Supplementary material:
1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria
Specific OBC schemes for medicines, if they include:
o Information on outcomes used in the scheme o Information on how these outcomes are measured
Papers in English
Systematic reviews/Rapid Evidence Assessments as well as original research
Timeframe:
o Papers published between January 2007 and January 2018 (Cole 2019) o Papers published between December 2017 and May 2021 (update)
Papers that includes examples of OBC schemes in Europe (additional requirement).
Exclusion criteria
Specific OBP schemes with no information on outcome used
Purely theoretical papers, only discussing the methodology of OBP schemes
OBP schemes for health care services, systems, diagnostics, etc. (i.e. those that are not specific to medicines)
Commentaries, editorials and features
Papers published before January 2007
Papers that only include examples of OBC schemes outside of Europe (additional requirement).
2 Search Strategy
We searched the following databases: PubMed, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Web of Science and EconLit.
Table 1 search strategy
Search terms
All limited to studies in humans with abstracts
1 Medicine(s)
2 Pharmaceutical(s)
3 Drug(s)
4 Episode(s)
5 Treatment
6 technology
7 (Medicines) OR/1-6
8 Pric(*)
9 Reimbursement(s)
10 Payment(s)
11 (pricing) OR/8-10
12 “outcome(s)-based” OR “outcome(s)-related” OR “outcome(s)-linked”
OR “outcome(s)-specific”
13 “performance-based” OR “performance-related” OR “performance- linked” OR “performance-specific”
14 “value-based” OR “value-related” OR “value-linked” OR “value- specific”
15 “risk-based” OR “risk-related” OR “risk-linked” OR “risk-specific” OR
“risk-sharing”
16 (“conditional coverage”) AND (outcome(s) OR performance OR value OR risk)
17 (“pay for performance”) AND (outcome(s) OR performance OR value OR risk)
18 (“cost sharing agreement”) AND (outcome(s) OR performance OR value OR risk)
19 (“evidence development”) AND (outcome(s) OR performance OR value OR risk)
20 (“risk-sharing”) AND (outcome(s) OR performance OR value OR risk) 21 (“payment by result(s)”) AND (outcome(s) OR performance OR value
OR risk)
22 (“managed entry agreement”) AND (outcome(s) OR performance OR value OR risk)
23 (“patient access scheme”) AND (outcome(s) OR performance OR value OR risk)
24 (“flexible pricing”) AND (outcome(s) OR performance OR value OR risk)
25 OR/ 12-24
26 7 AND 11 AND 25
3 PRISMA flow diagram
Records identified via databases (n=397)
Duplicate records (n=7)
Records screened (n=390)
Identification of new studies via databases and registers Identification of new studies via other methods
IdentificationScreening Included
Studies included in Cole 2019 (n=13)
Previous studies
Eligibility
Records identified from SLRs (n=96)
Records screened (n=96)
Records excluded (n=366)
Records assessed for eligibility (n=24)
Studies identified via databases (n=12)
Reports excluded:
No European OBC, theoretical only (n=8) SLR < 2017 (n=1) Scheme for devices (n=1)
Financial scheme (n=1)
Not English (n=1)
Studies included in the review (n=24)
Records excluded (n=366)
Records assessed for
eligibility (n=8) Reports excluded:
No specific OBCs mentioned (n=5) Not English (n=1)
Studies identified via other sources (n=2) Studies identified via
Cole (n=10) Records excluded:
No European OBC, theoretical only (n=3)
