JEFFERSON who

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This bicentennial edition of the Proceedings of the 1976 National Computer Conference is dedicated to the memory of

THOMAS JEFFERSON who wrote,

I have sworn upon the altar of God eternal hostility against eve1'y form of tyranny over the mind of man.

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AFIPS

CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

1976

NATIONAL COMPUTER CONFERENCE

Member National Bicentennial Service Alliance

June 7-10, 1976

New York City, New York

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ing Societies, Inc.

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 55-44701 AFIPS PRESS

210 Summit Avenue Montvale, New Jersey 07645

© 1976 by the American Federation of Information Processing Societies, Inc., Montvale, New Jersey 07645. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.

Printed in the United States of America

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Preface

by CARL HAMMER Conference Chairman Sperry Univac

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This is the second time that I have had the privilege of serving the computing community by assuming a role of major responsibility in a National Computer Conference. Dr. Harvey Garner, General Chairman of the First National Computer Conference, asked me in the fall of 1972 to manage the Science and Technology Program for "his" '73 NCC in New York. Three years later, during the Nation's Bicentennial Year, I have returned to serve as Conference Chairman of "my own" '76 NCC.

This conference was carefully planned as a profound educational experience for all in attendance. We used an innovative approach throughout to make it a Landmark Event long to be remembered. Our programmatic activities include many unusual events such as hands-on demonstrations in computer networking, student computer projects from all over the country, computer graphics art exhibits from all over the world. We obtained some entirely new materials for our science film theater and we tailored special programs for the convenience of the handicapped.

The preparations for this conference commenced in the fall of 1974. We recruited a talented and dedicated team of professional volunteers to help us plan and manage it. The members of this Conference Steering Com- mittee were our brains-and often also our arms and legs. It was their unbounded enthusiasm and their unflagging spirit which put this magnifi- cent show on the road. :r-,iore than once many of them toiled around the clock, or gave up weekends and even holidays. The community owes them much for their dedication to the cause ....

The transient nature of even the most successful conferences is not likely ever to change. But some of them, including these National Computer Conferences, make a permanent contribution in terms of the archival records of their Proceedings. Here we capture for posterity the most current reports on recent achievements and new applications, on advances at the frontiers of computer science and technology. We are justifiably proud of this volume which contains the papers that were selected for delivery at this conference. We acknowledge with deeply felt gratitude the leadership role of our program chairman, Dr. Stanley Winkler, who structured this exciting program and who assembled these proceedings. We who worked with him on the colossal task of designing this meaningful and balanced program will never forget this experience which has enriched our lives and strengthened many personal bonds as well.

We have striven to give this conference and these proceedings a quality which is appropriate for the occasion. As our country prepares for her bicentennial celebration we are also observing the hundredth birthday of the telephone without which interactive computing and distributed networks would be inconceivable. We remember with nostalgia the First

(Inaugural, one might say) Joint Computer Conference held twenty-five years ago in Philadelphia; hopefully our efforts will be judged worthy of its great tradition and of all past FJCCs, SJCCs and NCCs. Another milestone comes to mind for 1951: During that memorable year the first commercially built computer was delivered to the U. S. Bureau of the

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rich legacy of our nation and the computing profession.

For developing the stimulating materials which comprise these proceedings we are deeply indebted to our stalwart program chairman, Dr.

Stanley Winkler. We are grateful to the circa two thousand persons who contributed to this effort by writing or reviewing these papers, or by participating in the program sessions as organizers, discussants and speakers. We thank all Conference Steering Committee members for giving so unstintingly of their time and resources; we also thank their employers or sponsors for allowing them to draw so heavily on their resources. We are also grateful for the support received from the AFIPS staff who most graciously coped with our many idiosyncrasies and scheduling difficulties.

Finally, it is a pleasure to acknowledge the guidance we received from the NCC Committee and Board. The names of all who took part in this her- culean effort are recorded in this monument to their tenacity and endur- ance. This was truly a team effort and it was well worth it.

