Hemmung einer enzymatischen Reaktion
Kompetitive Hemmung Nichtkompetitive Hemmung Allosterische Enzymregulation
Enzymhemmung
Michaelis-Menten-Auftragung Lineweaver-Burk-Auftragung
Kompetitive Hemmung eines Enzyms
Michaelis-Menten-Auftragung Lineweaver-Burk-Auftragung
Nichtkompetitive Hemmung eines Enzyms
Kinetik
V
[S]
Allosterische Enzymregulation
Kinetik
V
[S]
Allosterische Enzymregulation
Kinetik
V
[S]
Allosterische Enzymregulation
Kinetik
V
[S]
V max
K 0,5 V max
1 2
Allosterische Enzymregulation
V
[S]
V
[S]
Normale Regulation Allosterische Regulation
Vorteile allosterischer Enzymregulation
V
[S]
V
[S]
Normale Regulation Allosterische Regulation
80%
30%
80%
30%
Vorteile allosterischer Enzymregulation
V
[S]
V
[S]
Normale Regulation Allosterische Regulation
80%
30%
80%
30%
Vorteile allosterischer Enzymregulation
V
[S]
V
[S]
Normale Regulation Allosterische Regulation
80%
30%
80%
30%
Vorteile allosterischer Enzymregulation
V
[S]
Allosterische Aktivierung/Inhibition
Allosterische Enzymregulation
V
[S]
Allosterische Aktivierung/Inhibition
+ Aktivator
Allosterische Enzymregulation
+ Inhibitor V
[S]
Allosterische Aktivierung/Inhibition
+ Aktivator
Allosterische Enzymregulation
• aktives Zentrum
• fixieren Substrate reversibel
• erniedrigen die Aktivierungsenergie einer Reaktion
• substratspezifisch wirkungsspezifisch
• regulierbar
• Enzyme sind charakterisierbar durch:
• katalysierte Reaktion
• Michaeliskonstante
• Isoelektrischer Punkt
• Kofaktorbedarf der katalysierten Reaktion
Enzyme – Zusammenfassung
Atmung !
Energiegewinnung bei Heterotrophen
GTP
GDP
Stärke/Glykogen Fette Proteine Fettsäuren
Acetyl- CoA
FADH2
Glukose
Pyruvat
α-Ketoglutarat
Citrat- Zyklus
NADH + H+ NADH + H+
ATP
NADH + H+
Aminosäuren
Glutaminsäure
FADH2 NADH + H+
NADH + H+
Pyruvat
Energiegewinnung bei Heterotrophen
Glykolyse
Herkunft von Glukose-6-P
Bereitstellung von Glukose für die Glykolyse
Glykogen/Stärke
Glukose-6-P Glukose-1-P
Saccharose
Glc( α 1 →β 2)Fru Glukose
Glukose-6-P
Phosphorylase
Phosphoglucomutase
Hexokinase
Hexokinase
Glukose
ATP
ADP OOH OH HO
CH2OH
OH
O OH OH HO
O–CH2 P
OH
Glukose-6-P
HO OH CH2
OH O Glc-6-P-
Isomerase
Fructose-6-P
Phosphofructo- kinase
ATP
ADPHO OH
CH2–O P
OH O
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphat
C O
HC OH HC OH HO CH
CH2OH O–CH2
P P O–CH2
CH2–O P
CH2–O P
C O CH2–O P HC OH
CH2–O P C
O H
Dihydroxyaceton- phosphat Glycerinaldehyd-3-
phosphat
Aldolase96%
4%
Triosephosphat- Isomerase HC OH
CH2–O P C
O S–GAPDH
GAPDH HC OH
CH2–O P C
OHS–GAPDH H
NADH+H
+ NAD+ PiHC OH CH2–O P C
O O P
3-Phosphoglycerin- 1-phosphat
O OH
ATP
Phospho- ADPglycerat- kinase
C O OH Phospho-
glycerat- O OH O OH
Glykolyse – Abbau von Glukose zu Pyruvat
Hexokinase
Glukose
ATP
ADP OOH OH HO
CH2OH
OH
O OH OH HO
O–CH2 P
OH
Glukose-6-P
HO OH CH2
OH O Glc-6-P-
Isomerase
Fructose-6-P
Phosphofructo- kinase
ATP
ADPHO OH
CH2–O P
OH O
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphat
C O
HC OH HC OH HO CH
CH2OH O–CH2
P P O–CH2
CH2–O P
CH2–O P
C O CH2–O P HC OH
