Upper Collio
N Southern
Alps Central Alps
Po Plain 100 km
8° 12°
46°
Adamello plutonic complex
Tonale Line
Giudicarie line
Orobic Alps Strona Ceneri
Zone Ivrea Zone
Dolomites
STRUCTURAL GEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE CENTRAL OROBIC ALPS
Mapped and compiled by/Rilevato e compilato di: J. Feijth
Legend:
CARTA GEOLOGICO-STRUTTURALE DELLE ALPI OROBICHE CENTRALI
Scale/Scala: 1:100.000
Upper sedimentary memberLower volcanoclastic member
Basement:
Sediments:
Stratigraphic relationships:
Orobic basement:
Meta- sedimentary and Volcanic units Igneous units
Anticline Syncline Pre-Sardic sequence of the ‘Orobic fold nappe’Late- VariscanLate- Sardic
Post-Sardic sequence of the ‘Orobic fold nappe’
L. Cambrian- E. Tremadocian
Gmu ol/nl
GCol/nl
Gml ol/nl
A ol/nl
MB
Pa D o l o m i a P r i c i p a l e /H a u p t d o l o m i t (D P )
L ig h t a n d d a rk g re y d o lo m ite s , u n b e d d e d to w e ll b e d d e d , a c c o rd in g tos u b tid a l, in tra tid a l o r s u p ra tid a l s e d im e n ta tio n c o n d itio n s . O c c a s io n a lly b itu m in o u s la y e rs o c c u r.
F o r m a z i o n e d i S a n G i o v a n n i B i a n c o (S G B )
R e d is h a n d g re e n is h o r y e llo w fin e s a n d s to n e s , s ilts to n e s a n d s h a le s , a lte rn a tin g w ith g re y to y e llo w m a rly d o lo m ite s . G y p s u m le n s e s , c e llu la r d o lo m ite s a n d b re c c ia te d lim e s to n e s a re c o m m o n .F o r m a z i o n e d i G o r n o (G )
W e ll-b e d d e d b la c k lim e s to n e s a lte rn a tin g w ith d a rk m a rls a n d s h a le s o r s a n d s to n e s .C a l c a r e M e t a l l i f e r o B e r g a m a s c o (C M B )
M ic ritic lim e s to n e s a n d d o lo m ite . W e ll b e d d e d a n d w ith th in tu ffa c e o u s in te rc a lla tio n s a n d c h e rt. O re b e a rin g .F o r m a z i o n e d i E s i n o (E )
T h ic k b e d d e d o r u n b e d d e d lim e s to n e s o r d o lo m ite s in p la tfo rm fa c ie s (fo re re e f, re e f a n d b a c k re e f), b u ilt u p m a in ly b y a lg a e .F o r m a z i o n e d i W e n g e n (W )
T u ffa c e o u s m a rls , g re e n is h o r g re y v o lc a n ic o r te rrig e n e o u s s a n d s to n e s a n d s ilts to n e s , b la c k m a rly lim e s to n e s a n d s h a le s . R e e fa l d e tritu s n e a r th e p la tfo rm m a rg in s .F o r m a z i o n e d i B u c h e n s t e i n (B )
L ig h t o r d a rk lim e s to n e s a n d d o lo m ite s , o fte n n o d u la r a n d w ith in te rc a lla tio n s o f m a rls a n d g re y o r g re e n v o lc a n o c la s tic s . T h e n o d u le s a n d le n s e s o f b la c k c h e rt a re c h a ra c te ris tic .F o r m a z i o n e d i P r e z z o (P )
W e ll b e d d e d , rh y th m ic a lte rn a tin g b la c k m ic ritic lim e s to n e s o r m a rls a n d b la c k , c a rb o n - ric h s h a le s a n d s iltite s . T h e lim e s to n e s a re p a rtly n o d u la r.C a l c a r e d i A n g e l o (C A )
M e d iu m - to w e ll-b e d d e d , p a rtly n o d u la r lim e s to n e s o r o c c a s io n a lly d o lo m ite s , lig h t to d a rk g re y , w ith in te rc a lla te d fin e s a n s to n e s a n d s ilts to n e s . T h e lo w e r p a rt is th ic k b e d d e d a n d le s s n o d u la r th a n th e u p p e r p a rt, w h ic h h a s s h a ly in te rc a la tio n s .C a r n i o l a d i B o v e g n o (C B )