As we commemorate the first twenty-five years of electronic data processing we observe that the introduction of computers into our society has already caused profound changes in everyone's life style. Digital communications today provide public access to the power of computers as readily as the earlier telephone facilitated human dialogue. Global communications systems span the earth as we probe the depths of our solar system and even of the universe. Electronic miniaturization is revolutionizing entire industries and radically new concepts of electronic systems architecture are evolving. Computers have become a new source of power, facilitating the transition from traditional management systems to those of a society which is data and information rich. Yet, as these Proceedings establish so well, we are still at the very threshold of electronic invention and innovation!

As we continue along a path of near-exponential progress-and there is little reason to doubt that we will do so for quite some time-the per- vasiveness of electronic systems and their impact on societal structures is bound to exceed our cumulative experience with all earlier technological developments by several orders of magnitude. Whatever one cares to read into such prophecies, human values and the attainable quality of life for all mankind will and must emerge as the ultimate beneficiaries. Perhaps this is the greatest reward which posterity can bestow on us as we place this volume into the public domain. Hopefully the concepts and results espoused herein will help liberate mankind from the self-imposed yokes of rote and drudgery, ushering in a brighter future that knows how to make human use of human beings . . . .

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communication ⁰ ⁰⁰⁰ ⁰⁰⁰⁰ ⁰⁰ ⁰⁰^•⁰⁰ ⁰⁰ ⁰⁰⁰⁰^{• • • 0} ⁰ ⁰^•⁰ ⁰⁰⁰ ⁰^•⁰ ⁰^•⁰⁰ ⁰^{• • • 0}⁰ ⁰⁰⁰ ⁰⁰⁰ ⁰⁰ ⁰⁰⁰^• ⁰⁰⁰⁰ ⁰^•⁰ ⁰⁰⁰⁰• • • • 0 0 467 Frank J ⁰ Martin, J r ⁰

A new communication protocol for accessing data networks-The international packet-mode

interface ⁰ ⁰⁰^• ⁰^{• • 0}⁰⁰ ⁰⁰• • • • • • 0 • • • • • 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 • • • 0 0 0 0 • • • • 0 0 • 0 0 • 0 0 • • 0 • • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • • • • • • • • • 477 Ao Rybcznski, B. Wessler, Ro Despres and Jo Wedlake

Virtual circuits vSo datagrams technical and political problems Louis Pouzin

483 Network access techniques-A review 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 • • • • • • • 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 • • 0 • • • • 0 0 0 • • 0 • 0 0 0 0 • • • 0 0 . 495

Robert Rosenthal

The Rand intelligent terminal agent (RITA) as a network access aid Robert Ho Anderson and James Jo Gillogly

Network interface systems-An evaluation by simulation Joe Bo Wyatt and Vincent 1. Polley

An overview of the distributed computer network David Lo Mills

A network-oriented multiprocessor front-end handling many hosts and hundreds of terminals Wo F ⁰ Mann, So Mo Ornstein, and Mo F ⁰ Kraley

Design issues for mixed media packet switching networks Do Huynh, Ho Kobayashi and Fo Fo Kuo

501 511 523 533 541 A perspective on network operating systems ^{0 0}⁰^{0 0 . 0}^• ⁰⁰⁰⁰ 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • • • 0 • • • • • 0 0 • • • 0 • • 551

Stephen R. Kimbleton and Richard L. Mandell x

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A high-level framework for network-based resource sharing James E. White

Factors in interprocess communication protocol efficiency for computer networks Carl A. Sunshine

Performance of file directory systems for data bases in star and distributed network Wesley W. Chu

On measurement facilities in packet radio systems

Fouad A. Tobagi, Stanley E. Lieberson and Leonard Kleinrock Monitoring and access control of the London node of ARPANET

Adrian V. Stokes, David L. Bates and Peter T. Kirstein BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY SYSTEMS

Office automation project-A research perspective Howard Lee Morgan

Evaluating the impact of office automation on top management communication James H. Carlisle

The evolving market for word processing and typesetting systems J. Christopher Burns

The computer as a tool in the processing of text for periodical publications William J. Hammond

The integration of microfilm and the computer

Dennis R. Neary, Terrence H. Coyle and Don Mo Avedon

The AlDUS system-Automated capture, update and republication of maintenance manuals Arnold K. Griffith

