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Taxonomic and functional diversity of nitrifying biofilm communities in biofilters of different recirculating aquaculture systems

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❚❛①♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ❞✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ♥✐tr✐❢②✐♥❣ ❜✐♦✜❧♠

❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t✐❡s ✐♥ ❜✐♦✜❧t❡rs ♦❢ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t r❡❝✐r❝✉❧❛t✐♥❣

❛q✉❛❝✉❧t✉r❡ s②st❡♠s

❉✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥

③✉r ❊r❧❛♥❣✉♥❣ ❞❡s ❉♦❦t♦r❣r❛❞❡s ❛♥ ❞❡r ❋❛❦✉❧tät ❢ür

▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❦✱ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❦ ✉♥❞ ◆❛t✉r✇✐ss❡♥s❝❤❛❢t❡♥

✐♠ ❋❛❝❤❜❡r❡✐❝❤ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❡ ❞❡r

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tät ❍❛♠❜✉r❣

✈♦♥

❏❡♥♥✐❢❡r ❍ü♣❡❞❡♥

❣❡❜♦r❡♥ ✐♥ ●ött✐♥❣❡♥

❍❛♠❜✉r❣ ✷✵✶✻

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●❡♥❡❤♠✐❣t ✈♦♠ ❋❛❝❤❜❡r❡✐❝❤ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❡ ❞❡r ❋❛❦✉❧tät ❢ür ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❦✱ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❦ ✉♥❞ ◆❛t✉r✇✐ss❡♥s❝❤❛❢t❡♥ ❛♥ ❞❡r ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tät ❍❛♠❜✉r❣ ❛✉❢ ❆♥tr❛❣ ✈♦♥ ❋r❛✉ Pr✐✈✳✲❉♦③✳ ❉r✳ ❊✈❛ ❙♣✐❡❝❦✳ ❲❡✐t❡r❡r ●✉t❛❝❤t❡r ❞❡r ❉✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❲♦❧❢❣❛♥❣ ❙tr❡✐t ❚❛❣ ❞❡r ❉✐s♣✉t❛t✐♦♥✿ ✷✽✳✵✹✳✷✵✶✼ ❉✐❡s ✐st ❡✐♥❡ ❦♦rr✐❣✐❡rt❡ ❱❡rs✐♦♥✳

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❈♦♥t❡♥ts

✶ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ✶ ✷ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✺ ✷✳✶ ❘❡❝✐r❝✉❧❛t✐♥❣ ❛q✉❛❝✉❧t✉r❡ s②st❡♠s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✷✳✶✳✶ ◆✐tr♦❣❡♥ ❝♦♠♣♦✉♥❞s ✐♥ ❘❆❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷✳✶✳✷ ❇✐♦✜❧tr❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❘❆❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷✳✷ ❈❤❡♠♦❧✐t❤♦❛✉t♦tr♦♣❤✐❝ ♥✐tr✐✜❡rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❆♠♠♦♥✐❛ ♦①✐❞✐③❡rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✷✳✷ ◆✐tr✐t❡ ♦①✐❞✐③❡rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✸ ❇❛❝t❡r✐❛ ✐♥ ❘❆❙ ❜✐♦✜❧t❡rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✹ ❆✐♠ ♦❢ t❤✐s st✉❞② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✹✳✶ ▼✐❝r♦❜✐❛❧ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t② ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✹✳✷ ◆✐tr✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❘❆❙ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ✶✺ ✷✳✹✳✸ ◆❖❇ ♥✐❝❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ ❘❆❙ ❜✐♦✜❧t❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✸ ▼❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ✶✽ ✸✳✶ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛q✉❛❝✉❧t✉r❡ ♣❧❛♥ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✸✳✷ ❯s❡❞ ❡♥r✐❝❤♠❡♥t ❝✉❧t✉r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸✳✸ ▼✐♥❡r❛❧ s❛❧ts ♠❡❞✐❛ ❢♦r ❝✉❧t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❜❛t❝❤✲❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸✳✹ P❤②s✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ t❡sts ✇✐t❤ ❜✐♦✜❧♠ ✐♥❤❛❜✐t✐♥❣ ♥✐tr✐✜❡rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸✳✹✳✶ ◆✐tr✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ t❡st ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸✳✹✳✷ ❚♦❧❡r❛♥❝❡ t❡sts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✸✳✺ ▼♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r ♠❡t❤♦❞s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✸✳✺✳✶ ❙❛♠♣❧❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝❡❧❧ ❤❛r✈❡st✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ ❜✐♦❝❛rr✐❡rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✸✳✺✳✷ ❉◆❆ ❡①tr❛❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✺✳✸ ❘◆❆ ❡①tr❛❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✺✳✹ P♦❧②♠❡r❛s❡ ❝❤❛✐♥ r❡❛❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✺✳✺ Pr❡♣❛r❛t✐✈❡ P❈❘ ❢♦r ❛♠♣❧✐❝♦♥ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ ♦♥ ■❧❧✉♠✐♥❛ ▼✐❙❡q ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✺✳✻ ❋✐rst✲❙tr❛♥❞ ❝❉◆❆ s②♥t❤❡s✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✺✳✼ ❋❧✉♦r❡s❝❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ s✐t✉ ❍②❜r✐❞✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✺✳✽ ❋❧✉♦r❡s❝❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ s✐t✉ ❍②❜r✐❞✐③❛t✐♦♥✲▼✐❝r♦❛✉t♦r❛❞✐♦❣r❛♣❤② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✻ ❚r❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❡❧❡❝tr♦♥ ♠✐❝r♦s❝♦♣② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✼ ◆❡①t ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✼✳✶ ❆♠♣❧✐❝♦♥ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ ♦♥ ■❧❧✉♠✐♥❛ ▼✐❙❡q ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✼✳✷ ▼❡t❛❣❡♥♦♠❡ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ ♦♥ ■❧❧✉♠✐♥❛ ◆❡①t❙❡q ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✸✳✽ ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✸✳✽✳✶ ❍✐❣❤ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❧✐q✉✐❞ ❝❤r♦♠❛t♦❣r❛♣❤② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✸✳✽✳✷ P❤♦t♦♠❡tr✐❝❛❧ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♠♠♦♥✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✽✳✸ ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❤②s✐❝♦❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ❛t t❤❡ ❘❆❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✾ ❉❛t❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣❤②❧♦❣❡♥❡t✐❝ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾

(4)

✸✳✾✳✶ Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ❞❛t❛ s❡ts ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞ ❜② ❛♠♣❧✐❝♦♥ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ ♦♥ ■❧❧✉♠✐♥❛ ▼✐❙❡q ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✾✳✷ ❆ss❡♠❜❧② ❛♥❞ ❣❡♥❡ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠❡t❛❣❡♥♦♠✐❝ ❞❛t❛ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❛❢t❡r s❡✲ q✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ ♦♥ ■❧❧✉♠✐♥❛ ◆❡①t❙❡q ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✸✳✾✳✸ ❚❛①♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ♠❡t❛❣❡♥♦♠✐❝ ❞❛t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✸✳✾✳✹ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ❣❡♥❡s r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ♥✐tr♦❣❡♥ r❡♠♦✈❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♦r❣❛♥✐❝ ❜r❡❛❦❞♦✇♥ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✸✳✾✳✺ P❤②❧♦❣❡♥❡t✐❝ tr❡❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✹ ❘❡s✉❧ts ✸✷ ✹✳✶ ✶✻❙ r❘◆❆ ❛♠♣❧✐❝♦♥ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✹✳✶✳✶ α✲❞✐✈❡rs✐t② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✹✳✶✳✷ β✲❞✐✈❡rs✐t② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✹✳✶✳✸ P❤②❧♦❣❡♥❡t✐❝ ❞✐✈❡rs✐t② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✹✳✶✳✹ ❋r❡q✉❡♥t❧② ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ t❛①❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✹✳✶✳✺ ◆✐tr✐❢②✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t✐❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✹✳✷ ❆♠♣❧✐❝♦♥ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ ♦❢ ♣❤②❧♦❣❡♥❡t✐❝ ♠❛r❦❡r ❣❡♥❡s ❛♠♦❆ ❛♥❞ ♥①r❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✷✳✶ ❆❖❇ ❞✐✈❡rs✐t② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✷✳✷ ◆✐tr♦s♣✐r❛ ❞✐✈❡rs✐t② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✸ ▼❡t❛❣❡♥♦♠✐❝ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✸✳✶ ❆ss❡♠❜❧② ❛♥❞ ❣❡♥❡ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✹✳✸✳✷ P❤②❧♦❣❡♥❡t✐❝ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ ♠❛r❦❡r ❣❡♥❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✹✳✸✳✸ Pr❡s❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❜✉♥❞❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♣r❡❞✐❝t❡❞ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♥③②♠❡s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❍▼▼s ✹✼ ✹✳✸✳✹ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ❣❡♥❡s r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ♥✐tr♦❣❡♥ r❡♠♦✈❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✹✳✸✳✺ P❤②❧♦❣❡♥❡t✐❝ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ●❍s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✹✳✸✳✻ ▼❡t❛❣❡♥♦♠✐❝ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♠❛♠♠♦① ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✹ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜✐♦✜❧♠ ✐♥❤❛❜✐t✐♥❣ ♥✐tr✐✜❡rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✺ ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♥✐tr✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✻ ❚♦❧❡r❛♥❝❡ t❡sts ♦❢ ❜✐♦✜❧♠ ✐♥❤❛❜✐t✐♥❣ ♥✐tr✐✜❡rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✻✳✶ ❙✉❜str❛t❡ t♦❧❡r❛♥❝❡ t❡st ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✻✳✷ ◆✐tr❛t❡ t♦❧❡r❛♥❝❡ t❡st ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✻✳✸ ❙❛❧✐♥✐t② t♦❧❡r❛♥❝❡ t❡st ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✼ ❈♦✲❡①✐st❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ◆✐tr♦t♦❣❛ ❛♥❞ ◆✐tr♦s♣✐r❛ ✐♥ ❛ ❘❆❙ ❜✐♦✜❧t❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✼✳✶ ❈❡❧❧ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✈✐❛ ❋■❙❍ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✼✳✷ ❈❤❡♠♦❧✐t❤♦❛✉t♦tr♦♣❤✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ♦❢ ◆✐tr♦t♦❣❛ ❛♥❞ ◆✐tr♦s♣✐r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✺ ❉✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ✻✽ ✺✳✶ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐❛❧ ❞✐✈❡rs✐t② ✐♥ ❘❆❙ ❞❡r✐✈❡❞ ❜✐♦✜❧♠s ✈✐❛ ✶✻❙ r❘◆❆ ❛♠♣❧✐❝♦♥ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✺✳✶✳✶ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❜❛❝t❡r✐❛❧ ❞✐✈❡rs✐t② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✺✳✶✳✷ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t♦t❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❛❝t✐✈❡ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐❛❧ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t✐❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✺✳✶✳✸ ❊✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛❜✉♥❞❛♥t ❜❛❝t❡r✐❛❧ ♣❤②❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾

(5)

✺✳✶✳✹ ❍❡t❡r♦tr♦♣❤s ✈❡rs✉s ♥✐tr✐✜❡rs ✐♥ ❜✐♦✜❧♠s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✺✳✶✳✺ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦r❡✲t❛①❛ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ r♦❧❡ ✐♥ ❜✐♦✜❧♠s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✺✳✶✳✻ ❆❜✉♥❞❛♥t t❛①❛ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❘◆❆ ❞❡r✐✈❡❞ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t✐❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✺✳✶✳✼ ◆✐tr✐❢②✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t✐❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✺✳✷ P❤②❧♦❣❡♥❡t✐❝ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ❆❖❇ ❛♥❞ ◆✐tr♦s♣✐r❛✲❧✐❦❡ ◆❖❇ ❜② ❛♠♦❆ ❛♥❞ ♥①r❇ ❣❡♥❡ ❛♠♣❧✐❝♦♥ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✺✳✷✳✶ β✲♣r♦t❡♦❜❛❝t❡r✐❛❧ ❆❖❇ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✺✳✷✳✷ ◆✐tr♦s♣✐r❛✲❧✐❦❡ ◆❖❇ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✺✳✷✳✸ ◆✐❝❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♥✐tr✐❢②✐♥❣ s♣❡❝✐❡s ✐♥ ❘❆❙ ❞❡r✐✈❡❞ ❜✐♦✜❧♠s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✺✳✸ ▼❡t❛❣❡♥♦♠✐❝ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐❛❧ ❜✐♦✜❧♠ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t✐❡s ✐♥ ❘❆❙ ❜✐♦✜❧t❡rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✺✳✸✳✶ P❤②❧♦❣❡♥❡t✐❝ ❞✐✈❡rs✐t② ❛ss❡ss❡❞ ❜② ♠❛r❦❡r ❣❡♥❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✺✳✸✳✷ ◆✲r❡♠♦✈❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ✐♥ ❜✐♦✜❧♠s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✺✳✸✳✸ ❊♥③②♠❡s ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥ ❝❛r❜♦♥ ❜r❡❛❦❞♦✇♥ ❛♥❞ t✉r♥♦✈❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻ ✺✳✸✳✹ ❈♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ❛♠♠♦♥✐❛ ♦①✐❞✐③❡rs ✐♥ ❘❆❙ ❜✐♦✜❧t❡rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✺✳✹ ◆✐tr✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❘❆❙ ❜✐♦✜❧t❡rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✺✳✺ P❤②s✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜✐♦✜❧♠ ✐♥❤❛❜✐t✐♥❣ ♥✐tr✐✜❡rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✺✳✺✳✶ ❆♠♠♦♥✐❛ t♦❧❡r❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❆❖❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✺✳✺✳✷ ◆✐tr✐t❡ t♦❧❡r❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ◆❖❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✺✳✺✳✸ ❊✛❡❝t ♦❢ ♥✐tr❛t❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♥✐tr✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✺✳✺✳✹ ◆✐tr✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛t ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t s❛❧✐♥✐t✐❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✺✳✺✳✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✺✳✻ ◆✐❝❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ◆✐tr♦t♦❣❛ ❛♥❞ ◆✐tr♦s♣✐r❛ ✐♥ ❛ ❘❆❙ ❜✐♦✜❧t❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ❆ ❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ✶✵✵ ❆✳✶ ❙✉♣♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r② ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ❆✳✶✳✶ ❙✉♣♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r② t❛❜❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ❆✳✶✳✷ ❙✉♣♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r② ✜❣✉r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺

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▲✐st ♦❢ ❆❜❜r❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥s

❆❖❆ ❛♠♠♦♥✐❛ ♦①✐❞✐③✐♥❣ ❛r❝❤❛❡❛ ❆❖❇ ❛♠♠♦♥✐❛ ♦①✐❞✐③✐♥❣ ❜❛❝t❡r✐❛ ❆❖▼ ❛♠♠♦♥✐❛ ♦①✐❞✐③✐♥❣ ♠✐❝r♦♦r❣❛♥✐s♠s ❆▼❖ ❛♠♠♦♥✐❛ ♠♦♥♦♦①②❣❡♥❛s❡ ❛♠♦❆ ❛♠♠♦♥✐❛ ♠♦♥♦♦①②❣❡♥❛s❡ s✉❜✉♥✐t α ❛♥❛♠♠♦① ❛♥❛❡r♦❜✐❝ ❛♠♠♦♥✐✉♠ ♦①✐❞❛t✐♦♥ ❜♣ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛✐r ❇▲❆❙❚ ❜❛s✐❝ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❛❧✐❣♥♠❡♥t s❡❛r❝❤ t♦♦❧ ❇❘ ❜r❛❝❦✐s❤ ❝❉◆❆ ❝♦♣②✲❉◆❆ ❝♦♠❛♠♠♦① ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ❛♠♠♦♥✐❛ ♦①✐❞✐③❡r ❉❆P■ ✹✬✱✻✲❞✐❛♠✐❞✐♥♦✲✷✲♣❤❡♥②❧✐♥❞♦❧❡ ❉●●❊ ❞❡♥❛t✉r✐♥❣ ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t ❣❡❧ ❡❧❡❝tr♦♣❤♦r❡s✐s ❉■◆ ❞✐ss♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥♦r❣❛♥✐❝ ♥✐tr♦❣❡♥ ❉◆❆ ❞❡♦①②r✐❜♦♥✉❝❧❡✐❝ ❛❝✐❞ ❉❖❈ ❞✐ss♦❧✈❡❞ ♦r❣❛♥✐❝ ♠❛tt❡r ❊▼ ❡❧❡❝tr♦♥ ♠✐❝r♦s❝♦♣② ❊P❙ ❡①tr❛❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ♣♦❧②♠❡r✐❝ s✉❜st❛♥❝❡s ❡q✳ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✜❣✳ ✜❣✉r❡ ❋■❙❍ ✢✉♦r❡s❝❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ s✐t✉ ❤②❜r✐❞✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❋■❙❍✲▼❆❘ ✢✉♦r❡s❝❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ s✐t✉ ❤②❜r✐❞✐③❛t✐♦♥✲♠✐❝r♦❛✉t♦r❛❞✐♦❣r❛♣❤② ❋❘ ❢r❡s❤✇❛t❡r ●❍ ❣❧②❝♦s✐❞❡ ❤②❞r♦❧❛s❡ ❍❆❖ ❤②❞r♦①②❧❛♠✐♥❡ r❡❞✉❝t❛s❡ ❍▼▼ ❤✐❞❞❡♥ ▼❛r❦♦✈ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❍P▲❈ ❤✐❣❤ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❧✐q✉✐❞ ❝❤r♦♠❛t♦❣r❛♣❤② ■❈▼ ✐♥tr❛❝②t♦♣❧❛s♠✐❝ ♠❡♠❜r❛♥❡ ▼❆ ♠❛r✐♥❡ ◆ ♥✐tr♦❣❡♥ ◆❆P ♣❡r✐♣❧❛s♠✐❝ ♥✐tr❛t❡ r❡❞✉❝t❛s❡ ◆❆❘ r❡s♣✐r❛t♦r② ♥✐tr❛t❡ r❡❞✉❝t❛s❡ ◆●❙ ♥❡①t ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ ◆■❘ ♥✐tr✐t❡ r❡❞✉❝t❛s❡ ◆▼❉❙ ♥♦♥✲♠❡tr✐❝ ♠✉❧t✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ s❝❛❧✐♥❣ ◆❖❇ ♥✐tr✐t❡ ♦①✐❞✐③✐♥❣ ❜❛❝t❡r✐❛ ◆❖❘ ♥✐tr✐❝ ♦①✐❞❡ r❡❞✉❝t❛s❡ ◆❖❙❩ ♥✐tr♦✉s ♦①✐❞❡ r❡❞✉❝t❛s❡ ♥r ♥♦♥✲r❡❞✉♥❞❛♥t

