Semiramis, November 20/21, Haute-Provence

With Semiramis the astrometry is much easier: Five GSC stars can easily be identified on the images. The position of a sixth one we got (for higher accuracy) with the help of a DSS image. The five positions of Semiramis due to the images of OHP are listed below.

Haute-Provence, latitude 43.9294d, longitude 5.7125d, h 650 m

=============================================================

SemiA

01:12:17 UT RA 02h33m21.938s DEC 32d23’23.28"

SemiB

01:21:11 UT RA 02h33m21.677s DEC 32d23’18.46"

SemiC

01:29:02 UT RA 02h33m21.430s DEC 32d23’14.24"

SemiD

02:25:25 UT RA 02h33m19.754s DEC 32d22’43.82"

SemiE

02:29:37 UT RA 02h33m19.639s DEC 32d22’41.48"

(9)

5.2.4 Semiramis, November 20/21, La Silla

Because of the fact that reference images exist for Semiramis only, we will now concentrate on that asteroid.

The images of La Silla show nearly the same part of the sky as those of OHP. Therefore, we could take the same reference stars and the astrometry was as easy as for the french images. The topocentric positions of Semiramis as seen from La Silla are listed below:

Semi3

01:48:27 UT RA 02h33m21.288s DEC 32d23’10.43"

Semi4

01:52:56 UT RA 02h33m21.161s DEC 32d23’08.05"

Semi5

01:56:58 UT RA 02h33m21.034s DEC 32d23’06.04"

Semi6

02:00:38 UT RA 02h33m20.918s DEC 32d23’03.98"

Semi7

02:05:29 UT RA 02h33m20.770s DEC 32d23’01.50"

Semi8

02:09:43 UT RA 02h33m20.642s DEC 32d22’59.34"

Semi9

02:12:42 UT RA 02h33m20.551s DEC 32d22’57.86"

Semi10

02:15:36 UT RA 02h33m20.453s DEC 32d22’56.21"

5.2.5 Combination of Semiramis’ positions due to Chile and France

If you compare the images taken at OHP and La Silla, respectively, you can see in the OHP pictures a gap between the positions of Semiramis. And the positions due to the images of La Silla fill this gap exactly. Therefore, there are no two pictures belonging to the same time with sufficient accuracy and no direct comparison of two images is possible.

For this reason, we have to reduce the two series of topocentric positions to a common time. We take 2.00 UT for this purpose.

To do this, we fit the positions to a straight line using Gauss’ method of least squares.

By this method, we calculate the time rate of right ascension and declination dalpha and ddelta, respectively, interpolate the positions by these time rates and, finally, get the following results:

OHP

===

dalpha/dt = -0.030s/min ddelta/dt = -0.54"/min

( interpolated ) position: 02:00:00 UT RA 02h33m20.516s DEC 32d22’57.53"

La Silla

========

dalpha/dt = -0.031s/min ddelta/dt = -0.52"/min

(10)

Putting these results in our algorithm together with the calculated geocentric distance of Semiramis delta=0.972 AU (our own orbit determination yields, not very satisfying, 0.906 AU; our own orbital elements are worst for Semiramis.) leeds us to the following measure of the sun’s parallax:

π

sun

= 5 . 6

!

How is such a bad result (the sun’s distance following from this result is more than 50 percent too large!) possible with such excellent images? Half an hour of an intensive brain storming let us find the reason in the following way:

Comparison of the interpolated topocentric positions with calculated results due to Ceres,

OHP

===

(calculated) position: 02:00:00 UT RA 02h33m20.295s DEC 32d22’53.72"

La Silla

========

(calculated) position: 02:00:00 UT RA 02h33m20.931s DEC 32d23’04.85",

shows in the case of the ESO images a satisfying conformity between measurement and calculation (less than 0.5” in declination, for instance). In the case of the french images, however, there are significant differences (nearly 4” in declination, for instance).

Closer inspection shows a systematic difference for all of these pictures. These differences are, on average,

α = 0 . 208 s,δ = 3 . 81

.

Because of the proper motion of Semiramis these differences correspond to a time difference of

t = 7 min !

Indeed, by correcting all exposure times for the french images by this difference we got the following topocentric position:

OHP

===

(corrected) position: 02:00:00 UT RA 02h33m20.307 DEC 32d22’53.74"

and, with this position, the following measure of the sun’s parallax:

π

sun

= 8 . 5

.

(11)

With a correction by ∆ t = 8 min (which yields a similar difference between mea- surement and calculation for the ESO and the OHP images) we even get

π

sun

= 8 . 9

. An e-mail gave us the confirmation:

Question (U. Backhaus): “I think we found the reason (for the difference described above): You should take care for the clock in your observatory (or, at least, of the computer): Most likely, it gaines about 7-8 minutes. . . . Are we right?”

Answer (M. Dennefeld): “I had indeed noticed a 7 minutes difference between the computer clock and the UT! . . . My correction of 7 min is approximate only, it could be a little more. . . . ”

This confirmation was very satisfying and exciting for us: Our procedures have been proved to be precise enough for determing the distance to the sun. Moreover, we found a possibility to control the clocks of all observatories of the world: We only must have a look to their sky via internet. The necessary corrections to the sun’s parallax derived from that look will show the difference between the observatory’s clock and the time!

