Quantifying three-dimensional stand structure and its relationship with forest management and microclimate in temperate forest ecosystems

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α

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𝑝

_𝑖

𝑝

_𝑖

2𝐷 𝐸𝑁𝐿 = 1/ ∑ 𝑝_𝑖²

𝑁_𝑡𝑜𝑝

𝑖=1

0𝐷 𝐸𝑁𝐿 = ∑ 𝑝_𝑖⁰

𝑁_𝑡𝑜𝑝

𝑖=1

1𝐷 𝐸𝑁𝐿 = exp (− ∑ 𝑝_𝑖∗ 𝑙𝑛 𝑝_𝑖

𝑁𝑡𝑜𝑝

𝑖=1

)

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0

D

¹

D

²

D

y = 0.93878 * x + 0.67347 R²_adj= 0.9081

p < 0.001

y = 0.82255 * x + 3.96726 R²_adj= 0.7964

p < 0.001

y = 0.77779 * x + 4.50509 R²_adj= 0.7914

p < 0.001

RMSE (%) = 5.10 RMSE (%) = 7.54 RMSE (%) = 9.81

EN L (Si ng le -S can )

ENL (Multi-Scan) ENL (Multi-Scan) ENL (Multi-Scan)

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d_g(cm)

d_g(cm) d_g(cm)

ENDC ENDC ENDC

BA (m² ha^-1)

BA (m² ha^-1) BA (m² ha^-1)

N ha^-1

N ha^-1 N ha^-1

0

D

¹

D

²

D

ENL ENL ENL ENL

R²_adj= 0.3068 p < 0.001

R²_adj= 0.3692 p < 0.001

R²_adj= 0.3999 p < 0.001

R²_adj= 0.1301 p < 0.001 R²_adj= 0 .4015

p < 0.001

R²_adj= 0.3919 p < 0.001

R²_adj= 0.403 p < 0.001

R²_adj= 0.1789 p < 0.001 R²_adj= 0.6351

p < 0.001

R²_adj= 0.4792 p < 0.001

R²_adj= 0.1964 p < 0.001

R²_adj= 0.3596 p < 0.001

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age (years) age (years) age (years)

E N L [ m ean ] E N L [ C V ( %) ]

R²_adj= 0.4648 p < 0.001

R²_adj= 0.3357 p < 0.001

R²_adj= 0.2893 p < 0.001

R²_adj= 0.1351 p < 0.001

R²_adj= 0.1197 p = 0.006

R²_adj= 0.1249 p = 0.031

0

D

¹

D

²

D

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ENL [CV(%)]

E N L [ m ea n]

0

D

¹

D

²

D

ENL [CV(%)] ENL [CV(%)]

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

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𝐹𝑅𝐴𝐶 = 2 ∗ ln (0.25 ∗ 𝑃)

ln (𝐴)

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𝐸𝑁𝐿 = 1/ ∑ 𝑝

_𝑖²

𝑁_𝑡𝑜𝑝

𝑖=1

𝑝

_𝑖

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𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐

^{ln (𝐸𝑁𝐿)}

𝑆𝐶𝐼 = 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝐼𝑁 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝐼𝑁

𝑇𝐷𝑛

_𝑖

= 1

𝑛 ∑(1 − 𝑟

_𝑖𝑗

)

𝑛

𝑗=1

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(𝑟

_{𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑}

) (𝑟

_{𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑}

)

𝐶𝐸 = 𝑟

_{𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑}

𝑟

_{𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑}

𝑝

_𝑖

exp 𝐻` = exp (− ∑ 𝑝

_𝑖

∗ 𝑙𝑛 𝑝

_𝑖

𝑁𝑡𝑜𝑝

𝑖=1

)

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R² = 0.33*

R² = 0.14**

R² = 0.24***

R² = 0.36*

R² = 0.44**

R² = 0.21***

R² = 0.36***

R² = 0.37*

R² = 0.40**

R² = 0.26*

R² = 0.09**

R² = 0.22***

R² = 0.09*

R² = 0.38*

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Fsimm. timber Fsmat. timber Fs_oHS imm. timber Fspole wood Fsuneven-aged Fsunmanaged Paimm. timber Pamat. timber Ps/Fsmat. timber Psimm. timber Psmat. timber Qsimm./mat. timber

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R²_pseudo= 0.32 R²_pseudo= 0.26

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α

R² = 0.20*** R² = 0.19***

R² = 0.10**

R² = 0.24*

R² = 0.42*

R² = 0.39***

R² = 0.47***

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α

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𝑝

_𝑖

𝑝

_𝑖 𝐻𝐶 = exp (− ∑ 𝑝_𝑖∗ 𝑙𝑛 𝑝_𝑖

𝑁𝑡𝑜𝑝

𝑖=1

)

𝐸𝑁𝐿 = 1/ ∑ 𝑝_𝑖²

𝑁𝑡𝑜𝑝

𝑖=1

𝑆𝑆𝐶𝐼 = 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐

^{ln (𝐸𝑁𝐿)}

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R² = 0.36 p < 0.001 y = 0.091*x + 6.68

R² = 0.19 p = 0.001 y = 0.074*x + 6.21

R² = 0.66 p < 0.001 y = 0.079*x + 8.54

ALB HAI SCH

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a b

a a a

a a

b

n = 25 n = 13

n = 43 n = 3 n = 4

n = 15 n = 16 n = 9

ALB HAI SCH

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n = 36 n = 12 n = 12 n = 11 n = 24 n = 13 n = 13

*** ***

**

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n = 11 n = 28 n = 4 n = 11 n = 4 n = 9

**

*

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Thicket Pole wood Immature timber Mature timber Shelterwood thicket UEA UNM EA

n = 5 n = 4 n = 4 n = 4 n = 3 n = 13 n = 13

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