• Keine Ergebnisse gefunden

Will growth and technology destroy social interaction? The inverted U-shape hypothesis

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Aktie "Will growth and technology destroy social interaction? The inverted U-shape hypothesis"

Copied!
30
0
0

Wird geladen.... (Jetzt Volltext ansehen)

Volltext

(1)

Munich Personal RePEc Archive

Will growth and technology destroy

social interaction? The inverted U-shape hypothesis

Antoci, Angelo and Sabatini, Fabio and Sodini, Mauro

Universiti of Sassari, University of Siena, University of Pisa

2009

Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/18229/

MPRA Paper No. 18229, posted 01 Nov 2009 14:20 UTC

(2)

‡,♣ §

!

" #

# $ %

" & #

#

#

# #

#

' # "

$

# #

# # # #

# ( ) " #

" * " $ +

"

$ , ' "

# " - * "

$ # " " #

" # "

#

# $

" . / . 0 " "

*$ 1 " # ##

" . 23 " # " * 3 4 ! !5

6 23 # & # 7 3 8! !5$ 9

$

: # ; # +# < # = >

?@ A8 + B # & C $ B

: # ; # . > == 4 4?8

+ B # & "$ C $ B

§: # # 7; # > .

D # < 1 8 4E8 @ . + B # & #$ C $ $ $

D $

8

(3)

" # "

# # #

$ ; " # #

" 1 " F " # # #

# $ # " F "

" #

2G * G " 8!!A < *

8!!! H * G * 8 + # ? *I # * *

!5$ , * # " '

# # F " #

$

* " "

$ #

# " 2D

# 8!JJ5$ " # " ' $ $

# * " ' " ##

2K 8!J D # 8!! 5$ K #

K * 7 28!A@5 "

"

# $

#

" L & # "

7 # ,

# # : M #

# : " * #

" # - " " #

# #

# 7 "

7 " $ 1

# " * "

# # " $ <

" - "

$

" # #

" # * # * " #

" " 1

L $ + ' # " #

# $ $ $

1 # " # #

F "

" " #

2G * G " 8!!A < * 8!!! H * G * 8 N =

H @ K -* * 4 0

A5$

(4)

% " # "

" F #

" $ ' # #

# # $ $ - # "

" " # $ $

# 0 #

# $

" 7 # "

" = ; "

$ + " # *

" ; $ , #

# # " ;

" $ + * "

" #

# " $

"

* " $

" # # #

"

' # # "

$

' " # " (

) # $ +

" # " * "

$ ## # * " # #

$ + 9 O * #

< . # ( F "

# " # # $

+ 7 " # * "

# 7 " # * )$

+ ' " "

# 1 7

# # $ +" ;

* " 1

- = " # 7

# $ + # 2

5 ' "

2 " # 5$

# # " ;

# ' "

$ N9.

. #7 2 5 "

# $

1 ' ' "

# " $

?

(5)

, ' " " 7

# # "

1 $

" " $ M

"

# $ " #

= # $ 1 F " '

7 # $ "

# $

" " ## *

$ + " " #

" 2 " # " # 5

" ## " 2 $ $ # "

# * " =

5$ +" # 7 " ( ) "

' "

# " $ %

" " #

" # " # # $ +

" # # " # "

# ' F " ## "

# " # " # " #

# " $ # 1

(+ *) . # / 9 28!!?5 '

F # " # " +

" M ' # "

## = # # " ( )$ ;#

# # " "

. #7 2G * G " 8!!A / . $ 8!!A #

8!!J G * ? K -* *

45$

* " #

2 : " " # 4 A " '

5$ # "

# # " # #

# # P

" $

# " " "

$ < " F " " #

7 $ " "

7 ## * " # * 7 # "

" $ "

@

(6)

# #

" $ % # " # #

" $

" ' # "

# - " # $

; " # " *

" F #

" $ % M # " #

$

: # # " #

" 7 #

$ ;# "

2 #

8!!J J5$ + #

# # $ "

# " # "

# "

2 ' 8!!E %F 8!!! < 8!!! 8 . ' 5$

K 28!J 5

# $ 7 # " # #

" # $

% " #

# # F $

' # # # # " #

K 1 28!4J5 " " ( # " # #)