CH2–O P C
O H
Dihydroxyaceton- phosphat Glycerinaldehyd-3-
phosphat
Aldolase96%
4%
Triosephosphat- Isomerase HC OH
CH2–O P C
O S–GAPDH
GAPDH HC OH
CH2–O P C
OHS–GAPDH H
NADH+H
+ NAD+ PiHC OH CH2–O P C
O O P
3-Phosphoglycerin- 1-phosphat
O OH
ATP
Phospho- ADPglycerat- kinase
C O OH Phospho-
glycerat- O OH O OH
Glykolyse – Abbau von Glukose zu Pyruvat
Hexokinase
Glukose
ATP
ADP OOH OH HO
CH2OH
OH
O OH OH HO
O–CH2 P
OH
Glukose-6-P
HO OH CH2
OH O Glc-6-P-
Isomerase
Fructose-6-P
Phosphofructo- kinase
ATP
ADPHO OH
CH2–O P
OH O
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphat
C O
HC OH HC OH HO CH
CH2OH O–CH2
P P O–CH2
CH2–O P
CH2–O P
C O CH2–O P HC OH
CH2–O P C
O H
Dihydroxyaceton- phosphat Glycerinaldehyd-3-
phosphat
Aldolase96%
4%
Triosephosphat- Isomerase HC OH
CH2–O P C
O S–GAPDH
GAPDH HC OH
CH2–O P C
OHS–GAPDH H
NADH+H
+ NAD+ PiHC OH CH2–O P C
O O P
3-Phosphoglycerin- 1-phosphat
O OH
ATP
Phospho- ADPglycerat- kinase
C O OH Phospho-
glycerat- O OH O OH
Glykolyse – Abbau von Glukose zu Pyruvat
Hexokinase
Glukose
ATP
ADP OOH OH HO
CH2OH
OH
O OH OH HO
O–CH2 P
OH
Glukose-6-P
HO OH CH2
OH O Glc-6-P-
Isomerase
Fructose-6-P
Phosphofructo- kinase
ATP
ADPHO OH
CH2–O P
OH O
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphat
C O
HC OH HC OH HO CH
CH2OH O–CH2
P P O–CH2
CH2–O P
CH2–O P
C O CH2–O P HC OH
CH2–O P C
O H
Dihydroxyaceton- phosphat Glycerinaldehyd-3-
phosphat
Aldolase96%
4%
Triosephosphat- Isomerase HC OH
CH2–O P C
O S–GAPDH
GAPDH HC OH
CH2–O P C
OHS–GAPDH H
NADH+H
+ NAD+ PiHC OH CH2–O P C
O O P
3-Phosphoglycerin- 1-phosphat
O OH
ATP
Phospho- ADPglycerat- kinase
C O OH Phospho-
glycerat- O OH O OH
Glykolyse – Abbau von Glukose zu Pyruvat
Hexokinase
Glukose
ATP
ADP OOH OH HO
CH2OH
OH
O OH OH HO
O–CH2 P
OH
Glukose-6-P
HO OH CH2
OH O Glc-6-P-
Isomerase
Fructose-6-P
Phosphofructo- kinase
ATP
ADPHO OH
CH2–O P
OH O
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphat
C O
HC OH HC OH HO CH
CH2OH O–CH2
P P O–CH2
CH2–O P
CH2–O P
C O CH2–O P HC OH
CH2–O P C
O H
Dihydroxyaceton- phosphat Glycerinaldehyd-3-
phosphat
Aldolase96%
4%
Triosephosphat- Isomerase HC OH
CH2–O P C
O S–GAPDH
GAPDH HC OH
CH2–O P C
OHS–GAPDH H
NADH+H
+ NAD+ PiHC OH CH2–O P C
O O P
3-Phosphoglycerin- 1-phosphat
O OH
ATP
Phospho- ADPglycerat- kinase
C O OH Phospho-
glycerat- O OH O OH
Glykolyse – Abbau von Glukose zu Pyruvat
Hexokinase
Glukose
ATP
ADP OOH OH HO
CH2OH
OH
O OH OH HO
O–CH2 P
OH
Glukose-6-P
HO OH CH2
OH O Glc-6-P-
Isomerase
Fructose-6-P
Phosphofructo- kinase
ATP
ADPHO OH
CH2–O P
OH O
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphat
C O
HC OH HC OH HO CH
CH2OH O–CH2
P P O–CH2
CH2–O P
CH2–O P
C O CH2–O P HC OH
CH2–O P C
O H
Dihydroxyaceton- phosphat Glycerinaldehyd-3-
phosphat
Aldolase96%
4%
Triosephosphat- Isomerase HC OH
CH2–O P C
O S–GAPDH
GAPDH HC OH
CH2–O P C
OHS–GAPDH H
NADH+H
+ NAD+ PiHC OH CH2–O P C
O O P
3-Phosphoglycerin- 1-phosphat
O OH
ATP
Phospho- ADPglycerat- kinase
C O OH Phospho-
glycerat- O OH O OH
energiereicher Thioester!