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◆s✳ ◆✐tr♦s♣✐r❛ ◆s♠✳ ◆✐tr♦s♦♠♦♥❛s ◆ss❝✳ ◆✐tr♦s♦❝♦❝❝✉s ◆ss♣✳ ◆✐tr♦s♦s♣✐r❛ ◆t✳ ◆✐tr♦t♦❣❛ ◆❳❘ ♥✐tr✐t❡ ♦①✐❞♦r❡❞✉❝t❛s❡ ♥①r❇ ♥✐tr✐t❡ ♦①✐❞♦r❡❞✉❝t❛s❡ s✉❜✉♥✐t β ❖❘❋ ♦♣❡♥ r❡❛❞✐♥❣ ❢r❛♠❡ ❖❚❯ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ t❛①♦♥♦♠✐❝ ✉♥✐t P ♣❤♦s♣❤❛t❡ P❆❖ ♣♦❧②♣❤♦s♣❤❛t❡ ❛❝❝✉♠✉❧❛t✐♥❣ ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠ P❈❘ ♣♦❧②♠❡r❛s❡ ❝❤❛✐♥ r❡❛❝t✐♦♥ P❖❈ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛t❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐❝ ♠❛tt❡r P❙❯ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧ s❛❧✐♥✐t② ✉♥✐t ❘❆❙ r❡❝✐r❝✉❧❛t✐♥❣ ❛q✉❛❝✉❧t✉r❡ s②st❡♠ ❘❋▲P r❡str✐❝t✐♦♥ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t ❧❡♥❣t❤ ♣♦❧②♠♦r♣❤✐s♠ ❘◆❆ r✐❜♦♥✉❝❧❡✐❝ ❛❝✐❞ r❘◆❆ r✐❜♦s♦♠❛❧ r✐❜♦♥✉❝❧❡✐❝ ❛❝✐❞ r♣♠ r❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ♣❡r ♠✐♥✉t❡ ❙❇❇❘ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ ❜❛t❝❤ ❜✐♦r❡❛❝t♦r s♣✳ s♣❡❝✐❡s s♣♣✳ s♣❡❝✐❡s ♣❧✉r❛❧✐s ❚❆◆ t♦t❛❧ ❛♠♠♦♥✐❛ ♥✐tr♦❣❡♥ ❚❊▼ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❡❧❡❝tr♦♥ ♠✐❝r♦s❝♦♣② ❚◆◆ t♦t❛❧ ♥✐tr✐t❡ ♥✐tr♦❣❡♥ ❲❲❚P ✇❛st❡✇❛t❡r tr❡❛t♠❡♥t ♣❧❛♥t

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▲✐st ♦❢ ❚❛❜❧❡s

✶ ▼❛✐♥ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ♦❢ t❤❡ s❛♠♣❧❡❞ ♠♦❞✉❧❡s ♦❢ t❤r❡❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❘❆❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷ ▼✐♥❡r❛❧ s❛❧ts ♠❡❞✐✉♠ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❢r❡s❤✇❛t❡r ❛♥❞ ♠❛r✐♥❡ ❆❖❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✸ ▼✐♥❡r❛❧ s❛❧ts ♠❡❞✐✉♠ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❢r❡s❤✇❛t❡r ❛♥❞ ♠❛r✐♥❡ ◆❖❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✹ Pr✐♠❡rs ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s st✉❞② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✺ ❖❧✐❣♦♥✉❝❧❡♦t✐❞❡ ♣r♦❜❡s ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s st✉❞② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✻ ❙❛♠♣❧✐♥❣ s✐t❡s ❛♥❞ q✉❛♥t✐t②✴q✉❛❧✐t② ❞❛t❛ ♦❢ ❡①tr❛❝t❡❞ ❉◆❆ ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r ♠❡t❛❣❡♥♦♠❡ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✼ α✲❞✐✈❡rs✐t② ✐♥❞✐❝❡s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❘◆❆ ❛♥❞ ❉◆❆ ❞❡r✐✈❡❞ ✶✻❙ r❘◆❆ ❛♠♣❧✐❝♦♥ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ ❞❛t❛ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜✐♦✜❧t❡r s❛♠♣❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✽ ◆✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❖❚❯s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡❞ t♦ ❆❖❇ ❛♥❞ ◆❖❇ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♥✐tr✐✜❡rs t♦ t❤❡ t♦t❛❧ r❡❛❞s ❛❢t❡r ✶✻❙ r❘◆❆ ❛♠♣❧✐❝♦♥ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✾ ◆✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ r❡❛❞s ❛♥❞ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❖❚❯s ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❛❢t❡r ❛♠♣❧✐❝♦♥ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛♠♦❆ ❛♥❞ ♥①r❇ ❣❡♥❡s ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ ■❧❧✉♠✐♥❛ ▼✐❙❡q ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✶✵ ❙t❛t✐st✐❝s r❡♣♦rt ♦❢ ❛ss❡♠❜❧② ❛♥❞ ❣❡♥❡ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❡t❛❣❡♥♦♠✐❝ ❞❛t❛ s❡ts ✳ ✹✼ ✶✶ ◆✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♠❡t❛❣❡♥♦♠✐❝ r❡❛❞s ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛♣♣❡❞ t♦ ♣✉t❛t✐✈❡ ❡♥③②♠❡s ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥ ♥✐tr♦❣❡♥ r❡♠♦✈❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②③❡❞ ✈✐❛ ❑❊●● ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✶✷ P♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ♥✐tr✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜✐♦✜❧t❡rs ♦❢ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❘❆❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✶✸ P❡r❝❡♥t ✐♥❤✐❜✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ♥✐tr✐t❡ ♦①✐❞❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡ ♦❢ ❜✐♦✜❧♠ ✐♥❤❛❜✐t✐♥❣ ◆❖❇ ✐♥ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♥✐tr❛t❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✶✹ ❙✉♠♠❛r✐③❡❞ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ s✉❜str❛t❡✱ ♥✐tr❛t❡ ❛♥❞ s❛❧t t♦❧❡r❛♥❝❡ t❡sts ✇✐t❤ ♥✐tr✐❢②✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t✐❡s✱ ❞❡r✐✈❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤r❡❡ ❘❆❙✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ♣r❡✲ ❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t ❆❖❇ ❛♥❞ ◆❖❇ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ ✈✐❛ ❛♠♣❧✐❝♦♥ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ❙✶ ▼❡❛♥ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❤②s✐❝♦❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❘❆❙✳ P❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ✇❡r❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ t✐♠❡ ♦❢ s❛♠♣❧✐♥❣ ❢♦r t❤❡ t♦❧❡r❛♥❝❡ t❡sts ✇✐t❤ ♥✐tr✐✜❡rs ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ❙✷ ▼❡❛♥ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❤②s✐❝♦❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❘❆❙✳ P❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ✇❡r❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ t✐♠❡ ♦❢ s❛♠♣❧✐♥❣ ❢♦r t❤❡ ◆●❙ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ❙✸ ●❡♥✉s ❧❡✈❡❧ ❝♦r❡✲t❛①❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜✐♦✜❧t❡r s❛♠♣❧❡s ❛❢t❡r ✶✻❙ r❘◆❆ ❛♠♣❧✐❝♦♥ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ❙✹ ❍✐❞❞❡♥ ▼❛r❦♦✈ ♠♦❞❡❧s ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s st✉❞② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ❙✺ ❘❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♣r♦t❡✐♥ ❇▲❆❙❚ s❡❛r❝❤ ♦❢ ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ❝♦♠❛♠♠♦①✲❛♠♦❆ ❣❡♥❡ s❡✲ q✉❡♥❝❡s ❛❣❛✐♥st t❤❡ ❛ss❡♠❜❧❡❞ ♠❡t❛❣❡♥♦♠✐❝ ❝♦♥t✐❣s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹

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▲✐st ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉r❡s

✶ ❙❝❤❡♠❛t✐❝ ♦✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ ❛ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❡❞ s❡t✲✉♣ ♦❢ ❘❆❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷ ▼♦✈✐♥❣✲❜❡❞ ❜✐♦✜❧t❡r ✜❧❧❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❍❉P❊✲❜✐♦❝❛rr✐❡rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✸ ❍❉P❊✲❜✐♦❝❛rr✐❡r ♦✈❡r❣r♦✇♥ ✇✐t❤ ❜✐♦✜❧♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✹ ❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ ♠❛✐♥ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s st✉❞② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✺ ✷✲❉ ♣❧♦ts ♦❢ ♥♦♥✲♠❡tr✐❝ ♠✉❧t✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ s❝❛❧✐♥❣ ✭◆▼❉❙✮ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❇r❛②✲❈✉rt✐s s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t✐❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❘◆❆ ❛♥❞ ❉◆❆ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞ ✶✻❙ r❘◆❆ ❛♠♣❧✐❝♦♥ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ ❞❛t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✻ ❱❡♥♥✲❞✐❛❣r❛♠ s❤♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ✉♥✐q✉❡ ❛♥❞ s❤❛r❡❞ ❖❚❯s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✼ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❡ ❛❜✉♥❞❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♣❤②❧❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❘◆❆ ❛♥❞ ❉◆❆ ♣♦♦❧s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✶✻❙ r❘◆❆ ❛♠♣❧✐❝♦♥ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ ❞❛t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✽ ❉✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜❛❝t❡r✐❛❧ ❣❡♥❡r❛ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡❞ ❜✐♦✜❧t❡r s❛♠♣❧❡s ❛❢t❡r ✶✻❙ r❘◆❆ ❛♠♣❧✐❝♦♥ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✾ ◆♦♥✲♠❡tr✐❝ ♠✉❧t✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ s❝❛❧✐♥❣ ✭◆▼❉❙✮ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❇r❛②✲❈✉rt✐s s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t✐❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆❖❇ ❛♥❞ ◆❖❇ ❖❚❯s ❡①tr❛❝t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✶✻❙ r❘◆❆ ❛♠♣❧✐❝♦♥ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ ❞❛t❛ s❡t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✶✵ ❉✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❆❖❇ ❛♥❞ ◆❖❇ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜✐♦✜❧t❡r s❛♠♣❧❡s ❛❢t❡r ✶✻❙ r❘◆❆ ❛♠♣❧✐❝♦♥ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ ✐❧❧✉str❛t❡❞ ❛s ❤❡❛t♠❛♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✶✶ ❉✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ β✲♣r♦t❡♦❜❛❝t❡r✐❛❧ ❆❖❇ ❛♥❞ ◆✐tr♦s♣✐r❛✲❧✐❦❡ ◆❖❇ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜✐♦✜❧t❡r s❛♠♣❧❡s ❛❢t❡r ❛♠♣❧✐❝♦♥ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛♠♦❆ ❛♥❞ ♥①r❇ ❣❡♥❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✶✷ P❤②❧♦❣❡♥❡t✐❝ ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛ss❡♠❜❧❡❞ ♠❡t❛❣❡♥♦♠✐❝ ❞❛t❛ s❡ts ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❆▼✲ P❍❖❘❆✷ ♠❛r❦❡r ❣❡♥❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✶✸ ❆❜✉♥❞❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ❡♥③②♠❡s ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥ ♥✐tr✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ❞❡♥✐tr✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♦r❣❛♥✐❝ ♠❛tt❡r ❞❡❣r❛❞❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❡t❛❣❡♥♦♠✐❝ ❞❛t❛ s❡ts✱ ❛ss❡ss❡❞ ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ ❍▼▼s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✶✹ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❡ ❛❜✉♥❞❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♣❤②❧❛ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♥❡r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❡t❛❣❡✲ ♥♦♠✐❝ ❞❛t❛ s❡ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜✐♦✜❧t❡r s❛♠♣❧❡s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ♣r❡❞✐❝t❡❞ ❖❘❋s r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ♥✐tr♦❣❡♥ r❡♠♦✈❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✶✺ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❡ ❛❜✉♥❞❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♣❤②❧❛ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♥❡r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❡t❛❣❡✲ ♥♦♠✐❝ ❞❛t❛ s❡ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜✐♦✜❧t❡r s❛♠♣❧❡s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ♣r❡❞✐❝t❡❞ ❖❘❋s ❡♥❝♦❞✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ●❍s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✶✻ P❤②❧♦❣❡♥❡t✐❝ tr❡❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♠❛♠♠♦①✲❧✐❦❡ ❛♠♦❆ ❣❡♥❡ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❡t❛❣❡✲ ♥♦♠✐❝ ❞❛t❛ s❡ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✶✼ ❊▼ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♥✐tr✐❢②✐♥❣ ❜✐♦✜❧♠s ❞❡r✐✈❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❜✐♦❝❛rr✐❡rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✶✽ ❈♦♥❢♦❝❛❧ ♠✐❝r♦❣r❛♣❤s ♦❢ ❋■❙❍✲st❛✐♥❡❞ ❝❡❧❧s ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ❜✐♦✜❧♠ ♠❛tr✐① ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✶✾ ❆♠♠♦♥✐❛ ♦①✐❞❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡s ♦❢ ❆❖❇ ❛♥❞ ♥✐tr✐t❡ ♦①✐❞❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡s ♦❢ ◆❖❇ ✐♥ ❞❡♣❡♥✲ ❞❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ✈❛r✐♦✉s s✉❜str❛t❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✷✵ ◆✐tr✐t❡ ♦①✐❞❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ✈❛r✐♦✉s ♥✐tr❛t❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❜✐♦✜❧♠ ✐♥✲ ❤❛❜✐t✐♥❣ ◆❖❇ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t✐❡s ❞❡r✐✈❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❘❆❙ ❜✐♦✜❧t❡rs✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷

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✷✶ P❡r❝❡♥t ✐♥❤✐❜✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❛♠♠♦♥✐❛ ♦①✐❞❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡s ♦❢ ❆❖❇ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ♥✐tr✐t❡ ♦①✐❞❛t✐♦♥ r❛t❡s ♦❢ ◆❖❇ ❝❛✉s❡❞ ❜② s❛❧✐♥✐t② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✷✷ ❈♦♥❢♦❝❛❧ ♠✐❝r♦❣r❛♣❤s ♦❢ ❋■❙❍✲st❛✐♥❡❞ ◆✐tr♦t♦❣❛ ❛♥❞ ◆✐tr♦s♣✐r❛ ❝❡❧❧s ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ❜✐♦✜❧♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✷✸ ❈♦♥❢♦❝❛❧ ♠✐❝r♦❣r❛♣❤s ♦❢ ❋■❙❍✲st❛✐♥❡❞ ◆✐tr♦t♦❣❛ ❛♥❞ ◆✐tr♦s♣✐r❛ ❝❡❧❧s ✇✐t❤ ❝♦r✲ r❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ▼❆❘ s✐❣♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ❙✶ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❡ ❛❜✉♥❞❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦st ❛❜✉♥❞❛♥t ❜❛❝t❡r✐❛❧ ❝❧❛ss❡s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜✐♦✜❧✲ t❡r s❛♠♣❧❡s ❛❢t❡r ✶✻❙ r❘◆❆ ❛♠♣❧✐❝♦♥ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ❙✷ P❤②❧♦❣❡♥❡t✐❝ tr❡❡ ♦❢ ❖❚❯ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❛❢t❡r ❛♠♣❧✐❝♦♥ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ ♦❢ β✲♣r♦t❡♦❜❛❝t❡r✐❛❧ ❛♠♦❆ ❣❡♥❡s ✉s✐♥❣ ■❧❧✉♠✐♥❛ ▼✐❙❡q ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ❙✸ P❤②❧♦❣❡♥❡t✐❝ tr❡❡ ♦❢ ❖❚❯ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❛❢t❡r ❛♠♣❧✐❝♦♥ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ ♦❢ ◆✐tr♦s♣✐r❛✲❧✐❦❡ ♥①r❇ ❣❡♥❡s ✉s✐♥❣ ■❧❧✉♠✐♥❛ ▼✐❙❡q ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼ ❙✹ ❆♠♠♦♥✐❛ ♦①✐❞❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ✈❛r✐♦✉s ♥✐tr❛t❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❜✐♦✜❧♠ ✐♥❤❛❜✐t✐♥❣ ❆❖❇ ❞❡r✐✈❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❘❆❙ ❜✐♦✜❧t❡rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽

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❙✉♠♠❛r② ✶

✶ ❙✉♠♠❛r②

❘❡❝✐r❝✉❧❛t✐♥❣ ❛q✉❛❝✉❧t✉r❡ s②st❡♠s ✭❘❆❙✮ ♦✛❡r ❛♥ ❡❝♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ✇❛② ♦❢ ✜s❤ ❢❛r♠✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t❛❧ ✐♠♣❛❝t✳ ❚❤❡ r❡♠♦✈❛❧ ♦❢ ❡①❝r❡t❡❞ t♦①✐❝ ❛♠♠♦♥✐❛ ❛♥❞ ♥✐tr✐t❡ ✐s ❝❛rr✐❡❞ ♦✉t ❜② ♥✐tr✐❢②✐♥❣ ❝❤❡♠♦❧✐t❤♦❛✉t♦tr♦♣❤✐❝ ♠✐❝r♦♦r❣❛♥✐s♠s✳ ◆✐tr✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ t❛❦❡s ♣❧❛❝❡ ✐♥ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ✜❧t❡rs✱ ✐♥s✐❞❡ t❤❡s❡ ❜✐♦✜❧t❡rs ❛♠♠♦♥✐❛ ❛♥❞ ♥✐tr✐t❡ ♦①✐❞✐③✐♥❣ ❜❛❝t❡r✐❛ ✭❆❖❇ ❛♥❞ ◆❖❇✮ ❝♦❧♦♥✐③❡ ❜✐♦❝❛rr✐❡rs✱ ❢♦r♠✐♥❣ ❞❡♥s❡ ❜✐♦✜❧♠s t♦❣❡t❤❡r ✇✐t❤ ❤❡t❡r♦tr♦♣❤✐❝ ❜❛❝t❡r✐❛✳ ■♥ t❤✐s st✉❞②✱ ❜✐♦✜❧t❡rs ♦❢ t❤r❡❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❘❆❙ ♦♣❡r❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❡✐t❤❡r ❢r❡s❤✇❛t❡r✱ ❜r❛❝❦✐s❤ ♦r ♠❛r✐♥❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss ✇❛t❡r✱ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❣♦❛❧ ♦❢ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐❛❧ ❜✐♦✜❧♠ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t✐❡s✳ ❚❤r❡❡ ❜✐♦✜❧t❡rs ❛t ❡❛❝❤ ❘❆❙ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ s❛♠♣❧❡❞✳ ❘◆❆ ❛♥❞ ❉◆❆ ❡①tr❛❝t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❜✐♦✜❧♠s ✇❛s ✉s❡❞ ❛s t❤❡ t❡♠♣❧❛t❡ ❢♦r ❛♠♣❧✐❝♦♥ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ ✉s✐♥❣ ■❧❧✉♠✐♥❛ ▼✐❙❡q✳ ❙❡q✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❱✹ r❡❣✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✶✻❙ r❘◆❆ ❣❡♥❡ r❡✈❡❛❧❡❞ ❛ ❤✐❣❤ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐❛❧ ❞✐✈❡rs✐t② ✇✐t❤ ♦♥ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ✶✵✵✵✲✷✺✵✵ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ t❛①♦♥♦♠✐❝ ✉♥✐ts ✭❖❚❯s✮ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ s❛♠♣❧❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st ❞✐✈❡rs✐t② ✇❛s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜r❛❝❦✐s❤ s❛♠♣❧❡s✳ ❆ ❧♦✇ s❤❛r❡❞ r✐❝❤♥❡ss ♦❢ ✸✸✷ ✭❘◆❆✮ ❛♥❞ ✷✼✵ ✭❉◆❆✮ ❖❚❯s ✇❛s ❢♦✉♥❞ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ t❤r❡❡ ♣❧❛♥ts✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t✐♥❣ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t② str✉❝t✉r❡s ❛♥❞ ❤❡♥❝❡✱ s✐t❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐❛❧ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t✐❡s✳ ■♥ ❛❧❧ t❤r❡❡ ❘❆❙ Pr♦t❡♦❜❛❝t❡r✐❛ ✇❛s t❤❡ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t ♣❤②❧✉♠✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡❞ t♦ 24✕77 % ♦❢ t❤❡ t♦t❛❧ r❡❛❞s✱ ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❜② ♠❡♠❜❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❤②❧❛ ❇❛❝t❡r♦✐❞❡t❡s✱ P❧❛♥❝t♦♠②❝❡t❡s✱ ❈❤❧♦r♦✢❡①✐ ❛♥❞ ◆✐tr♦s♣✐r❛❡✳ ❆❧t❤♦✉❣❤ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❣❡♥✉s ❧❡✈❡❧ ❃50 % ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ❖❚❯s ✇❛s ❛ss✐❣♥❡❞ t♦ ✉♥❝✉❧t✉r❡❞ ❜❛❝t❡r✐❛✱ ✻✼✹ ❦♥♦✇♥ ❜❛❝t❡r✐❛❧ ❣❡♥❡r❛ ✇❡r❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ ✐♥ t♦t❛❧✳ ✽✺ ❛♥❞ ✼✻ ❣❡♥❡r❛ ✇❡r❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ t♦ ❜❡ s❤❛r❡❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❛❧❧ s❛♠♣❧❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❘◆❆ ❛♥❞ ❉◆❆ ♣♦♦❧s✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧②✳ ❆♠♦♥❣ t❤❡s❡ ❝♦r❡✲t❛①❛✱ t❤❡ ♥✐tr✐❢②✐♥❣ ❜❛❝t❡r✐❛ ◆✐tr♦s♦♠♦♥❛s ❛♥❞ ◆✐tr♦s♣✐r❛ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ❤❡t❡r♦tr♦♣❤s s✉❝❤ ❛s ❘❤♦❞♦❜❛❝t❡r✱ P❧❛♥❝t♦♠②❝❡s ❛♥❞ ▲❡✇✐♥❡❧❧❛ ✇❡r❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❧② ❢♦✉♥❞✳ ❈♦♠♣r❡❤❡♥s✐✈❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ♥✐tr✐✜❡rs r❡✈❡❛❧❡❞ s✐t❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❆❖❇ ❛♥❞ ◆❖❇ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t✐❡s ❛t ❡❛❝❤ ❘❆❙✱ ♠❛✐♥❧② ❝♦♠♣♦s❡❞ ♦❢ ✉♥❝✉❧t✉r❡❞ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛ ◆✐tr♦s♦♠♦♥❛s ❛♥❞ ◆✐tr♦s♣✐r❛✳ ❆♠♣❧✐❝♦♥ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♠♦❆ ❣❡♥❡ ♦❢ β✲♣r♦t❡♦❜❛❝t❡r✐❛❧ ❆❖❇ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♥①r❇ ❣❡♥❡ ♦❢ ◆✐tr♦s♣✐r❛✲❧✐❦❡ ◆❖❇ ✉s✐♥❣ ■❧❧✉♠✐♥❛ ▼✐❙❡q ❝♦♥✜r♠❡❞ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ✶✻❙ r❘◆❆ ❛♠♣❧✐❝♦♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❜② r❡✈❡❛❧✐♥❣ ❛ ❝♦✲❡①✐st❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✱ ❝❧♦s❡❧② r❡❧❛t❡❞ ✉♥❝✉❧t✉r❡❞ ♠❡♠❜❡rs ♦❢ ◆✐tr♦s♦♠♦♥❛s ❛♥❞ ◆✐tr♦s♣✐r❛ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜✐♦✜❧♠s✳ ❚❤✐s str♦♥❣❧② ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡s t❤❛t s❡✈❡r❛❧ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ♥♦✈❡❧ ❆❖❇ ❛♥❞ ◆❖❇ s♣❡❝✐❡s ❛r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ✐♥ ❘❆❙ ❜✐♦✜❧t❡rs✳ ❆ ♠❡t❛❣❡♥♦♠✐❝ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✉s✐♥❣ ■❧❧✉♠✐♥❛ ◆❡①t❙❡q r❡✈❡❛❧❡❞ ♣✉t❛t✐✈❡ ❣❡♥❡s ❡♥❝♦❞✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② ❡♥③②♠❡s ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥ ♥✐tr✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞❡♥✐tr✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ t❛①♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❛ss✐❣♥✲ ♠❡♥t ♦❢ ♥✐tr♦❣❡♥ r❡♠♦✈❛❧ ❣❡♥❡s s✉❣❣❡st❡❞ t❤❛t ♠❡♠❜❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t ♣❤②❧❛ ✭Pr♦t❡♦❜❛❝t❡r✐❛✱ ❇❛❝t❡r♦✐❞❡t❡s✱ P❧❛♥❝t♦♠②❝❡t❡s✱ ◆✐tr♦s♣✐r❛❡✮ ❛❝t ❛s ❦❡② ♣❧❛②❡rs ✐♥ ♥✐tr♦❣❡♥ r❡✲ ♠♦✈❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ✐♥s✐❞❡ t❤❡ ❜✐♦✜❧♠s✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡✱ t❤❡ ♠❡t❛❣❡♥♦♠✐❝ ❞❛t❛ s❡ts ❣❛✈❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♠❛♠♠♦① ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜✐♦✜❧♠s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢r❡s❤✇❛t❡r ❛♥❞ ❜r❛❝❦✐s❤ s❛♠♣❧❡s✳ ❇❛t❝❤✲❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ❞❡s✐❣♥❡❞ t♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉❜str❛t❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥✱ ♥✐tr❛t❡ ❛♥❞ s❛❧t str❡ss ♦♥ ♥✐tr✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ✇✐t❤ ❝♦❧♦♥✐③❡❞ ❜✐♦❝❛rr✐❡rs ❞❡r✐✈❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤r❡❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❘❆❙ s❤♦✇❡❞ ❞✐st✐♥❝t❧② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✱ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝ ♣❤②s✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ♥✐tr✐❢②✐♥❣ ❝♦♠✲ ♠✉♥✐t②✳ ❚❤❡ ❢r❡s❤✇❛t❡r ❆❖❇ s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st t♦❧❡r❛♥❝❡ t♦ r✐s✐♥❣ ❛♠♠♦♥✐✉♠ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥s ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ s❛♠♣❧❡s✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ t❤❡ ❢r❡s❤✇❛t❡r ◆❖❇ ✇❡r❡ s❡♥s✐t✐✈❡ t♦ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡❞ ♥✐tr✐t❡ ❧❡✈❡❧s✳ ■♥ ❝♦♥tr❛st t♦ t❤❡ ❢r❡s❤✇❛t❡r ◆❖❇✱ t❤❡ ❜r❛❝❦✐s❤ ❛♥❞ ♠❛r✐♥❡ ◆❖❇ ✇❡r❡ ♠♦r❡ t♦❧❡r❛♥t t♦ ♥✐tr✐t❡

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❙✉♠♠❛r② ✷ r❡❧❛t❡❞ str❡ss✳ ❚❤❡ ❆❖❇ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t✐❡s ✇❡r❡ s❤♦✇♥ t♦ ❜❡ ❤✐❣❤❧② t♦❧❡r❛♥t t♦✇❛r❞s ♥✐tr❛t❡✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ t❤❡ ◆❖❇ s❧♦✇❡❞ ❞♦✇♥ t❤❡✐r ♥✐tr✐t❡ ♦①✐❞❛t✐♦♥ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ✐♥ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ♥✐tr❛t❡ ❝♦♥✲ ❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❙❛❧t t♦❧❡r❛♥❝❡ t❡sts s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❛t ♥✐tr✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❢r❡s❤✇❛t❡r ♥✐tr✐✜❡rs ✇❛s ❞r❛st✐❝❛❧❧② r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ s❛❧✐♥✐t②✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ t❤❡ ❜r❛❝❦✐s❤ ❛♥❞ ♠❛r✐♥❡ ♥✐tr✐✜❡rs s❤♦✇❡❞ ❛ ❤✐❣❤ r♦❜✉st♥❡ss ❛♥❞ ♠❛✐♥t❛✐♥❡❞ ♥✐tr✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ✐♥ ❛ ❜r♦❛❞ r❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ s❛❧t ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❈♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈❡ ✐♥ s✐t✉ st✉❞✐❡s ✈✐❛ ❋■❙❍✲▼❆❘ ✇✐t❤ ◆❖❇ ❡♥r✐❝❤♠❡♥t ❝✉❧t✉r❡s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧❧② ✐♥♦❝✲ ✉❧❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❜✐♦✜❧♠ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❞❡r✐✈❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❛ ❢r❡s❤✇❛t❡r ❘❆❙ s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❛t ❜♦t❤✱ ◆✐tr♦t♦❣❛ ❛♥❞ ◆✐tr♦s♣✐r❛✱ ✇❡r❡ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐❝❛❧❧② ❛❝t✐✈❡ ✇❤❡♥ ✐♥❝✉❜❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ♠❡❞✐✉♠ ✇✐t❤ ❡✐t❤❡r ♣❍ ✻✳✹ ♦r ✼✳✷ ❛t 14◦C ✉♥❞❡r s❤♦rt✲t❡r♠ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s✳ ◆❡✈❡rt❤❡❧❡ss✱ ✐t ✇❛s ❛ss✉♠❡❞ t❤❛t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧♦♥❣✲t❡r♠✱ ✉♥✲ ❞❡r ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ✇✐t❤ ❛ s❧✐❣❤t❧② ❛❝✐❞✐❝ ♣❍✲✈❛❧✉❡ ✐♥ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❧♦✇ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡✱ ◆✐tr♦t♦❣❛ ❝❛♥ ♦✉t❝♦♠♣❡t❡ ◆✐tr♦s♣✐r❛✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ♦❢ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜✐♦✜❧tr❛t✐♦♥ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❘❆❙ ♦♣❡r❛t❡❞ ✉♥❞❡r s✉❝❤ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s✳ ❚♦ ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡✱ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s st✉❞② ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❛ ❞❡❡♣ ✐♥s✐❣❤t ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐❛❧ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t② ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ str✉❝t✉r❡s ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s t❤❡✐r ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ✐♥ ♥✐tr♦❣❡♥ r❡♠♦✈❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ✐♥ ❜✐♦✜❧♠s✳ ❲✐t❤ t❤❡ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❣❛✐♥❡❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❤②s✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♣❧❛st✐❝✐t② ♦❢ ♥✐tr✐✜❡rs ✐♥❤❛❜✐t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❜✐♦✜❧♠s✱ t❤✐s ❞❛t❛ ✐s ✉s❡❢✉❧ ❢♦r ❘❆❙ ♦♣❡r❛t♦rs ❛♥❞ ♠❛② ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛t❡ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s②st❡♠ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ str❛t❡❣✐❡s✳