Y e llo w a n d g re y d o lo m ite s , o fte n b re c c a te d o r in fo rm o f c e llu la r d o lo m ite s , w ith in te rc a lla te d th in la y e rs o f y e llo w , g re e n a n d re d s ilts to n e s a n d s h a le s . T h e in te rc a la te d a n h y d rite s a re re la te d to d e d o lim itis a tio n .S e r v i n o (S )
Q u a rtz -a re n ite s a n d s ilts to n e s w ith s o m e m a rls g ra d in g u p w a rd in to w a c k e s to n e s w ith d o lo m itic c e m e n t, th e n in to s a n d y d o lo m ite s a n d fin a lly in to y e llo w a n d g re y d o lo m ite s w ith th in re d a n d y e llo w in te rc a lla tio n s o f s ilts to n e s a n d s h a le s . A g e n e ra l s u b d iv is io n in to a n lo w e r te rrig e n e o u s a n d a n u p p e r c a rb o n a te -ric h e r p a rt is p o s s ib le .V e r r u c a n o L o m b a r d o (V )
P in k is h to re d is h c o n g lo m e ra te s w ith v o lc a n ic c o m p o n e n ts a n d q u a rtz -c la s ts in a lte rn a tio n w ith re d is h a n d p in k is h a re n ite s . L o c a lly g re y is h g re e n c o lo u rs , re la te d to re d u c tio n . B ra id e d c h a n n e l a n d a llu v ia l p la in d e p o s its , s h a llo w tra n s itio n a l a n d c o a s ta l d e p o s its to w a rd s th e e a s t, p a rtic u la rly a t th e to p .F o r m a z i o n e d i C o l l i o /P o n t e r a n i c a :
N o r t h e r n p r o x i m a l f a c i e s (C n p f )/P o n t e r a n i c a c o n g l o m e r a t e s (P c )
D a rk g re y p o o rly s o rte d m a tix -ric h o r m a trix -s u p p o rte d c o n g lo m e ra te w ith v e ry a n g u la r to a n g u la r c la s ts . O c c a s io n a lly fin e r s e d im e n ts , d o w n to s ilts to n e . C la s ts d e riv e d fro m lo w -g ra d e m e ta s e d im e n ts , G n e is s C h ia ri a n d P e rm ia n v o lc a n ic s . D e b ris flo w d o m in a te d a llu v ia l fa n a n d s c re e d e p o s its fro m in n e r to o u te r a llu v ia l fa n .V a l S a n g u i g n o c o n g l o m e r a t e s (C v s c )
G re y to g re e n , o c c a s io n a lly v e ry c o a rs e c o n g lo m e ra te s a n d s a n d s to n e s . C la s ts m a in ly d e riv e d fro m u n d e rly in g , o fte n a n d e s itic v o lc a n ic s . P ro x im a l a n d m id a llu v ia l fa n d e p o s its .D i s t a l f a c i e s (C d f )
G re y c o a rs e to m e d iu m s a n d s to n e w ith c la y -c h ip s , th ic k c ru d e ly b e d d e d , in te rb e d d e d w ith th in d is c o n tin u o u s s ilts to n e d is ta lly g ra d in g in to g re y to b la c k m e d iu m to fin e n e a tly b e d d e d s a n d s to n e a n d s ilts to n e a lte rn a tin g w ith th in -b e d d e d o r fin e ly la m in a te d s h a le s L a tte r ra re ly c o n ta in c a rb o n a te y e llo w is h d o lo m ite c ru s ts a n d c a rb o n a te m o u n d s p s e u d o m o rp h a fte r g y p s u m B ra id e d flu v ia tile d e p o s its g ra d in g in to p e re n n ia l la k e s e d im e n ts a n d e v a p o rite s .U p p e r v o l c a n o -s e d i m e n t a r y u n i t , In t r a c a l d e r i c (C u v -i )/E x t r a c a l d e r i c (C u v -e )
L ig h t g re y to g re e n p o rp h y ritic , o fte n p e rlitic w e ld e d rh y o litic tu ffs in te rb e d d e d w ith re la te d m in o r u n w e ld e d tu ffs , s a n d s to n e s a n d s h a le s . V e ry th ic k c o m p o s ite c o o lin g u n its , o fte n u n d e rla in b y s u rg e d e p o s its a n d s e p a ra te d b y th in n e r la c u s trin e d e p o s its , a irfa ll tu fs a n d m in o r flu v ia tile s e d im e n ts .L a v a d o m e s (C l d )