The CMU RT -CAD system-An innovative approach to computer aided design Daniel P. Siewiorek and ]Vlario R. Barbacci

Some computer-related advancements for enhancing U.S. shipyard productivity Richard B. Wise and Douglas Martin

Computer analysis and evaluation of marine structures Donald Liu and Matias E. Wojnarowski

Evolution of automation in terminal air traffic control Howard R. McGlauflin

Computer graphics in an automatic aircraft landing system E. H. Reitan and S. H. Saib

Libraries and the implications of computer technology Murray Turoff and Marion Spector

The expanding role of on-line interactive searching Vivian S. Sessions

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COMPUTER AND DATA BASE ARCHITECTURE

Developing application oriented computer architectures on general purpose microprogrammable

561 571 577 589 597

605 611 617 625 627 639 643 657 671 683 689 701 709

machines ... 715 Tomlinson Gene Rauscher and Ashok Kumar Agrawala

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Evolution of computer memory structure ... 733 Yaohan Chu

Cache system design in the tightly coupled multiprocessor system C. K. Tang

749 Coupling small computers for performance enhancement. . . 755

Fernando C. Colon, Robert M. Glorioso, Walter H. Kohler, and Dominic W. Li

The CERF computer system ... 765 Neil Wilhelm, David Pessel and Charles Merriam

A parallel processor for evaluation studies Gary J. Nutt

Asynchronous speed-independent arbiter in a form of a hardware control module H. Sechovskyand S. Jura

769 777 Log-sum multi pIer ... 783

J. P. Agrawal and V. U. Reddy Distributed information systems

Grayce M. Booth

Error detection in data base systems Michael Hammer

A framework for federal health data collection N. Phillip Ross and Meyer Katzper

Data base processor technology Donald R. Anderson

Integrity aspects of a shared data base

Eduardo B. Fernandez and Rita C. Summers

789 795 803 811 819 Designing optimal data structures ... 829

Larry Clough, William D. Haseman and Yuk Ho So

REGIS-A relational information system with graphics and statistics J. D. Joyce and N. N. Oliver

Query-by-example-Operations on hierarchical data bases Moshe M. Zloof

A virtual memory system for a relational associative processor S. A. Schuster, E. A. Ozkarahan and K. C. Smith

Managing the census data base-Data description, acquisition, and manipulation Jay-Louise Weldon

Defining management's information needs Trevor John Bentley

Managerial response to an information system Roy H. Igersheim

Transaction queueing and cylinder logic access in the Time, Inc. magazine/book/record system Carl R. Gerami, T. Russell Shields and Richard J. Weiland

xii

839

845

855

863 869 877 883

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SOFTWARE

Generalized software for translating data ... 889 Edward W. Birss and James P. Fry

Experiments with a symbolic evaluation system ... 899 William E. Howden

Some experience with DAVE-A Fortran program analyzer Leon J. Osterweil and Lloyd D. Fosdick

909 A dynamic (FORTRAN) programming system ... 917

Julius A. Archibald, Jr.

GPMX-A portable general purpose macro processor adapted for preprocessing Fortran Robert C. Gammill

COMPUTER SCIENCE

An experiment comparing Fortran programming times with the software physics hypothesis R. D. Gordon and M. H. Halstead

927

935

Representations of networks ... 939 Harvey J. Greenberg and James E. Kalan

A practitioner's guide to the state of large scale network and network-related problems Fred Glover and Darwin Klingman

945 Low-cost residue number systems for computer arithmetic ... 951

Behrooz Parhami

Very fast computation of polynomial remainder sequence coefficient signs ... 957 James R. Pinkert

System theoretic implications of numerical methods applied to the solution of ordinary differential

equations ... 963 T. G. Winderknecht and H. D'Angelo

Memory conserving efficient methods for solving large sets of stiff differential equations Gruia-Catalin Roman, David Garfinkel and Carl B. Marbach

973 A geometric analysis of heuristic search . . . 979

Gordon J. Vander Brug

Another algorithm for reducing bandwidth and profile of a sparse matrix W. F. Smyth and Ilona Arany

