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Sept. 26, 2007 Zhang, Xiangyang 1

Analytische Chemie

für Biologie, Pharmazie, Bewegungs- wissenschaften und Sport

http://www.analytik.ethz.ch/vorlesungen/biopharm.html Spektroskopische

Methoden

freitags, 8:45 Martin Badertscher HCI G339 / Tel 22904

Chromatographische Trennverfahren

mittwochs, 12:45 Xiangyang Zhang HCI G213 / Tel 22901

529-1041-00 G HS2007

Übungen / Prüfungen

(2)

Sept. 26, 2007 Zhang, Xiangyang 3

Analytische Chemie in Organische Reaktionen

In situ Reaktionsablauf- kontrolle durch TLC oder GC-MS / NMR

Ausgangs- material

Qualitätskontrolle durch Firma

Reinigungen:

• Destillation,

• Sublimation,

• Rekristallisierung

• Chromatographie

Trennung und Reinigung (GC, HPLC und EP)

Identifizierung und Charakterisierung MS, NMR, IR, UV

Produkte

Reaktor

Historische Betrachtung

1906 Chromatographie

1930 Elektrophorese

1953 Gaschromatographie 1941 Verteilungschromatographie

1966 Isoelektrische Fokusierung 1981 Kapillarelektrophorese

1946 NMR-Spektroskopie

1897 Mass Spektroskopie

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Sept. 26, 2007 Zhang, Xiangyang 5 Inorganic chemists, organic chemists and biochemists develop analytical methods as part of their regular research. It is consequently natural that not many Nobel Prizes have been awarded for contributions specifically in analytical chemistry. One such prize was, however, that to Fritz Pregl from Graz in 1923 for his development of organic microanalysis. The medical biochemist from Uppsala, Olof Hammarsten, who gave the presentation speech as Chairman of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry, stressed that Pregl's work constituted an improvement rather than a discovery, in accord with Nobel's will. Pregl modified existing methods for quantitative elemental analysis of organic substances to handle very small quantities, which saved time, labor and expense. Another prize in analytical chemistry was given to Jaroslav Heyrovsky from Prague in 1959 for his development of polarographic methods of analysis. In these a dropping mercury electrode is employed to determine current-voltage curves for electrolytes. A given ion reacts at a specific voltage, and the current is a measure of the concentration of this ion.

The analysis of macromolecular constituents in living organisms requires specialized methods of separation. One such method is ultracentrifugation, developed by The Svedberg from Uppsala a few years before he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1926 "for his work on disperse systems". Svedberg's student, Arne Tiselius, studied the migration of protein molecules in an electric field, and with this method, named electrophoresis, he demonstrated the complex nature of blood proteins. Tiselius also refined adsorption analysis, a method first used by the Russian botanist, Michail Tswett, for the separation of plant pigments and named chromatography by him. In 1948 Tiselius was given the prize for these achievements. A few years later (1952) Archer J.P. Martin from London and Richard L.M. Synge from Bucksburn (Scotland) shared the prize "for their invention of partition chromatography", and this method was a major tool in many biochemical investigations later awarded with Nobel Prizes.

Nobelpreis für Analytische Chemie?

DIE ANALYTISCHE CHEMIE HAT EINE SCHRITTMACHERFUNKTION IN DER NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHEN UND MEDIZINISCHEN FORSCHUNG

Mikroanalyse, 1923 Fritz Pregl

Svedberg, 1926 Ultrazentrifugieren

Tiselius, 1948 Elektrophorese

Archer J.P. Martin Richard L.M. Synge Chromatographie, 1952

Jaroslav Heyrovsky Polarographie, 1959

Nobelpreis Chemie in 2002

für seine Entwicklung der NMR zur Bestimmung der 3D Struktur von biologischen Makromolekülen in Lösung John B. Fenn Koichi Tanaka Kurt Wüthrich

für ihre Entwicklung von weichen Desorption /Ionisation Methoden zur massenspektro- metrischen Analyse von biologischen Makromolekülen

Neue Analysenmethoden zum Studium von biologischen Makromolekülen

ESI–MS MALDI–MS NMR

(4)

Sept. 26, 2007 Zhang, Xiangyang 7

Was ist Analytische Chemie?

Die Art (qualitativ) und Anzahl (quantitativ) der Atome allein (Elementanalytik) oder zusammen mit ihrer Anordnung oder Verbindung untereinander als Molekül (Molekülanalytik) im 3- dimensionalen Raum (Strukturanalytik), die alle die Eigenschaften

eines Stoffes bestimmen Was liegt vor?

Wieviel davon liegt vor?

Welche Anordnung oder Form liegt vor?

Wo befindet sich der Analyt? Verteilungs- oder Oberflächenanalyse Qualitative Analyse

Quantitative Analyse Strukturanalyse

Modern Instrumentelle Analytik

Frage- stellung

Probe- nahme

Probe- Vorbe- reitung

Aus-

wertung Statistik Report

Bewertung Messung

Analysen- technik Analysenmethode Analysenverfahren

Chromatographische Methoden

Spektroskopische Methoden

Analytischer Prozess

(5)

Sept. 26, 2007 Zhang, Xiangyang 9

Trennverfahren

• Filtration / Zentrifugieren

• Kristallisieren

• Destillation

Rektifikation

Wasserdampfdestillation

Azotrope Destillation

• Sublimation

• Extraktion / Verteilung

• Chromatographie (DC, Säulen, Papier-)

• Adsorption

• Gas Chromatographie

• Hochleistungsflüssig chromatographie (HPLC)

Adsorptions-

Verteilungs-

Ionenaustausch-

Ionenpaar-

Gelpermeations

• Electrophorese

Kapillarzonenelektrophorese

Isoelektrische Fokussierung

Isotachophorese

Traditionell Instrumentell

In dieser Vorlesung

• Probenvorbereitung

• Theorie Chromatographie

• Gas-Chromatographie

• HPLC

• Elektrophorese

• Zusammenfassung Bücher

K. Cammann, Instrumentelle Analytische Chemie, Verfahren, Anwendungen, Qualitätssicherung, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, 2001

D. A. Skoog, J. J. Leary, Instrumentelle Analytik, Grundlagen, Geräte,

Anwendungen, Springer, Berlin, 1996

R. Kellner, J.-M. Mermet, M. Otto, H. M. Widmer, Analytical Chemistry, Wiley-VCH Verlag, Weinheim, 1998

K. Robards, P. R.Haddad, P. E. Jackson, Principles and practice of modern

chromatographic methods, Academic Press, London, 1994

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Sept. 26, 2007 Zhang, Xiangyang 11

Gas Chromatographie

Analyse eines Kraftstoffs

1. Isobutan 2. n-Butan 3. Isopentan 4. n-Pentan

13. 2,2,4-Trimethylpentan 14. n-Heptan

15. 2,5-Dimethylhexan 16. 2,4-Dimethylhexan

17. 2,3,4-Trimethylpentan 18. Toluene

19. 2,3-Dimethylhexan 20. Ethylbenzen 21. m-Xylen 22. p-Xylen 23. o-Xylen

5. 2,3-Dimethylbutan 6. 2-Methylpentan 7. 3-Methylpentan 8. n-Hexan

9. 2,4-Dimethylpentan 10. Benzen

11. 2-Methylhexan 12. 3-Methylhexan

Auf einmal werden 23 organische Verbindungen getrennt und identifiziert.

GC Apparatur

Säule Temperatur Kontrolle

Oven

Injektor Detektor

Druck Kontrolle

PC

Referenzen

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