We, therefore, summarize our results due to Semiramis with the following pictures in which we corrected the observation times due to OHP by -7 min. They show the parallax effect of Semiramis due to France and Chile: The thin dots show the measured positions of the minor planet, the thick ones the interpolated ones which are due to 2.00 UT and allow us first to determine the distance of the planet and second to deduce the sun’s parallax easily.

declination δ

2h33m20s 2h33m22s

right ascension α

32

23

00

32

23

30

p p p p p p p p q

p p

p

p p q

Proper motion of Semiramis as seen from Haute-Provence and La Silla, respectively

(12)

time right ascension α

1h30m 2h00m

2h33m20s 2h33m22s

p p p p

p p p p q

p p

p

p p q

Parallax effect of Semiramis in right ascension

time declination δ

1h30m 2h00m

32

23

00

32

23

30

p p p p

p p p p q

p p

p

p p q

Parallax effect of Semiramis in declination

By the above reduction we got the following measure for the solar parallax:

π

sun

= 8 . 7

± 0 . 2

The error interval given here is an estimate only. We didn’t determine exactly up to now the errors due to observation unaccuracies and astrometry errors (due to GSC position errors and our different astrometry programs, for instance).

6 Conclusion

It had been proved to be possible to determine the distance to the sun by means of

parallax measurements on minor planets with geocentric distance of about 1 AU. The

(13)

focal length of the telescopes used were 7-9 meters, approximately. Unfortunately, there was no chance for testing the applicability of amateur instruments of shorter focal lengths.

We confirmed our algorithms for determing the asteroid’s distance and deriving the solar parallax to be correct and of sufficient accuracy. Our orbit determination needs further refinement and more input data.

We have shown that it is possible to get estimates for the distance to the sun by combinating observations made from only a single observatory with calculated geocentric data. The corresponding algorithm, however, is quite demanding and, because of its sensitivity, the results are not very good.

By far the simpliest parallax determination can be done by combining observations simultaneously taken at different observatories seperated by distances as large as possible.

The corresponding algorithm can easily be understood and the results are very satisfying.

However, it is not easy to install the international cooperation necessary for this method - even in our days via internet and even with the help of Astronomy On-Line. It was a little bit disappointing for us to find nearly no other amateur group to cooperate with. Nevertheless, it was very exciting for us mailing with some large observatories and getting excellent images from them - made especially for us! We thank them very much.

It seems to be difficult to get images from different observatories made at exactly the same time (which would offer the simpliest method of parallax measurement). Therefore, the following procedure seems to be the simpliest practicable method:

Take some pictures of a minor planet taken by different observatories during a common time interval of about one hour.

Determine the corresponding topocentric positions of the asteroid, fit them to a straight line and reduce them to a common point of time.

The two corresponding simultaneous topocentric positions allow an easy determi- nation of the asteroid’s parallax.

The geocentric distance of the asteroid needed for deriving the solar parallax can be calculated by means of a simple ephemeris data calculation. This calculation must not be very precise: The solar parallax depends on its result only linearily.

Perhaps, the orbital elements needed for this calculation can be determined by own observations.

In this way, we combined the positions of 584 Semiramis as observed from La Silla and Haute-Provence, respectively. These observatories are seperated by an central angle of 101 degrees. Thus, the length of our basis was about 1.5 times the earths radius (see the above picture).

And this is our result:

π

sun

= 8 . 7

± 0 . 2

Due to this result, the distance to the sun (to be more precise, the major axis of the

(14)

d

sun

= 23700 r

E

± 2 . 3%

or, taken the equatorial radius of the earth as known,

d

sun

= 151000000 km ± 3000000 km.

As the result of a first cooperative parallax measurement, we think this value is very satisfying!

A very nice secondary effect of this evaluation was the experience of being able to control the clock of a distant observatory by “looking” to its sky via internet and by correcting the clock with respect to a correct measure of the solar parallax (because its determination is very sensitiv to time errors)!

The results of this paper would not have been possible without the help of the As- tronomische Arbeitsgemeinschaft Osnabr¨ uck. The intensive cooperation with some of its members, especially with Erwin Heiser, was very satisfying and enjoying. We hope we will cooperate in a similar way in the future very often.

Last but not least, we thank Richard West for quick and uncomplicated help in many cases and the ESO and EAAE for the project Astronomy On-Line offering so many as- tronomical experiences and giving us the possibility of learning a lot about orbit de- termination, parallax measurements and the possibilities (and difficulties) of world wide cooperation via internet.

We plan to repeat the parallax measurement during a stable high pressure season in the near future. Perhaps we will, nevertheless, be successful in taking (and getting) exact simultaneous pictures. Due to our results, we think it is likely that observations made from Europe only will suffer to derive a satisfying measure of the distance to the sun.

We hope ESO and Astronomy On-Line will give us a framework for managing the

international cooperation easily und for publishing our results.

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