987 Business opportunity analysis ... 995

James S. Ketchel and John B. Dolan

A "unique number" generator ... 999 Armen N aha petian

An on-line test program for peripheral devices ... 1001 Akira Taneda, Hikaru Oku and Daiji Namba

Structure of the ELF operating system ... 1007 David L. Retz and Bruce W. Schafer

Elements of a planning and modeling system Thomas H. Naylor

APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

1017

Analysis of "natural" language discourse ... 1027 Sally Yeates Sedelow

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SpeakeasY-A window into a computer ... 1039 Stan Cohen

A case study of a young child doing turtle graphics in LOGO ... 1049 Cynthia J. Solomon and Seymour Papert

Feature selection for binary data-Medical diagnosis with fuzzy sets James C. Bezdek

Procedural representation in a fuzzy problem-solving system Richard A. LeFaivre

Subjective Bayesian methods for rule-based inference systems Richard O. Duda, Peter E. Hart and Nils J. Nilsson

xiv

1057 1069 1075

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INTRODUCTION

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A view of the worid of computing as seen at the 1976 National Computer Conference

by STANLEY WINKLER

IBM Corporation Gaithersburg, Maryland

ABSTRACT

The twenty-fifth anniversary of joint computer conferencing and the bicentennial of the United States of America are celebrated during this 45th in a series of joint conferences. The Conference also commemorates the 25th anniversary of the introduction of commercial computing. The state of the computer profession and industry is mirrored in the conference program and these conference proceedings are a selected distil- lation of the program. The spirit of the American Revo- lution is reflected in the attention given to Computers and People in general and Societal Concerns in particular. About one third of the Conference is devoted to Computers and People and the remaining two thirds is divided almost equally between Systems and Science and Technology. The quality, scope and diversity of the papers in this volume; as they represent the state-of- the-art today, augurs well for the future.

INTRODUCTION

June 7, 1976, the opening day of this Conference, is the 200th anniversary of the introduction, by Richard Henry Lee, of the resolution for independence of the United States of America. It is, thus, proper in a bicentennial year that we recognize this connection with the American Revolution, and the dedication to Jefferson provides that recognition. However, in dedi- cating this volume to the memory of Thomas Jefferson, I also hoped to invoke that fierce spirit of the man who swore eternal hostility against tyranny over the mind of man. As we look at the state of our profession in the mirror of this conference, it is easy to see a maturity in the realm of technological capability. The equiva- lent maturity in the understanding of social impacts and public policy direction is not so easy to detect.

Perhaps it is appropriate to recall the dictum of N or- bert Wiener who wrote, " . . . danger to society is not from the machine but from what man makes of it."!

During our conference, we celebrate not only the nation's bicentennial, but also the 25 year anniversary

1

of joint conferencing and the 25th anniversary of the introduction of commercial computing. On December 10-12, 1951, a relatively homogenous group met in Philadelphia to discuss the characteristics and performance of ten working, large-scale electronic digital computers. In many ways it was a remarkable meet- ing as may be seen from the contents of that first proceedings.2 The Keynote Address for 1951 by W. H.

MacWilliams of the Bell Telephone Laboratories is a very interesting sketch of the past, present and future of the computing industry as seen in 1951. The last two papers in that first program were a discussion of the applicability of transistors to digital computation, by J. H. Felker and a forecast of the future by J. W.

Forrester. Elsewhere in this volume, Herb Grosch provides us with an highly personal view of that first conference and the succeeding twenty-five years of joint computer conferencing in which he captures the gestalt of these conferences.²

The program for this 45th Conference is structured into three areas. Each in a sense is a conference within the conference and each area is further divided into four affinity groupings or tracks. These are shown in the Conference-at-a-Glance which is reproduced here as Figure 1. The program is intended to mirror the current state of our profession and industry and this volume of conference proceedings is a selected distilla- tion of the program.

