Nomos
NomosStudium
English Law and Terminology
Lingua Juris
4. Auflage
Claudina Richards | Viviana Mollica
Characteristics of Legal Language
Chapter 1: 15
The Common Law
Chapter 2: 17
Introduction
I. 17
The Historical Development of the Common Law
II. 17
The Time Before The Norman Conquest
1. 17
The Time Following the Norman Conquest
2. 18
The Common Law Courts
3. 19
Is Common Law Judge-Made Law?
III. 20
The Spread of the Common Law
IV. 21
Terminology
V. 21
Review and Discussion
VI. 22
Sources of Law
Chapter 3: 25
Minor Sources of Law
I. 25
Custom
1. 25
Law Merchant
2. 26
Canon Law
3. 26
Books of Authority
4. 26
Major Sources of Law
II. 27
Legislation
1. 27
Statute Law
a) 27
Delegated Legislation
b) 27
Statutory Interpretation
c) 28
Case Law
2. 29
The Rule of Stare Decisis
a) 29
Ratio Decidendi and Obiter Dicta
b) 29
Distinguishing and Overruling
c) 30
Law of the European Union
III. 30
Terminology
IV. 31
Review and Discussion
V. 32
The Court System
Chapter 4: 36
Introduction
I. 36
The Courts
II. 36
Magistrates’ Courts
1. 36
County Courts
2. 37
Crown Court
3. 37
High Court of Justice
4. 38
The Queen’s Bench Division
a) 38
The Chancery Division
b) 38
The Family Division
c) 38
Court of Appeal
5. 39
The Civil Division
a) 39
The Criminal Division
b) 39
The Supreme Court and the House of Lords
6. 39
Privy Council
7. 40
Simplified Diagram of the Current Court Structure
III. 41
Terminology
IV. 41
Review and Discussion
V. 42
Trial System
Chapter 5: 45
The Adversarial System
I. 45
The Jury
II. 45
Origins of the Jury System
1. 45
Composition of the Jury
2. 46
Challenging of Jurors and Jury Vetting
3. 46
Use of the Jury
4. 47
The Role of the Jury
5. 48
Terminology
III. 49
Review and Discussion
IV. 49
Legal Personnel
Chapter 6: 51
Judges
I. 51
Appointment
1. 51
Tenure
2. 52
Judicial Independence
3. 52
Legal Professions
II. 52
Solicitors
1. 53
Education and Training
a) 53
Work
b) 53
The Solicitors Regulation Authority and the Law Society
c) 54
Barristers
2. 54
Education and Training
a) 54
Work
b) 54
The Bar Standards Board and the Bar Council
c) 55
Law Officers
III. 55
Crown Prosecution Service
IV. 55
Terminology
V. 56
Review and Discussion
VI. 57
Pre-trial Civil Procedure
Chapter 7: 60
Introduction
I. 60
Case Management
II. 60
Management Tracks
III. 60
Introduction
1. 60
Small Claims Track
2. 61
Fast Track
3. 61
Multi-Track
4. 61
Initiating Proceedings
IV. 62
Initiating a Claim
1. 62
Responding to a Claim
2. 62
Statement of Truth
3. 63
Disclosure
V. 63
Evidence
VI. 63
Judgment Without Trial
VII. 64
Default Judgment
1. 64
Summary Judgment
2. 64
Legal Aid
VIII. 64
Terminology
IX. 65
Review and Discussion
X. 65
Constitutional Law
Chapter 8: 68
Nature of the Constitution
I. 68
The Unwritten Constitution
1. 68
Constitutional Conventions
2. 68
Important Constitutional Principles
II. 68
The Rule of Law
1. 68
The Royal Prerogative
2. 69
Parliamentary Sovereignty
3. 70
The Doctrine of Separation of Powers
4. 71
Parliament
III. 71
Introduction
1. 71
The House of Commons
2. 72
The House of Lords
3. 72
Government
4. 73
The Legislative Process
5. 74
Devolution
IV. 75
Terminology
V. 75
Review and Discussion
VI. 77
Equity and Trusts
Chapter 9: 80
Historical Development of Equity
I. 80
Development of the Court of Chancery
1. 80
The Fusion of Law and Equity
2. 81
Maxims of Equity
II. 81
Nature of Equitable Maxims
1. 81
Examples of Equitable Maxims
2. 81
Equitable Remedies
III. 82
Introduction
1. 82
Specific Performance
2. 82
Injunctions
3. 82
Prohibitory and Mandatory Injunctions
a) 83
Final and Interim Injunctions
b) 83
Without Notice Injunctions
c) 83
Freezing Injunctions and Search Orders
d) 83
Rescission
4. 84
Rectification
5. 84
Trusts
IV. 84
Historical Development of the Trust
1. 84
Definition of the Trust
2. 85
The Private Express Trust
3. 85
Purpose Trusts
4. 86
Charitable Trusts
5. 86
Constructive and Resulting Trusts
6. 86
Fiduciary Duties
7. 87