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❙✉♠♠❛r② ✸

❩✉s❛♠♠❡♥❢❛ss✉♥❣

■♥ ❑r❡✐s❧❛✉❢s②st❡♠❡♥ ✭❘❡❝✐r❝✉❧❛t✐♥❣ ❛q✉❛❝✉❧t✉r❡ s②st❡♠✱ ❘❆❙✮ ✇✐r❞ ❞❛s ❍❛❧t✉♥❣s✇❛ss❡r ü❜❡r ❲❛ss❡r❛✉❢❜❡r❡✐t✉♥❣ ❣❡r❡✐♥✐❣t ✉♥❞ ✐♥ ❞✐❡ ❍❛❧t✉♥❣s❜❡❝❦❡♥ ③✉rü❝❦❣❡❧❡✐t❡t✳ ❘❆❙ ③❡✐❝❤♥❡♥ s✐❝❤ ❞✉r❝❤ ❡✐♥❡♥ ❣❡r✐♥❣❡♥ ❲❛ss❡r✈❡r❜r❛✉❝❤ ❛✉s ✉♥❞ ❡r♠ö❣❧✐❝❤❡♥ ❡✐♥❡ ö❦♦❧♦❣✐s❝❤❡ ✉♥❞ ✉♠✇❡❧t✲ ❢r❡✉♥❞❧✐❝❤❡ ❋✐s❝❤③✉❝❤t✳ ❱♦♥ ❞❡♥ ❋✐s❝❤❡♥ ❛✉s❣❡s❝❤✐❡❞❡♥❡s t♦①✐s❝❤❡s ❆♠♠♦♥✐❛❦ ✇✐r❞ ✈♦♥ ♥✐✲ tr✐✜③✐❡r❡♥❞❡♥ ❝❤❡♠♦❧✐t❤♦❛✉t♦tr♦♣❤❡♥ ▼✐❦r♦♦r❣❛♥✐s♠❡♥ ❡♥t❢❡r♥t✳ ❉✐❡s❡r ◆✐tr✐✜❦❛t✐♦♥s♣r♦③❡ss ✜♥❞❡t ✐♥ ❇✐♦✜❧t❡r♥ st❛tt✱ ✐♥ ❞❡♥❡♥ ❆♠♠♦♥✐❛❦ ✉♥❞ ◆✐tr✐t ♦①✐❞✐❡r❡♥❞❡ ❇❛❦t❡r✐❡♥ ✭❆❖❇ ✉♥❞ ◆❖❇✮ ③✉s❛♠♠❡♥ ♠✐t ❤❡t❡r♦tr♦♣❤❡♥ ❇❛❦t❡r✐❡♥ ❛✉❢ ❚rä❣❡r♠❛t❡r✐❛❧❡♥ ✭❋ü❧❧❦ör♣❡r✮ ❇✐♦✜❧♠❡ ❜✐❧❞❡♥✳ ■♥ ❞✐❡s❡r ❙t✉❞✐❡ ✇✉r❞❡♥ ❇✐♦✜❧t❡r ❛✉s ❞r❡✐ ✉♥t❡rs❝❤✐❡❞❧✐❝❤❡♥ ❘❆❙ ❜❡♣r♦❜t✱ ❞✐❡ ❡♥t✇❡❞❡r ♠✐t ❙üÿ✇❛ss❡r✱ ❇r❛❝❦✇❛ss❡r ♦❞❡r ❙❛❧③✇❛ss❡r ❜❡tr✐❡❜❡♥ ✇❡r❞❡♥✱ ♠✐t ❞❡♠ ❩✐❡❧✱ ❞✐❡ ♠✐❦r♦❜✐❡❧❧❡♥ ●❡♠❡✐♥s❝❤❛❢t❡♥ ③✉ ❝❤❛r❛❦t❡r✐s✐❡r❡♥ ✉♥❞ ③✉ ✈❡r❣❧❡✐❝❤❡♥✳ ❆♥ ❥❡❞❡r ❘❆❙ ✇✉r❞❡♥ ❥❡✇❡✐❧s ❞r❡✐ ❇✐♦✜❧t❡r ❜❡♣r♦❜t ✉♥❞ ❛✉s ❞❡♠ ❇✐♦✜❧♠ ❡①tr❛❤✐❡rt❡ ❘◆❆ ✉♥❞ ❉◆❆ ❛❧s ❚❡♠♣❧❛t❡ ❢ür ❡✐♥❡ ❆♠♣❧✐❝♦♥✲❙❡q✉❡♥③✐❡r✉♥❣ ♠✐tt❡❧s ■❧❧✉♠✐♥❛ ▼✐❙❡q ❡✐♥❣❡s❡t③t✳ ❉✐❡ ❙❡q✉❡♥③✐❡r✉♥❣ ❞❡r ❱✹✲❘❡❣✐♦♥ ❞❡s ✶✻❙ r❘◆❆ ●❡♥s ❡r③✐❡❧t❡ ❡✐♥❡ ❤♦❤❡ ❜❛❦t❡r✐❡❧❧❡ ❉✐✈❡rs✐tät ♠✐t ❞✉r❝❤s❝❤♥✐tt❧✐❝❤ ✶✵✵✵✲✷✺✵✵ ❖♣✲ ❡r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❚❛①♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❯♥✐ts ✭❖❚❯s✮✱ ✇♦❜❡✐ ❞✐❡ ❤ö❝❤st❡ ❉✐✈❡rs✐tät ✐♥ ❞❡♥ ❇r❛❝❦✇❛ss❡r✲Pr♦❜❡♥ ✈♦r❤❡rrs❝❤t❡✳ ❊s ✇✉r❞❡♥ ❧❡❞✐❣❧✐❝❤ ✸✸✷ ✭❘◆❆✮ ✉♥❞ ✷✼✵ ✭❉◆❆✮ ❣❡♠❡✐♥s❛♠❡ ❖❚❯s ❣❡❢✉♥❞❡♥✱ ✇❛s ❛✉❢ ❍❛❜✐t❛t✲s♣❡③✐✜s❝❤❡ ❜❛❦t❡r✐❡❧❧❡ ●❡♠❡✐♥s❝❤❛❢t❡♥ ❤✐♥❞❡✉t❡t✳ ■♥ ❛❧❧❡♥ ❞r❡✐ ❘❆❙ ✇❛r❡♥ Pr♦✲ t❡♦❜❛❝t❡r✐❛ ❛♠ ❤ä✉✜❣st❡♥ ✈❡rtr❡t❡♥ ✭24✕77 % ❞❡r ●❡s❛♠t✲❙❡q✉❡♥③❡♥✮✱ ❣❡❢♦❧❣t ✈♦♥ ❱❡rtr❡t❡r♥ ❞❡r P❤②❧❛ ❇❛❝t❡r♦✐❞❡t❡s✱ P❧❛♥❝t♦♠②❝❡t❡s✱ ❈❤❧♦r♦✢❡①✐ ✉♥❞ ◆✐tr♦s♣✐r❛❡✳ ❉✐❡ ▼❡❤r❤❡✐t ❞❡r ❖❚❯s ❛✉❢ ●❛tt✉♥❣s✲❊❜❡♥❡ ✭❃50 %✮ ✇✉r❞❡ ✉♥❦✉❧t✐✈✐❡rt❡♥ ❇❛❦t❡r✐❡♥ ③✉❣❡♦r❞♥❡t✳ ■♥♥❡r❤❛❧❜ ❞❡r ✻✼✹ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜③✐❡rt❡♥ ❜❡❦❛♥♥t❡♥ ●❛tt✉♥❣❡♥ ✇❛r❡♥ ✽✺ ✭❘◆❆✮ ✉♥❞ ✼✻ ✭❉◆❆✮ ❛❧s ❣❡♠❡✐♥s❛♠❡ ❱❡rtr❡t❡r ✐♥ ❛❧❧❡♥ Pr♦❜❡♥ ③✉ ✜♥❞❡♥✳ ❯♥t❡r ❞✐❡s❡♥ ✒❈♦r❡✲❚❛①❛✏ ✇❛r❡♥ ❞✐❡ ♥✐tr✐✜③✐❡r❡♥❞❡♥ ❇❛❦t❡r✐❡♥ ❞❡r ●❛tt✉♥❣❡♥ ◆✐tr♦s♦♠♦♥❛s ✉♥❞ ◆✐tr♦s♣✐r❛ ✉♥❞ ❍❡t❡r♦tr♦♣❤❡ ✇✐❡ ❘❤♦❞♦❜❛❝t❡r✱ P❧❛♥❝t♦♠②❝❡s ✉♥❞ ▲❡✇✐♥❡❧❧❛ ❤ä✉✜❣ ✈❡rtr❡t❡♥✳ ❉✐❡ ✉♠❢❛ss❡♥❞❡ ❉✐✈❡rs✐täts✲❆♥❛❧②s❡ ❞❡r ◆✐tr✐✜❦❛♥t❡♥ ✇✐❡s ❢ür ❥❡❞❡ ❘❆❙ ❡✐♥❡ ❍❛❜✐t❛t✲s♣❡③✐✜s❝❤❡ ❆❖❇✲ ✉♥❞ ◆❖❇✲●❡♠❡✐♥s❝❤❛❢t ❛✉❢✱ ✇❡❧❝❤❡ ü❜❡r✇✐❡❣❡♥❞ ❛✉s ✉♥❦✉❧✲ t✐✈✐❡rt❡♥ ❱❡rtr❡t❡r♥ ✈♦♥ ◆✐tr♦s♦♠♦♥❛s ✉♥❞ ◆✐tr♦s♣✐r❛ ❜❡st❛♥❞✳ ❉✐❡ ✇❡✐t❡r❢ü❤r❡♥❞❡ ❆♠♣❧✐❝♦♥✲ ❙❡q✉❡♥③✐❡r✉♥❣ ❞❡r ❛♠♦❆ ✉♥❞ ♥①r❇ ●❡♥❡ ❡r✇✐❡s ❡✐♥❡ ❈♦✲❊①✐st❡♥③ ✈♦♥ ✉♥t❡rs❝❤✐❡❞❧✐❝❤❡♥✱ ♥❛❤✲ ✈❡r✇❛♥❞t❡♥ ✉♥❞ ✉♥❦✉❧t✐✈✐❡rt❡♥ ❱❡rtr❡t❡r♥ ✈♦♥ ◆✐tr♦s♦♠♦♥❛s ✉♥❞ ◆✐tr♦s♣✐r❛✱ ✇❛s ❜❡stät✐❣t✱ ❞❛ss ✐♥ ❞❡♥ ❇✐♦✜❧♠❡♥ ✈✐❡❧❡ ♥❡✉❡ ❆❖❇✲ ✉♥❞ ◆❖❇✲❙♣❡③✐❡s ③✉ ✜♥❞❡♥ s✐♥❞✳ ❉✐❡ ▼❡t❛❣❡♥♦♠✲❙❡q✉❡♥③✐❡r✉♥❣ ♠✐tt❡❧s ■❧❧✉♠✐♥❛ ◆❡①t❙❡q ③❡✐❣t❡✱ ❞❛ss ♣✉t❛t✐✈❡ ●❡♥❡✱ ❞✐❡ ❢ür ❛❧❧❡ ♥♦t✇❡♥❞✐❣❡♥ ❊♥③②♠❡ ❞❡r ◆✐tr✐✜❦❛t✐♦♥ ✉♥❞ ❉❡♥✐tr✐✜❦❛t✐♦♥ ❦♦❞✐❡r❡♥✱ ✐♠ ❇✐♦✜❧♠ ✈♦r❤❛♥❞❡♥ s✐♥❞✳ ❉❛rü❜❡r ❤✐♥❛✉s ❦♦♥♥t❡ ❱❡rtr❡t❡r♥ ❞❡r ✐❞❡♥t✐✜③✐❡rt❡♥ ✈♦r❤❡rrs❝❤❡♥❞❡♥ P❤②❧❛ ✭Pr♦t❡♦❜❛❝✲ t❡r✐❛✱ ❇❛❝t❡r♦✐❞❡t❡s✱ P❧❛♥❝t♦♠②❝❡t❡s✱ ◆✐tr♦s♣✐r❛❡✮ ❡✐♥❡ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❡❧❧❡ ❙❝❤❧üss❡❧✲❘♦❧❧❡ ✐♠ Pr♦③❡ss ❞❡r ❙t✐❝❦st♦✛❡♥t❢❡r♥✉♥❣ ✐♠ ❇✐♦✜❧♠ ③✉❣❡s❝❤r✐❡❜❡♥ ✇❡r❞❡♥✳ ❉❡s✇❡✐t❡r❡♥ ❡r✇✐❡s❡♥ ❞✐❡ ♠❡t❛❣❡✲ ♥♦♠✐s❝❤❡♥ ❉❛t❡♥ ❞❛s ❱♦r❦♦♠♠❡♥ ✈♦♥ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❡❧❧❡♥ ❝♦♠❛♠♠♦① ❖r❣❛♥✐s♠❡♥ ✐♥ ❞❡♥ ❇✐♦✜❧♠❡♥ ❞❡r ❙üÿ✇❛ss❡r ✉♥❞ ❇r❛❝❦✇❛ss❡r ❘❆❙✳ ❙✉❜str❛t✲✱ ◆✐tr❛t✲ ✉♥❞ ❙❛❧③✲❚♦❧❡r❛♥③t❡sts ♠✐t ❜❡✇❛❝❤s❡♥❡♥ ❋ü❧❧❦ör♣❡r♥ ❛✉s ❞❡♥ ❞r❡✐ ❘❆❙ ③❡✐❣t❡♥ ✉♥t❡rs❝❤✐❡❞❧✐❝❤❡✱ ❝❤❛r❛❦t❡r✐st✐s❝❤❡ ❊✐❣❡♥s❝❤❛❢t❡♥ ❞❡r ◆✐tr✐✜❦❛♥t❡♥✳ ❉✐❡ ❙üÿ✇❛ss❡r✲❆❖❇ ❡r✇✐❡s❡♥ ❞✐❡ ❤ö❝❤st❡ ❚♦❧❡r❛♥③ ❣❡❣❡♥ü❜❡r st❡✐❣❡♥❞❡♥ ❆♠♠♦♥✐✉♠❦♦♥③❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥❡♥✱ ✇♦❤✐♥❣❡❣❡♥ ❞✐❡ ❙üÿ✇❛ss❡r✲◆❖❇ s❡♥s✐t✐✈ ❣❡❣❡♥ü❜❡r ❡r❤ö❤t❡♥ ◆✐tr✐t❦♦♥③❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥❡♥ ✇❛r❡♥✳ ■♠ ●❡❣❡♥s❛t③ ③✉