PAST IS PROLOGUE

As everyone knows, the digitai computer did not arrive from outer space in 1951. The story of the steady progression of machines from the Jacquard loom, the Babbage Analytic Engine, the Hollerith Electric Tabulating Machine, the IBM Electronic Mul- tiplier and the ENIAC to present computer systems is familiar. In this volume, Professor Heinz Zemanek recounts the less known tale of pre-computer history in Central Europe.:¹ The reader will discover that Jacquard had predecessors and that the 1890 Austrian Census used punched cards. This event had been made

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plenary sessions open to all conference attendees. Each will be held in the Grand Ballroom of the New York Hilton Hotel and will feature major presentations on issues of particular relevance to the computing field, and to concerned members of the business community and the general public.

Keynote Addre ••

Monday, June 7 10:15a.m J. Paul Lyet Chairman of the Board Sperry Rand Corporation tnternational Plenary Se .. ion Monday, June 7

115p m

Chairman: Bob 0 Evans President

IBM System Communications Division Sesslor Participants

Professor A. S. Douglas, University of London

Dr. Anatoly A. Dorodnicin, Academician and Director of Computer Systems, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow Or. Heinz Zemanek, Director of IBM

Laboratory, Vienna

Shiro Omata, President, Nippon Univac Kaisha, Ltd, Tokyo

The Computer Profe .. ion Tuesday, June 8 115p.m.

Chairman: Dr. Ruth M. Davis Director, Institute for Co,mputer Sciences

and Technology National Bureau of Standards Featuring:

AFIPS Presidential Address Dr. Anthony Ralston Public Policy and Computer.

Wednesday, June 9 1:1Sp.m.

Chairman: Janice C. Lipsen President, Counselors for Management,

Inc.

Featured Address To be Announced

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COMPUTER Margaret Fox Walter Anderson PROFESSION 25 YEARS OF JOINT INFORMATION Royal S, AM COMPUTER PROCESSING IN

CONFERENCING THE YEAR 2000

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SYSTEMS ENHANCING LIBRARY AIR TRAFFIC Georgian B, AM SYSTEMS CONTROL

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PUBLIC ATTITUDES PERSONAL PUBLIC ACCESS TO COMPUTER POWER TOWARD COMPUTERS COMPUTERS

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Bernice Pantell D3-4 Thomas J. Madden . DS-6

THE ALEMEDA COUNTY LAW ENFORCEMENT CRIMINAL JUSTICE INFORMATION SYSTEMS SYSTEM OF THE FUTURE AND USE OF CRIMINAL RECOI'lDS

COMPUTER SYSTEM DESIGN •

Nancy Betz E3 Stephen S. Yau E4 Gerald Estrin E5-6

INTERACTIVE COMPUTER SYSTEMS MODULAR COMPUTER DESIGN SYSTEMS RELIABILITY AND

MAINTAINABILITY

SYSTEM MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING

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Edward O. Joslin F3·4 David S. Alberts F5 Davie/ S. Alberts F6 ECONOMIC REQUIREMENTS AND WORKLOAD ECONOMICS OF FUTURE DIRECTIONS ANALYSIS: ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF SOFTWARE QUALITY IN SOFTWARE

SYSTEMS ANAL YSIS ASSURANCE QUAl.. ASSUR .

Franklin F. Kuo G3 Robert E. Kahn G4 Louis Pouzin GS G6

PACKET RADIO & PROGRESS IN PACKET INTERACTIONS BE- (SEE "SECURITY SATELLITE NETWORK INTER- TWEEN PRIVATE & IN COMPUTER NETWORKS COMMUNICATION PUBLIC DATA NET- NETWORKS"

WORKS IN EUROPE ABOVE.)

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PROCESSING

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STRUCTURED DESIGN SOFTWARE ENGINEERING - WHAT TO EXPECT IN THE NEXT DECADE

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TECHNOLOGICAL SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF COMPUTERIZED FORECASTING FOR SYSTEMS CONFERENCING SYSTEMS

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE •

Iris Kameny L3·4 Marvin Minsky & LS Leo",rrd Friedman L6 INFERENCE SYSTEMS AND SPEECH Seymour Papert THE PRESENT AND RECOGNITION AND UNDERSTANDING ARTIFICIAL INTELLI- FUTURE OF MOBILE

