Electronic Supplementary Material
Table S1 Measurement and descriptive statistics for all variables
Variable Items, survey questions, and response options Descriptive statistics Sense of belonging Thinking about your school: to what extent do you
agree with the following statements?
I feel like an outsider (or left out of things).
I make friends easily I feel like I belong
I feel awkward and out of place.
Other students seem to like me.
I feel lonely.
(0) Strongly agree (1) Agree
(2) Disagree
(3) Strongly disagree
Mean (M)
= -0.024 Standard deviation (SD)
= 0.929
Survey year Year of PISA survey:
2000 2003 2012 2015 2018
Number of respondends:
2000 = 3,891 2003 = 3,036 2012 = 2,726 2015 = 4,345 2018 = 4,405 Gender Are you female or male?
(0) Male (1) Female
0=50.39 % 1=49.61 % Highest
occupational status of parents (HISEI)
The following two questions concern your
<mother’s / father’s> job: (If s/he is not working now, please tell us her last main job.)
What is your <mother’s / father’s> main job? (e.g.
school teacher, kitchen-hand, sales manager) Please type in the job title
What does your <mother / father> do in her/his main job? (e.g. teaches high school students, helps the cook prepare meals in a restaurant, manages a sales team) Please use a sentence to describe the kind of work s/he does or did in that job.
M=53.98 SD=18.26
Migration
background In what country were you and your parents born?
(0) = Native (All born in Sweden)
(1)= Second generation immigrants (born in Sweden with two foreign-born parents)
(2)= Immigrant students (foreign-born and with foreign-born parents)
1=85.81 % 2=7.95 % 3=6.24 %
Teacher support How often do these things happen in your <insert subject> lessons?
The teacher shows an interest in every student’s learning
M=0.007 SD=0.897
The teacher helps students with their learning The teacher continues teaching until the students understand.
(0) Never or hardly ever (1) Some lessons
(2) Most lessons (3) Every lesson
The statement refers to language classes in 2000, mathematics classes in 2003 and 2012, and science classes in 2015.
Disciplinary
climate How often do these things happen in your <insert subject> lessons?
Students don’t listen to what the teacher says There is noise and disorder.
The teacher has to wait a long time for students to quiet down.
Students cannot work well.
Students don’t start working for a long time after the lesson begins.
(0) Never or hardly ever (1) Some lessons
(2) Most lessons (3) Every lesson
The statement refers to language classes in 2000, mathematics classes in 2003 and 2012, and science classes in 2015.
M=0.018 SD=0.930
Student-teacher
relations Thinking about the teachers at your school: to what extent do you agree with the following statements?
Students get along well with most teachers
Most teachers are interested in students’ well-being Most of my teachers really listen to what I have to say
If I need extra help, I will receive it from my teachers
Most of my teachers treat me fairly.
(0) Strongly disagree (1) Disagree
(2) Agree
(3) Strongly agree
M=0.005 SD=0.911
Mathematics anxiety
Thinking about studying mathematics: to what extent do you agree with the following statements?
I often worry that it will be difficult for me in mathematics classes.
I get very tense when I have to do mathematics homework.
I get very nervous doing mathematics problems.
I worry that I will get poor grades in mathematics.
(0) Strongly disagree (1) Disagree
(2) Agree
M=-0.009 SD=0.904
(3) Strongly agree Achievement:
reading
- M=503.45
SD=99.42 Achievement:
mathematics
- M=495.64
SD=91.95
FigS1 Predicted levels of school belonging, 2000-2018, differential trends by item
Data from PISA, 2000-2018. Spikes indicate 95 % confidence intervals. Higher scores indicate higher school belonging. “Outsider“, “Awkward“ and “Belong“ measure the general orientation to school, while “Friends“, “Like me“ and “Lonely“ measure the quality of peer relations.