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❙✉♠♠❛r② ✹ ❞❡♥ ❙üÿ✇❛ss❡r✲◆❖❇ ✇❛r❡♥ ❞✐❡ ❇r❛❝❦✇❛ss❡r✲ ✉♥❞ ❙❛❧③✇❛ss❡r✲◆❖❇ ❥❡❞♦❝❤ t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡r ❣❡❣❡♥ü❜❡r ◆✐tr✐t✳ ❉✐❡ ❆❖❇✲●❡♠❡✐♥s❝❤❛❢t❡♥ ❡r✇✐❡s❡♥ s✐❝❤ ❛❧s s❡❤r ✉♥❡♠♣✜♥❞❧✐❝❤ ❣❡❣❡♥ü❜❡r ◆✐tr❛t✱ ✇ä❤✲ r❡♥❞ ❞✐❡ ◆❖❇ ✐♥ ❆❜❤ä♥❣✐❣❦❡✐t ✈♦♥ ❞❡r ◆✐tr❛t❦♦♥③❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥ ✐❤r❡ ◆✐tr✐t♦①✐❞❛t✐♦♥ ❤❡r❛❜s❡t③t❡♥✳ ❙❛❧③t♦❧❡r❛♥③t❡sts ③❡✐❣t❡♥ ❡✐♥❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❦❛♥t❡ ❘❡❞✉③✐❡r✉♥❣ ❞❡r ◆✐tr✐✜❦❛t✐♦♥s❧❡✐st✉♥❣ ❞❡r ❙üÿ✇❛ss❡r✲ ◆✐tr✐✜❦❛♥t❡♥ ♠✐t ③✉♥❡❤♠❡♥❞❡r ❙❛❧✐♥✐tät✱ ✇♦❤✐♥❣❡❣❡♥ ❞✐❡ ❇r❛❝❦✲ ✉♥❞ ❙❛❧③✇❛ss❡r✲◆✐tr✐✜❦❛♥t❡♥ s✐❝❤ ❛❧s s❡❤r r♦❜✉st ❤❡r❛✉sst❡❧❧t❡♥ ✉♥❞ ❞✐❡ ◆✐tr✐✜❦❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❡✐♥❡♠ ❜r❡✐t❡♥ ❙♣❡❦tr✉♠ ❛♥ ❙❛❧✐♥✐tät❡♥ ❛✉❢r❡❝❤t ❡r❤✐❡❧t❡♥✳ ❑♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈❡ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❡ ✈✐❛ ❋■❙❍✲▼❆❘ ♠✐t ❡✐♥❡r ◆❖❇✲❆♥r❡✐❝❤❡r✉♥❣s❦✉❧t✉r✱ ❞✐❡ ✉rs♣rü♥❣✲ ❧✐❝❤ ♠✐t ❇✐♦✜❧♠✲▼❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❛✉s ❡✐♥❡r ❙üÿ✇❛ss❡r✲❘❆❙ ❛♥❣❡✐♠♣❢t ✇✉r❞❡✱ ③❡✐❣t❡♥✱ ❞❛ss ❜❡✐❞❡ ◆❖❇✱ ◆✐tr♦t♦❣❛ ✉♥❞ ◆✐tr♦s♣✐r❛✱ ✐♥ ▼❡❞✐✉♠ ♠✐t ♣❍ ✻✳✹ ✉♥❞ ✼✳✷ ❜❡✐ 14◦C♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s❝❤ ❛❦t✐✈ s✐♥❞✳ ❉❡♥✲ ♥♦❝❤ ✇✉r❞❡ ❛♥❣❡♥♦♠♠❡♥✱ ❞❛ss ❛✉❢ ❧ä♥❣❡r❡ ❙✐❝❤t✱ ✉♥t❡r ❇❡❞✐♥❣✉♥❣❡♥ ♠✐t ❡✐♥❡♠ ❧❡✐❝❤t s❛✉r❡♠ ♣❍✲❲❡rt ✉♥❞ ♥✐❡❞r✐❣❡r ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r✱ ◆✐tr♦t♦❣❛ ◆✐tr♦s♣✐r❛ ü❜❡r✇❛❝❤s❡♥ ❦❛♥♥✳ ❉✐❡ ❉❛t❡♥ ❞✐❡s❡r ❙t✉❞✐❡ ❣❡❜❡♥ ❡✐♥❡♥ t✐❡❢❡♥ ❊✐♥❜❧✐❝❦ ✐♥ ❞✐❡ ❙tr✉❦t✉r ✉♥❞ ❉✐✈❡rs✐tät ♠✐❦r♦✲ ❜✐❡❧❧❡r ●❡♠❡✐♥s❝❤❛❢t❡♥ ✉♥❞ ❞❡r❡♥ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❡❧❧❡ ❋✉♥❦t✐♦♥❡♥ ✐♠ Pr♦③❡ss ❞❡r ❙t✐❝❦st♦✛❡♥t❢❡r♥✉♥❣ ✐♠ ❇✐♦✜❧♠✳ ▼✐t ❞❡♠ ❣❡❧❡r♥t❡♥ ❲✐ss❡♥ ü❜❡r ❞✐❡ ♣❤②s✐♦❧♦❣✐s❝❤❡ P❧❛st✐③✐tät ❞❡r ✐♠ ❇✐♦✜❧♠ ❧❡❜❡♥❞❡♥ ◆✐tr✐✜❦❛♥t❡♥ ❦ö♥♥❡♥ ❞✐❡ ❉❛t❡♥ ❤❡❧❢❡♥✱ ❞❡♥ ❇✐♦✜❧tr❛t✐♦♥s✲Pr♦③❡ss ✐♥ ❘❆❙ ③✉ ♦♣t✐♠✐❡r❡♥✳