Glykolyse – Abbau von Glukose zu Pyruvat
Hexokinase
Glukose
ATP
ADP OOH OH HO
CH2OH
OH
O OH OH HO
O–CH2 P
OH
Glukose-6-P
HO OH CH2
OH O Glc-6-P-
Isomerase
Fructose-6-P
Phosphofructo- kinase
ATP
ADPHO OH
CH2–O P
OH O
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphat
C O
HC OH HC OH HO CH
CH2OH O–CH2
P P O–CH2
CH2–O P
CH2–O P
C O CH2–O P HC OH
CH2–O P C
O H
Dihydroxyaceton- phosphat Glycerinaldehyd-3-
phosphat
Aldolase96%
4%
Triosephosphat- Isomerase HC OH
CH2–O P C
O S–GAPDH
GAPDH HC OH
CH2–O P C
OHS–GAPDH H
NADH+H
+ NAD+ PiHC OH CH2–O P C
O O P
3-Phosphoglycerin- 1-phosphat
O OH
ATP
Phospho- ADPglycerat- kinase
C O OH Phospho-
glycerat- O OH O OH
Phosphorolyse!
Glykolyse – Abbau von Glukose zu Pyruvat
Hexokinase
Glukose
ATP
ADP OOH OH HO
CH2OH
OH
O OH OH HO
O–CH2 P
OH
Glukose-6-P
HO OH CH2
OH O Glc-6-P-
Isomerase
Fructose-6-P
Phosphofructo- kinase
ATP
ADPHO OH
CH2–O P
OH O
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphat
C O
HC OH HC OH HO CH
CH2OH O–CH2
P P O–CH2
CH2–O P
CH2–O P
C O CH2–O P HC OH
CH2–O P C
O H
Dihydroxyaceton- phosphat Glycerinaldehyd-3-
phosphat
Aldolase96%
4%
Triosephosphat- Isomerase HC OH
CH2–O P C
O S–GAPDH
GAPDH HC OH
CH2–O P C
OHS–GAPDH H
NADH+H
+ NAD+ PiHC OH CH2–O P C
O O P
3-Phosphoglycerin- 1-phosphat
O OH
ATP
Phospho- ADPglycerat- kinase
C O OH Phospho-
glycerat- O OH O OH
Glykolyse – Abbau von Glukose zu Pyruvat
Substratkettenphosphorylierung
Hexokinase
Glukose
ATP
ADP OOH OH HO
CH2OH
OH
O OH OH HO
O–CH2 P
OH
Glukose-6-P
HO OH CH2
OH O Glc-6-P-
Isomerase
Fructose-6-P
Phosphofructo- kinase
ATP
ADPHO OH
CH2–O P
OH O
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphat
C O
HC OH HC OH HO CH
CH2OH O–CH2
P P O–CH2
CH2–O P
CH2–O P
C O CH2–O P HC OH
CH2–O P C
O H
Dihydroxyaceton- phosphat Glycerinaldehyd-3-
phosphat
Aldolase96%
4%
Triosephosphat- Isomerase HC OH
CH2–O P C
O S–GAPDH
GAPDH HC OH
CH2–O P C
OHS–GAPDH H
NADH+H
+ NAD+ PiHC OH CH2–O P C
O O P
3-Phosphoglycerin- 1-phosphat
O OH
ATP
Phospho- ADPglycerat- kinase
C O OH Phospho-
glycerat- O OH O OH
Glykolyse – Abbau von Glukose zu Pyruvat
Hexokinase
Glukose
ATP
ADP OOH OH HO
CH2OH
OH
O OH OH HO
O–CH2 P
OH
Glukose-6-P
HO OH CH2
OH O Glc-6-P-
Isomerase
Fructose-6-P
Phosphofructo- kinase
ATP
ADPHO OH
CH2–O P
OH O
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphat
C O
HC OH HC OH HO CH
CH2OH O–CH2
P P O–CH2
CH2–O P
CH2–O P
C O CH2–O P HC OH