Tracing
8. 87
Terminology
V. 87
Review and Discussion
VI. 88
Contract Law
Chapter 10: 90
Introduction
I. 90
Formation of a Contract
II. 90
Freedom of Contract
1. 90
Offer and Acceptance
2. 90
Consideration
3. 91
Intention to Create Legal Relations
4. 92
Form
5. 92
Contents of the Contract
III. 93
Express and Implied Terms
1. 93
Conditions, Warranties and Innominate Terms
2. 93
Standard Form Contracts
3. 94
Contracts and Third Parties
IV. 94
Privity of Contract and the Contract (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999
1. 94
Agency
2. 94
Void and Voidable Contracts
V. 94
Meaning of ‘Void’ and ‘Voidable’
1. 94
Capacity
2. 95
Illegality
3. 95
Mistake
4. 95
Misrepresentation
5. 96
Duress and Undue Influence
6. 96
Duress
a) 96
Undue Influence
b) 97
End of the Contract
VI. 97
Performance
1. 97
Breach
2. 97
Frustration
3. 97
Remedies
VII. 98
Damages
1. 98
Specific Performance
2. 98
Restitution
3. 98
Terminology
VIII. 98
Review and Discussion
IX. 100
The Law of Tort
Chapter 11: 102
Introduction
I. 102
Fundamental Principles of Tortious Liability
II. 102
Introduction
1. 102
Causation
2. 102
Remoteness
3. 103
Contributory Negligence
4. 103
Main Torts
III. 103
Defamation
1. 103
Nuisance
2. 104
Private Nuisance
a) 104
Public Nuisance
b) 104
Trespass
3. 105
Strict Liability: The Rule in Rylands v Fletcher
4. 105
Negligence
5. 106
Remedies
IV. 107
Introduction
1. 107
Damages
2. 107
Defences
V. 108
Introduction
1. 108
General Defences
2. 108
Special Defences
3. 108
Terminology
VI. 109
Review and Discussion
VII. 110
Commercial Law
Chapter 12: 112
Commercial Law
I. 112
Introduction to Sale of Goods Law
II. 112
Definition of Contract of Sale
1. 112
Subject-Matter of the Contract
2. 113
Definition of ‘Goods’
a) 113
Classification of Goods
b) 114
Duties of the Seller
III. 114
Duty to Pass Good Title
1. 114
Duty to Deliver
2. 115
Duty to Deliver Goods at the Right Time
3. 115
Duty to Supply the Right Quantity of Goods
4. 116
Duty to Supply Goods of the "Right" Quality
5. 116
Duties of the Buyer
IV. 116
Duty to Pay the Price
1. 116
Duty to Take Delivery and Accept the Goods
2. 117
Effects of the Contract
V. 118
Transfer of Property
1. 118
Passing of Risk
2. 118
Remedies
VI. 118
Remedies of the Seller
1. 118
Remedies of the Buyer
2. 119
Terminology
VII. 119
Review and Discussion
VIII. 121
Company Law
Chapter 13: 123
Introduction
I. 123
Birth of a Company
II. 123
Nature of Registered Companies
1. 123
Classification of Companies
2. 123
Formalities and Documentation
3. 124
People Involved
III. 124
Promoters
1. 124
Directors
2. 124
Secretary
3. 125
Membership
IV. 125
Shares
V. 126
Introduction
1. 126
Types of Shares
2. 126
Capital
VI. 127
General Meetings
VII. 127
Shareholder Remedies
VIII. 127
Winding-up
IX. 128
Terminology
X. 129
Review and Discussion
XI. 129
European Union Law
Chapter 14: 132
Background
I. 132
The Political Institutions of the EU
II. 132
The Commission
1. 132
The Council
2. 133
The European Parliament
3. 134
The Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions
4. 134
The Court of Auditors
5. 134
The Legislative Process
III. 134
The Ordinary Legislative Procedure
1. 134
The Special Legislative Procedures
2. 135
The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)
IV. 135
The Court of Justice
1. 135
The General Court
2. 136
The Specialised Courts
3. 136
EU Law
V. 136
Sources of EU Law
1. 136
EU Legislation
2. 136
General Principles of Law
3. 137
The EU and the Member States
VI. 138
Introduction
1. 138
Direct Effect
2. 138
Preliminary References
3. 139
Substantive EU law
VII. 139
Free Movement of Goods
1. 139
Free Movement of Workers
2. 140
Freedom of Establishment and Free Movement of Services
3. 140
Free Movement of Capital
4. 140
Terminology
VIII. 141
Review and Discussion
IX. 142
Other Areas of Law
Chapter 15: 144
Classifications of Law
I. 144
Other Areas of Law
II. 144
Terminology
III. 146
Index 149