M a s s iv e g re y is h , g re e n is h a n d o c c a s io n a lly re d is h rh y o lite s b re a c h in g th e o v e rly in g a n d o ld e r s e q u e n c e o f b a s e m e n t, b a s a l c o n g lo m e ra te lo w e r v o lc a n o -s e d im e n ta ry u n it a n d u p p e r s e d im e n ta ry u n it 1 . T h e to p o f th e s e d o m e s is fre q u e n tly o f e ro s iv e n a tu re a n d c o v e re d b y V e rru c a n o L o m b a rd o . T h e s e rh y o lite s h a v e m ic ro c ry s ta llin e p o rp h y ric a n d v itro p h y ric te x tu re s , o c c a s io n a lly w ith s p h e ru lite s , a n d o fte n a w e ll-d e v e lo p e d a lp in e fo lia tio n .L a v a d o m e -r e l a t e d m a s s f l o w s a n d t u r b i d i t e s , c o n g l o m e r a t i c f a c i e s (C m t c )
C o n g lo m e ra te s a n d b re c c ia s , w ith a m a trix o f a s h , c o n ta in in g g re e n is h a n d v io le t p o rp h y ritic p u m ic e s /c la s ts , m o s t p ro b a b ly d e riv e d fro m th e lo w e r v o lc a n o c la s tic u n it, o n to p a n d a lo n g th e fla n k s o f th e la v a d o m e s . T h e s e m a s s flo w u n its g ra d e d is ta lly in to tu rb id ite s , w h ic h g ra in s iz e c h a n g e s ra p id ly a w a y fro m th e d o m e s .L a v a d o m e -r e l a t e d m a s s f l o w s a n d t u r b i d i t e s , a r e n i t i c f a c i e s (C m t a )
T h e d is ta l e q u iv a le n t o f C m tc , w ith p re d o m in a n tly a re n ite s d e p o s ite d a s tu rb id ite . T h e fin e la y e rs c o n s is t o f fin e s ilts s to n e s a n d s h a le s .U p p e r s e d i m e n t a r y u n i t 1 (C u s 1 )
W e ll b e d d e d a n d e s itic s a n d s to n e , m in o r s ilts to n e a n d to w a rd s th e to p fin e u n w e ld e d tu ffs . In tra c a ld e ric b ra id e d s tre a m d e p o s its a n d la c u s trin e s e d im e n ts . T h ic k n e s s d is trib u tio n a n d p ro g re s s iv e u n c o n fo rm ity a ro u n d a z o n e o f c o n d e n s e d d e p o s itio n p o in t to a n u n s ta b le flo o r ris in g d u rin g d e p o s itio n a t C o s ta d ’ A g n o n e /M o n te d e lla C ro c e , p o s s ib ly in re la tio n to th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f a c ry p to d o m e .A n d e s i t e s (C a )
A n d e s itic , d a rk g re y to g re e n la v a s , p o rp h y ry a n d b re c c ia d e p o s ite d a s flo w s a n d s u b v o lc a n ic b o d ie s .L o w e r v o l c a n o s e d i m e n t a r y u n i t (C l v u )
W e ld e d a c id tu ffs o f re d to p u rp le c o lo u rs . F ro m b o tto m to to p v itric to p o rp h y ritic . T h o s e a re in te rb e d d e d w ith re d v o lc a n o g e n ic c o n g lo m e ra te a n d s a n d s to n e a n d m u lti-c o lo u re d s ilts to n e , s a n d s to n e , a n d to w a rd s th e to p m o re fin e u n w e ld e d tu ffs . L o w e r in tra c a ld e ric c o a rs e b ra id e d riv e r a n d la c u s trin e d e p o s its c o n ta in in g o n e o r v e ry fe w a s h -flo w s .B a s a l C o n g l o m r a t e s (B C )
R e d , a n d g re y is c h q u a rtz - a n d b a s e m e n t-c la s t ric h c o n g lo m e ra te a n d s a n d s to n e in te rb e d d e d w ith re d -p u rp lis h b u rro w e d s ilts to n e . T h e re a re s o m e th in a n d v e ry d is c o n tin u o u s le n s e s o f a n d e s itic s a n d s to n e a t th e b a s e m e n t-c o n ta c t (a t L a g h i C u rio s i). B ra id e d riv e r d e p o s its in te rb e d d e d w ith la c u s trin e a n d d is ta l a llu v ia l p la in s e d im e n ts .U p p e r G n e i s s d i M o r b e g n o (G m u )