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CONFERENCE AT A GLANCE (conllnued)

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possible by a remarkable, adopted Austrian engineer, Otto Schaeffier, whose capsule biography is delightful and fascinating. Another fascinating story, and not as well known as it should be, is the history of early computers in Europe. Richard Williams recounts this history with authority and rare candor. Machines were built in Germany, Holland, France, Scandinavia and Great Britain. It is very interesting to learn that the only German commercial computer development was by Konrad Zuse based on the control mechanisms for VIs and V2s. This paper contains many very interesting notes and remarks. Williams pays tribute to the fore- sight of Eckert and Mauchly in recognizing the business potential of computers. In England, influenced by Pro- fessor Hartree's remarks that computers would never be used for business purposes because there would not be enough scientists to run them, commercial use was delayed. During the 1976 Conference, we pay tribute to the development of the ENIAC at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsyl- vania in the Pioneer Day activities, organized this year by Dr. Harvey L. Garner, the director of the Moore School. It is a matter of regret, for the Program Chairman, that papers on the topics to be discussed on Pioneer Day are not available to be included in this volume. Personal accounts of the development of our profession are a valuable part of our heritage.

COMPUTERS AND PEOPLE

This area is introduced by the seminal paper by Pro- fessor A. S. Douglas who quite properly points out the necessity of separating Privacy, Confidentiality and Security. This, Professor Douglas does with decisive clarity in his discussion on privacy and data protection procedures in the U.K. Privacy, data security and electronic funds transfer are maj or societal concerns.

Social impacts and technological aspects of these topics are addressed by a group of papers which are included in this volume. These papers are only a sample of the content of the program which expands these topics with panel discussions on policy questions and implementation problems. The program also includes panels on world environment for data processing, welfare payments and the computer, data banks in the federal establishment and data communication policy. The papers published here provide the background for these panel discussions.

The track on the Computer Profession contains papers on education and training, exciting developments in the use of computers to generate Art, and some very intriguing developments in the field of computers and the physically handicapped. The computer has great promise for providing educational and oc- cupational opportunity for the physically handicapped.

Clearly there is much good work being done, but equally clearly much more research, development and engineering is needed. A central difficulty is apparently the

need both to understand the requirements of the handicapped and the levels of acceptability in equipment developed for them. The paper on a hand-held calculator for the blind reveals what can be accomplished by a combination of imagination and technical skill.

David Ahl organized a very interesting full day on the subject of Public Access to Computers. The three papers on that topic published in this volume give only a glimpse of what is happening. A few years ago the concepts of amateur computing, home constructions of computers and universal access to computer power, would have been dismissed as ludicrous. Today there are thousands of home built and operated computers.

In the track on applications serving people, there are papers in medicine and health care, criminal justice systems and architecture. The variety and versatility of the applications which are described is surprising to one who has been immersed in the development of computer systems. The computer technologist finds it hard to recognize "his" computer in the description of these applications. While we always said that truly remarkable applications would evolve, did we really suspect that they would be so remarkable? One task for the future, in which we must all participate, is to retain a common language through which we can com- municate with one another. No Tower of Babel must be allowed to arise.

SYSTEMS

If there is one area in which the difference between the first and the forty-fifth conference is marked, it is in the area of systems. The program for the 1976 conference has 38 sessions in which the participants will examine and explore computer system design, microprocessors, minicomputers, computer system management and planning, computer system performance and evaluation, computer networking in the United States and Europe, word processing and office automation, computer-assisted manufacturing and computer-controlled publication. The evolution of the systems approach and the development of systems has occurred so naturally, that it is hard to recall now how we thought about such things in 1951. The preoccupation was in making the calculators and computers work, and little, if any, thought was spared for system design.

Learning to think in terms of systems and implement- ing system designs is one of the great achievements of the past quarter of a century. Again, only a sampling of what is discussed in the program is printed in this volume, but that sample presents an interesting view of the current state of systems.