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■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✺

✷ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥

✷✳✶ ❘❡❝✐r❝✉❧❛t✐♥❣ ❛q✉❛❝✉❧t✉r❡ s②st❡♠s

❚❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞✇✐❞❡ ❡①♣❛♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ♣r♦t❡✐♥ s♦✉r❝❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❞✐❡t ❤❛s ❧❡❞ t♦ ❛ str♦♥❣ ❞❡❝❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦❝❡❛♥s✬ ✜s❤ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s✳ ▼❛♥② ✜s❤ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ♥♦✇ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ♦✈❡r✜s❤❡❞✳ ❚❤✉s✱ t❤❡ ❣r♦✇✐♥❣ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ✜s❤ ♣r♦t❡✐♥ ❝❛♥ ♦♥❧② ❜❡ ❝♦✈❡r❡❞ ❜② ❝✉❧t✉r✐♥❣ ✜s❤ ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡r ❡❞✐❜❧❡ ❛q✉❛t✐❝ ❛♥✐♠❛❧s ♦♥ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧ s❝❛❧❡ ✐♥ ❛q✉❛❝✉❧t✉r❡✳ ❆q✉❛❝✉❧t✉r❡ ✐s ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❢❛st❡st ❣r♦✇✐♥❣ ❛♥✐♠❛❧ ❢♦♦❞ ♣r♦❞✉❝✐♥❣ s❡❝t♦rs ✭❈r❛❜ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❋♦♦❞ ❛♥❞ ❆❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❡ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✭❋❆❖✮✱ t❤❡ s❡❝t♦r ❤❛s ❣r♦✇♥ ❛t ❛♥ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ r❛t❡ ♦❢ 8.9 % s✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ ✶✾✼✵s✱ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ t♦ 1.2 % ❢♦r ❝❛♣t✉r❡ ✜s❤❡r✐❡s ❛♥❞ 2.8 % ❢♦r ♠❡❛t ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✭❋❆❖ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❚❤❡ t♦t❛❧ ❛q✉❛❝✉❧t✉r❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ❛❧♠♦st ✶✳✸ ♠✐❧❧✐♦♥ t♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❊❯ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s ✐♥ ✷✵✵✽✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛♠♦✉♥ts ❢♦r 2.4 % ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞✬s ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✭❋❆❖ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❚♦❞❛②✱ t❤❡ s❡❝t♦r ❛❝❝♦✉♥ts ❢♦r ❛❧♠♦st ❤❛❧❢ ♦❢ t❤❡ t♦t❛❧ ✜s❤ s✉♣♣❧② ✭❋❆❖ ✷✵✶✹✮✳ ❚r❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛q✉❛❝✉❧t✉r❡ s②st❡♠s ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ♦♣❡♥ ♣♦♥❞s✱ ♦♥✲ ❛♥❞ ♦✛✲s❤♦r❡ ❝❛❣❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❡ s②st❡♠s ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ✢♦✇✲t❤r♦✉❣❤✲s②st❡♠s ✐♥ ❢r❡s❤✇❛t❡r ❛♥❞ ♠❛r✐♥❡ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡s s✉❜st❛♥t✐❛❧ ❛♠♦✉♥ts ♦❢ ♣♦❧❧✉t❡❞ ❡✤✉❡♥ts✱ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥✐♥❣ ✉♥❡❛t❡♥ ❢❡❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❢❡❝❡s ✭❘❡❛❞ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❉✐s❝❤❛r❣❡s ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ❛q✉❛t✐❝ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ❝♦♥t❛✐♥ ♥✉tr✐❡♥ts✱ ♦r❣❛♥✐❝ ❛♥❞ ✐♥♦r❣❛♥✐❝ ❝♦♠♣♦✉♥❞s ✭❛♠♠♦♥✐✉♠✱ ♣❤♦s♣❤♦r✉s✱ ❞✐ss♦❧✈❡❞ ♦r ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛t❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐❝ ❝❛r❜♦♥✮ ✭P✐❡❞r❛❤✐t❛ ✷✵✵✸❀ ❙✉❣✐t❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✺✮✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♥ ❝❛✉s❡ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❡t❡r✐♦r❛t✐♦♥✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ✜s❤ t❤❛t ❡s❝❛♣❡ ❢r♦♠ ❛q✉❛❝✉❧t✉r❡ ♠❛② ❤❛r♠ ✇✐❧❞ ✜s❤ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♥t❡r✲❜r❡❡❞✐♥❣ ♦r ❜② s♣r❡❛❞✐♥❣ ♣❛t❤♦❣❡♥s ✭❚❤♦♠♣s♦♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧②✱ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛q✉❛❝✉❧t✉r❡ ✐♥❞✉str② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❛st ❞❡❝❛❞❡s ❤❛s ❝❛✉s❡❞ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❜❧❡ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t❛❧ ✐♠♣❛❝ts✳ ■❢ ✐t ✐s ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❛❞❡q✉❛t❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❧✐♥❣✱ ✐t ❝❛♥ ❝❛✉s❡ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛t✐♦♥ ❛s ❛ r❡s✉❧t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡✉tr♦♣❤✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r ❜♦❞✐❡s✱ ❧❛♥❞s❝❛♣❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥ ❜✐♦❞✐✈❡rs✐t② ✭❚♦✈❛r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❚♦ ♦✈❡r❝♦♠❡ t❤❡s❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✱ r❡❝✐r❝✉❧❛t✐♥❣ ❛q✉❛❝✉❧t✉r❡ s②st❡♠s ✭❘❆❙✮ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❛♥ ❛❧t❡r♥❛✲ t✐✈❡ ✇❛② ♦❢ ✜s❤ ❜r❡❡❞✐♥❣✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛t❡r ✐s r❡❝✐r❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ✇❛t❡r tr❡❛t♠❡♥t st❛❣❡s ✭❘♦s❡♥t❤❛❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✽✻✮✳ ❘❆❙ ❡♥❛❜❧❡ ❛ ②❡❛r✲r♦✉♥❞ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❧❡❞ ✜s❤ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ✐s♦❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉rr♦✉♥❞✐♥❣s✳ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ r❡✲✉s❡ ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r ❛♥❞ ♥✉tr✐❡♥t ❝②❝❧✐♥❣✱ t❤❡s❡ s②st❡♠s ❤❡❧♣ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❛ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ t♦ s♦♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❜♦✈❡✲♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ✐ss✉❡s✳ ❍❡♥❝❡✱ ❘❆❙ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠s ✇✐t❤ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ❡❝♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ✐♠♣❛❝t ❛♥❞ ♠❛❦❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈❡ ✜s❤ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜❧❡ ✇✐t❤ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t❛❧ s✉st❛✐♥❛❜✐❧✐t② ✭❱❛♥ ❘✐❥♥ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ❖♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡s ♦❢ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ✇❛t❡r ❝♦♥✲ s✉♠♣t✐♦♥ ✐s t❤❛t ✐t ♠❛❦❡s t❤❡ ❘❆❙ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ r❡❣✐♦♥s ✇✐t❤ ❧✐♠✐t❡❞ ❛❝❝❡ss t♦ ✇❛t❡r✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ s②st❡♠s ❡♥❛❜❧❡s t❤❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❡ r❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ s❡❛❢♦♦❞ ✐♥ ❝❧♦s❡ ♣r♦①✐♠✐t② t♦ t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡ts ❛♥❞ t❤❡r❡❜② r❡❞✉❝❡s ❈❖✷ ❡♠✐ss✐♦♥s ❛ss♦❝✐✲ ❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❢♦♦❞ tr❛♥s♣♦rt ✭❙❝❤♥❡✐❞❡r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❚♦❞❛②✱ s❡✈❡r❛❧ s♣❡❝✐❡s ♦❢ ✜s❤ ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡r s♠❛❧❧ ❛q✉❛t✐❝ ❛♥✐♠❛❧s ✭❡✳❣✳ ❆❢r✐❝❛♥ ❝❛t✜s❤✱ ❡❡❧ ❛♥❞ tr♦✉t ❛s ♠❛❥♦r ❢r❡s❤✇❛t❡r s♣❡❝✐❡s ❛♥❞ t✉r❜♦t✱ s❡❛ ❜❛ss ❛♥❞ s♦❧❡ ❛s ♠❛❥♦r ♠❛r✐♥❡ s♣❡❝✐❡s✮ ❛r❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥ ❘❆❙ ✭▼❛rt✐♥s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ♦♥✲s❤♦r❡ ♦r ❧❛♥❞✲❜❛s❡❞ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✜s❤ ✐♥ r❡❝✐r❝✉❧❛t✐♥❣ ❛q✉❛❝✉❧t✉r❡ ♣❧❛♥ts ✐s ♦♥❧② s❧♦✇❧② ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ s✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤✐s t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ✐♥ t❤❡ ✶✾✽✵s ✭▼❛rt✐♥s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❚❤✐s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡❞ ♠❛✐♥❧② t♦ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧ ✐♥✈❡st♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ r✉♥♥✐♥❣ ❝♦sts ❛♥❞ t❤❡

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