L ith o ty p e (b ) is a b u n d a n t: B io tite a n d a lb ite -ric h p a ra g n e is s e s w ith a b u n d a n t ty p ic a l a lb ite -p o rp h y ro b la s ts w ith fin e g a rn e t-, b io tite -, q u a rtz - a n d o c c a s io n a l m u s c o v ite in c lu s io n s . S h o w s lo c a lly a m e ta d io ritic c h a ra c te r a n d g ra d e s in to ro c k s w ith a lm o s t is o tro p ic te x tu re , w ith o u t fo lia tio n o r b e d d in g . M e ta m o rp h ic fa b ric re la te d to d e h y d ra tio n m e ltin g re a c tio n o f b io tite . O th e r lith o lo g ie s in c lu d e le s s d is tin c tiv e u s u a lly g a rn e t-b e a rin g p s a m m o -p e litic ro c k s , p h y llite s a n d s c h is ts w ith g a rn e t a n d o c c a s io n a lly a lb ite -p o rp h y ro b la s ts a n d a m p h ib o le .G n e i s s C h i a r i d e l C o r n o S t e l l a (G C )
M a s s iv e fo lia te d h o m o g e n e o u s le u c o c ra tic c o a rs e -g ra in e d m e ta rh y o lite s (c a lc a lk a lin e ) w ith a g ra n o b la s tic a n d ra re ly fla s e r te x tu re w ith ty p ic a l la rg e K -F e ld s p a r p o rp h y ro b la s ts , q u a rtz , m u s c o v ite a n d m in o r a lb ite . T h in m u s c o v ite la y e rs , w ith o r w ith o u t c h lo rite , th a t c u rv e a ro u n d la y e rs a n d le n s e s o f q u a rtz a n d g ra n o b la s tic fe ld s p a rs , fo rm th e m a in fo lia tio n S h e e ts p a ra lle l to la y e rin g o f th e G n e is s d i M o rb e g n o . W ith a w e ll-d e v e lo p e d fo lia tio n th a t is c o n tin u o u s w ith th e m a in fo lia tio n o f th e G n e is s d i M o rb e g n o . T h is lith o lo g y lo c a lly h a s a m y lo n itic c h a ra c te r.L o w e r G n e i s s d i M o r b e g n o (G m l )
O c c u rs a s lith o ty p e (a ) n e a r th e c o n ta c ts o f th e G n e is s C h ia ri: G a rn e t- s ta u ro lite -w h ite m ic a s c h is t c o n ta in in g o c c a s io n a lly s o m e k y a n ite a n d to u rm a lin e . A lb ite a n d to a le s s e r e x te n t K -fe ld s p a r u s u a lly p re s e n t, b u t b io tite o fte n a b s e n t. O th e r lith o lo g ie s : L e s s d is tin c tiv e u s u a lly g a rn e t-b e a rin g , p s a m m o -p e litic ro c k s , p h y llite s a n d s c h is ts w ith g a rn e t a n d o c c a s io n a lly a lb ite -p o rp h y ro b la s ts a n d a m p h ib o le .P a r a u t o c h t o n (P a )
Q u a rtz -m ic a s c h is ts , p h y llite s a n d m e ta -c o n g lo m e ra te s w ith s o m e g a rn e t, o fte n c h lo rite -ric h . T h e s e ro c k s h a v e a s tro n g te c to n ic o v e rp rin t. V a ris c a n la y e rin g -p a ra lle l s h e a rin g , w h e re b y lo w -a n g le e x te n s io n a l s h e a r-b a n d s d e v e lo p e d , g a v e th e s e ro c k s a s tro n g c u rv ip la n a r c h a ra c te r. R o o tle s s fo ld s h a v e b e e n d e v e lo p e d in q u a rtz ite -la y e rs a n d th e m e ta -c o n g lo m e ra te s c o n ta in s tro n g ly fla tte n e d a n d s h e a re d c la s ts . A lp in e o v e rp rin t is m a in ly c a ta c la s tic . A m p h ib o litic d y k e s o c c u r n e a r M e z z o ld o .T h e e x t e n s i o n s o l a n d n l r e s p e c t i v e l y i n d i c a t e s t r u c t u r a l p o s i t i o n s i n t h e o v e r t u r n e d l i m b a n d n o r m a l l i m b o f t h e O r o b i c f o l d n a p p e .