The track on Computer Systems begins with a per- ceptive paper by Margaret Butler. Four generations of computer technology ranged from the vacuum tube (1946) through the transistor (1959) and the integrated circuit (1965) to large-scale intergration

(1971). During the same time frame, memory was

(21)

evolving from the mercury delay line and the electro- static tube through magnetic cores and plated wires to semi-conductor memories. The paper by Mrs. Butler is an interesting discussion of the development of large- scale computer systems. Another very interesting paper is the 1975 evaluation at the Control Data Cor- poration of the East German RY AD 1040 system. On the basis of the performance tests reported, there is an apparent lag behind Western technology in processors, memory, and peripheral equipment; but work- manship and reliability were, in general, very good.

At the other end of the computer system spectrum is the application of a microprocessor to the handling of bowling scores. Microprocessor systems are being developed which combine low cost, small size and mod- est power requirements with high operating speed, a high density of logic and flexibility in configuration.

It is now hard, if not impossible, to distinguish between a micro and a small mini on the basis of performance.

The management of systems now requires greater technological skill as well as an understanding of the basic economic aspects. Quality control of software, reliability, and the evaluation and prediction of performance of computer systems are major management concerns. None of these subjects is simple, but the effective manager must learn to understand them.

Improved performance and increased productivity are necessary for profitability.

A special feature of this year's conference is the particular attention paid to Networking. In addition to the ten sessions so ably organized by Ira Cotton and Franklin Kuo, there are also a demonstration of a commercial network and a professional development seminar on Networking. Taken together, these events present an integrated approach to Networking which should be useful to everyone with an interest in the topic. Fifteen papers on Networking and related subjects are printed in this volume. Included among these papers is an extensive review by Frank Martin of the FCC dockets which affect computer communication.

Decisions already made by the Commission appear to indicate, if only vaguely, how they will distinguish between communications and data processing. But the issues are not settled and many hearings and court cases will transpire before the issues are settled. A pro- posed international packet-switched network protocol is discussed in a paper by authors from four countries (Rybcznski, et. al) and Louis Pouzin presents a some- what different point of view. Network access techniques, network architecture, network design problems, and the measurement of network performance are also treated by papers in this volume. From a laboratory curiosity in 1972 to a commercially available capability in 1976 is an amazingly swift development in which many individuals participated and contributed.

In the business and industry systems, which are described in this volume, the importance and value of computer based systems is clearly indicated. Work

Introduction 5

processing and office automation, computer-controlled publication, computer-aided design, computers in shipbuilding, air traffic control, and the expanding role of computers in libraries are described in this volume.

They are not, themselves, the totality of applications of computers in business and industry but they do represent an impressive sample of such applications.

In reviewing these developments, one becomes acutely aware of the maturing of the computer from a scientific toy to a business necessity.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

In the area of science and technology, we are in the more traditional realm of the joint computer conference. It is also the area in which one would look for the insights into what the future might bring. If the papers received for this conference are any indication, we are now in a transition period in which older ideas are being consolidated and new ideas have not yet emerged. In computer architecture, there is still much interest in pipeline computers, multiprocessors and in parallel processing. What seems to be lacking is the corresponding system software development. The con- cept of application oriented computer architecture is intriguing as is the idea of coupling small computers fo.r performa~ce enh.a~cement. Undoubtedly the world- vnde economIC condltIons of the past few years have had a dampening effect. The great interest in data base is reflected in the number of papers on that subject. Relational data bases remain interesting but there are still questions concerning their practicability and efficiency. Both performance and user acceptihil- ity are important considerations. The papers on data base structures and on management information systems show that there are important problems to be solved although considerable progress has been made.

Error detection in data bases and integrity aspects of shared data bases are topics that will continue to merit discussion.

In the computer science and application of computer science tracks, an interesting collection of papers appear. There are two fine papers on networks in the Operations Research sense of that term. Computer arithmetic and numerical methods are addressed as well as algorithms for uncertain forms. Cynthia Solo- mon's case study of a child doing turtle graphics in LOGO was fun to read. The two papers on fuzzy sets by James O. Bezdek and Richard A. LeFaivre, which are part of the session on Approximate Reasoning, seem to represent a future direction for the analysis of computer systems.

REMARKS

Each conference is, to paraphrase Emerson's re- mark, the lengthening shadow of its participants and