CH2–O P C
O H
Dihydroxyaceton- phosphat Glycerinaldehyd-3-
phosphat
Aldolase96%
4%
Triosephosphat- Isomerase HC OH
CH2–O P C
O S–GAPDH
GAPDH HC OH
CH2–O P C
OHS–GAPDH H
NADH+H
+ NAD+ PiHC OH CH2–O P C
O O P
3-Phosphoglycerin- 1-phosphat
O OH
ATP
Phospho- ADPglycerat- kinase
C O OH Phospho-
glycerat- O OH O OH
Glykolyse – Abbau von Glukose zu Pyruvat
Hexokinase
Glukose
ATP
ADP OOH OH HO
CH2OH
OH
O OH OH HO
O–CH2 P
OH
Glukose-6-P
HO OH CH2
OH O Glc-6-P-
Isomerase
Fructose-6-P
Phosphofructo- kinase
ATP
ADPHO OH
CH2–O P
OH O
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphat
C O
HC OH HC OH HO CH
CH2OH O–CH2
P P O–CH2
CH2–O P
CH2–O P
C O CH2–O P HC OH
CH2–O P C
O H
Dihydroxyaceton- phosphat Glycerinaldehyd-3-
phosphat
Aldolase96%
4%
Triosephosphat- Isomerase HC OH
CH2–O P C
O S–GAPDH
GAPDH HC OH
CH2–O P C
OHS–GAPDH H
NADH+H
+ NAD+ PiHC OH CH2–O P C
O O P
3-Phosphoglycerin- 1-phosphat
O OH
ATP
Phospho- ADPglycerat- kinase
C O OH Phospho-
glycerat- O OH O OH
Glykolyse – Abbau von Glukose zu Pyruvat
Phosphorylierung von Glucose – 1 ATP Phosphorylierung von Fructose-6-P – 1 ATP
pro Hexose entstehen 2 Triosen:
GAPDH-Reaktion 1 NADH + H + x2
Substratketten-Phosphorylierung 1 ATP x2 + 2 ATP
PEP-Kinase-Reaktion 1 ATP x2 + 2 ATP
pro Hexose in Summe + 2 ATP
+ 2 NADH + H +
Glykolyse – Energiebilanz
GTP
GDP
Stärke/Glykogen Fette Proteine Fettsäuren
Acetyl- CoA
FADH2
Glukose
Pyruvat
α-Ketoglutarat
Citrat- Zyklus
NADH + H+ NADH + H+
ATP
NADH + H+
Aminosäuren
Glutaminsäure
FADH2 NADH + H+
NADH + H+
Pyruvat
Energiegewinnung bei Heterotrophen
Glykolyse
ATP
GTP
GDP
Stärke/Glykogen Fette Proteine Fettsäuren
Acetyl- CoA
FADH2
Glukose
Pyruvat
α-Ketoglutarat
Citrat- Zyklus
NADH + H+ NADH + H+
ATP
NADH + H+
Aminosäuren
Glutaminsäure
FADH2 NADH + H+
NADH + H+
Pyruvat
Energiegewinnung bei Heterotrophen
Glykolyse
ATP
COO C CH
3H OH COO
C CH
3O
Pyruvat
NADH+H +
NAD
+Lactat Lactat-DH
Milchsäure-Gärung
Anaerobe NADH-Regeneration: Gärung
COO C CH
3H OH COO
C CH
3O
Pyruvat
NADH+H +
NAD
+Lactat Lactat-DH
Milchsäure-Gärung
Anaerobe NADH-Regeneration: Gärung
H C CH
3O H
2C OH
CH
3COO
C CH
3O
NADH+H +
NAD
+Alkohol-DH CO 2
Pyruvat- Decarboxylase
Alkoholische Gärung
GTP
GDP
Stärke/Glykogen Fette Proteine Fettsäuren
Acetyl- CoA
FADH2
Glukose
Pyruvat
α-Ketoglutarat
Citrat- Zyklus
NADH + H+ NADH + H+
ATP
NADH + H+
Aminosäuren
Glutaminsäure
FADH2 NADH + H+
NADH + H+