V a l B i a n d i n o p l u t o n i c c o m p l e x (V B )
S y n la te -te c to n ic to n a lite s , g ra n ite s , q u a rtz -d io rite s a n d g a b b ro -d io rite s . T h e c o n ta c tm e ta m o rp h ic a u re o le c o n ta in s h o rn fe ls w ith s illim a n ite a n d c o rd ie rite . T h e s e in tru s io n s a re g e n e ra lly c o n fo rm a b le to fo ld e d b e d d in g , b u t a t p la c e s d is c o rd a n t, e s p e c ia lly a t th e a p o p h y s e s .‘ G n e i s s O c c h i a d i n i O r o b i c o -V a l t e l l i n e s e ’ (’ G O O V ’ )
D a rk g ra n o d io ritic a u g e n g n e is s e s o r m e ta g ra n ito id s , lo c a lly m y lo n itic , w ith c e n tim e tric K -fe ld s p a r in a m a trix o f q u a rtz , m u s c o v ite , a lb ite , b io tite , c h lo rite a n d a lo n g th e c o n ta c ts o fte n g a rn e t. T h e s e ro c k s o c c u r p re d o m in a n tly a lo n g .th e s tra tig ra p h ic le v e l o f th e m e ta b a s ite s a s s ills a n d s to c k s . P o s t- c o llis io n a l ty p e g ra n ite (p e ra lu m in o u s a n d s u b a lk a lin e ) w ith u n c o n fo rm a b le re la tio n s h ip s w ith fo ld e d la y e rin g o f th e h o s t-ro c k , th a t is a ls o p re s e n t a s x e n o lith s . T h e m a in fo lia tio n w ith c re n u la te d c o m p o s itio n a l la y e rin g c o rre s p o n d s to th e m a in fo lia tio n in th e u p p e r s e q u e n c e o f th e ‘ O ro b ic fo ld -n a p p e ’ .F i l l a d i d i A m b r i a (A )
S c h is ts , q u a rtz itic -s c h is ts a n d c h lo rite -s c h is ts w ith s u b o rd in a te th in n e r m e ta -g re y w a c k e s a n d q u a rtz ite s w ith lo c a lly a w e ll-d e v e lo p e d c e n tim e tre - to d e c im e tre -s c a le la y e rin g , p a rtic u la rly w h e re q u a rtz itic la y e rs a re a b u n d a n t.L o c a lly g a rn e t a n d a m p h ib o le a re c o m m o n . W h e re th e p ro to lith h a s th e a p p ro p ria te c h e m ic a l c o m p o s itio n , w h ic h is p a rtic u la rly th e c a s e n e a rb y th e ‘ G O O V ’ g a rn e t is a b u n d a n t. T h is u n it c o n ta in s D2-re fo ld e d D1-fo ld s .
M e t a b a s i t e s (M B )
(1 ) 1 0 0 m to k m -s c a le le n s e s a n d la y e rs o f a m p h ib o lite -s c h is ts a n d e p id o te -a m p h ib o lite -s c h is ts w ith m o d e ra te ly d e fin e d o c c a s io n a lly c h a o tic la y e rin g a n d lo c a lly s o m e g a rn e t. C ro s s b e d d in g a n d la m in a tio n s h a v e b e e n o b s e rv e d , p o in tin g to a s e d im e n ta ry o r a v o lc a n o -s e d im e n ta ry o rig in . (2 ) C o m p le x e s o f fin e -g ra in e d a m p h ib o lite s ills o f u p to 3 m th ic k n e s s c o n s is tin g o f fin e -g ra in e d e u h e d ra l m a g m a tic a m p h ib o le in a m a trix o f s y m p le c titic p la g io c la s e a n d e p id o te . L o c a lly , a t th e b a s e o f th e s ills , th e re a re u p to d m -s iz e w ith x e n o lith s o f m e ta -g a b b ro , m e ta -a m p h ib o lite a n d u ltra m a fic ro c k .I m p o r t a n t n o t e o n t h e fa u lt - sym b o ls: F a u lt s a n d sh e a r z o n e s d e v e lo p e d a n d w e r e r e a c t iv a t e d d u r in g t h e O r d o v ic ia n , V a r isc a n , P e r m ia n a n d A lp in e p h a se s. V a r isc a n k in e m a t ic s c a u se d d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h r u st s, t r a n st e n sio n a l d e t a c h m e n t s, e x t e n sio n a l- a n d st r ik e - slip sh e a r z o n e s. D u r in g t h e P e r m ia n o n ly n o r m a l a n d st r ik e - slip fa u lt s d e v e lo p e d , e x ist in g fa u lt s r e a c t iv a t e d a s su c h a n d V a r isc a n t r a n st e n sio n a l d e t a c h m e n t s w e r e a lso r e a c t iv a t e d .
T h o se P a la e o z o ic t e c t o n ic g r a in s r e a c t iv a t e d d u r in g t h e A lp in e p h a se s. A ll t h r u st s in d ic a t e d o n t h is m a p a r e o f A lp in e a g e , m o st ly r e a c t iv a t e d P a la e o z o ic st r u c t u r e s.
A lp in e n o r m a l fa u lt s o c c u r a t t h e so u t h e r n m a r g in o f t h e b a sin , a s a d ju st m e n t s t o v e r t ic a l r e v e r se m o v e m e n t s a t in v e r t e d P e r m ia n n o r m a l fa u lt s.
D a sh e d fa u lt s ( ) a r e in fe r r e d .
5 km
DP SGB CMB E W
P B A S V Cnpf Cdf
Pc
Cvsc CB
G CMB
Cuvu-i
Cuvu-e
Cmt-a Cus1
Cmt-c
Cld
Clvu
Ca BC
Ordovician Silurian
Age
Supra-structure
Substructure
Par- autochton
?
? ? ?
?
Pre-Sardic sequence Post-Sardic sequence
Orobic nappe
Tectonic units
Low-grade pre-Variscan sequence
Gmu
GC GC
Gml
A AG
VB Pa
MB Scisti di Edolo
(not exposed in central and western Orobic Alps)
Sequence Stratigraphic units
GMl-ol
E
W N S
Cover:
Tectonic symbols: Location:
Anisian Ladinian Carnian Norian
Triassic Scythian Kazanian + Tatarian Ufimian Kungurian
Permian Artins- kian
Sakma- rian Asselian
C
?
?
?
?
?
?
Normal fault Thrust
Fault with dominant strike-slip component and detachment at inliers of basement in Collio basin
5088N 000 5088N 000
1535E 0001535E 000 1580 E0001580 E000
5114N 000 5114N 000
VB
AG
DP
FCB
CMB
G
DP
SGB
G
CMB
E
W
B
P
CA
CB
S
V
E S
CB V
E A A
A
E
A
A A
CB
S V
S V
V V
Cdf Cdf
Cdf
CB S
V V
Cdf
Cdf
Cdf
S
CB V
S CB
E
CB A
W E
Cdf
S CB
W A V
CB
S V
VB V V
Cdf S
Cdf Pc
Pc
GMl-ol Pa
Pc
V Cdf
GC GMl-ol
S
V S
Pc
V V Pc
S S
V
V V S
V
V
Pa Pa
A GC GMl-o V
Cuv-e GC
GC GC
GC
GMu-o
GC GMl-ol
Cdf
Cus1
Cus1
Cld
Cld Cuvu-i
S
V V
S
S
S Cmt-c
Cmt-a
A A
E E V
V Cmt-a Cdf
Cuvu-i
S S
S
Cmt-a
Cdf
V V V
V
Cvsc Cuvu-i
Cuvu-i
Clvu
Clvu Clvu
Clvu Cuvu-i
Cus1 Ca Ca
Cdf Cnpf Cnpf
Cdf
Cdf
Cdf Cnpf
A-ol A-nl
A-nl A-ol A-nl
AG
AG
AG MB
MB MB
AG AG
MB
A-ol
A-nl SL
GC-ol
GC-ol GC-ol
GMl-ol
GMl-ol GMl-ol
GMl-nl
GMl-nl GMu-nl
GMl-nl
GMl-nl
GMl-nl
GMl-nl GMu-nl
A-nl
Cdf
AG
AG
Cuvu-e Cuvu-e
GMl-ol
GMl-ol
GC
Pa
Pa
V S
Cdf
Ra
A
A V BC
A Cmt-c
Cus-1 Cmt-a Cmt-a
Cdf Pc
Pc
GC V V
S GC
S
Cvsc
BC BC
Cuvu-e
Cuvu-e BC
BC Cus1 V
Cuvu-e BC Cdf
MB
B P
B P P
B
Cnpf/Pc
Cvsc
Cdf
Cuv-i/Cuv-e
Cld
Cmtc
Cmta
Cus1
Ca
CLVu
BC Pa
Pa A-nl
B a s e d o n fie ld -m a p p in g b y th e a u th o r a n d m a p s p u b lis h e d b y : d e S itte r & d e S itte r-K o o m a n s (1 9 4 9 ), C a s s a ti & G n a c c o lin i (1 9 6 7 ), C a d e l e t a l. (1 9 9 6 ) a n d M o n tra s io (1 9 9 0 ).
To p o g ra p h y f ro m : C a rta Te m a tic a R e g io n a le