* " " #

7 # * 7 * 2

!5$

# # #

# * # &

85 #

$ # " #

# 2 $ $ # 5 2 $ $ -

# " 5

# " $

5 % - # # " #

* $ " *

" # # # $

# 1 #

* * " # # $ + "

# =

* $ 9 * *

# * " " " #

" # " 2G *

8!AE # 8!J4 . 8!! N , F 8 ?5$

4

(7)

* # #

# = "

# " $ + *

" # $

* * 1

2; 8!J8 N 8!JE K G 8!JA K $

8!!4 0 $ 8!!45$ < # * # # -

" # " # 2. # 8!A

0 $ 8!!45 2 8!!? N

$ 8!!E = * E # J5$

+ * " # '

# ( * ) # "

7 # # "

F $

$

% ' #

# " # "

" * " $ "

' # # # $

' " L

$ < # 2 ?5

M

# & " # #

" * $

" " # # F " #

" # " " # $

0 2 A5 ' " # * #

# # " $

L " # # #

( # # ) " # $

" , 28!AE5& ( -

" # " 1 "

$ $$$ . " #

" " = Q $ F

# " " $$$ $

# # # # # * #

" " $ # #

" )

2 $J 5$

## # 7 F

' $ ;' 8 ;$ $

28! !5 " # "

" $ + ( )

" # ( )&

## ( ) $

E

(8)

; # #

# * ( " ' ) $

" # - "

" # *

# " $ K " * #

" # ##

* 0 2D 4 K !5 2 .

# / E5 2N ? 9 $ K

$ E # $ E5 # " " " $

, * # " "

* $ + 1

( ) F " '

7 # # $

#

& #

# "

$ . '

F 7 # 2( *

)5$ + " = # "

# "

# # "

# ' # "

$

" * " # * 1

# " * "

# # " $

" = # " $

# " # t "

i∈ , # " & Ci t

Bi t . # Bi t

- " # i si t

s t si t di * " Ks t &

Bi t F si t , s t , Ks t 285

- "

7 * "

* ' # $

# i " −si t

" Yi t " $

0 2 4 J5 #

" $ + '

A

(9)

# " # # # $ +

" # # Ci t Yi t Yi t

# "Yi t L

−si t Ks t &

Ci t Yi t G −si t , Ks t 2 5

" F G 285 2 5 #

# 9 ' −si t #

Ci t $ "

# " # #

$

# " &

# " " B

* " # " "

7 # " "

# * " $ %"

'

" # 2" ' # - 5$ ,

" " # 2D # 8!! 5 #

# " # "

# $ 0 2 4 A J5

# " $

" # # ( * )

# " '

7 # $ # #

7

" # &

Ks t H B t , Y t −ηKs t 2?5

Ks t # "Ks t # η >

"Ks t B t Bi t di Y t C t Yi t di

R # "

R # " $

* # 7

" "

$

# " 1 " 285 2 5 2?5&

Yi t −si t Ksα t Bi t sε t siε t Ksγ t

Ks t Y t β B t δ−ηKs t 2@5

J

(10)

ε∈ , " #

7 " α, β, γ, δ > $

9 s t > "

R # " Bi t Bi t " s t

"si t Ks t $ +"

- " * "

$ +" γ > α " #

R # " R #

" $

2@5 B t Y t " " #

" * " Ks t 2

Ks t < 5 "B t Y t $

# " " i &

Ui Ci t , Pi t Ci t b Pi t 245

Pi t " Ci t 7

b > # # "

$ # "

$

# " " # #

# " - $ +"

# # #

# 2 $ $ # #

# " # " 1 *

" * 5$ %

" # "

$ "

" 1 &

Pi t Bi t d Ci t 2E5

# d # " ;

Bi t Ci t "Pi t $ +"d

; $ 9 "

d > # ' " Ui Ci t Bi t

&

∂ Ui

∂Ci∂Bi

− bd dCi Bi

<

# "Bi t #

" # Ci t $ 0

2 A5 # ' F #

" - $ % " #

" # -

# # $ 7 * " # #

( ) # (; )$

!

(11)

/ r " " i− 7 # ' # =

# &

si t

{ Ci t b Pi t }ertdt 2A5

- # 2@5$ i # 2A5 *

' "Ks t s t B t Y t B

" "si t i # "

# #$ L

# 2A5 " i

Ks t 2 ( )

"Ks t 5 # ' # = # 2A5$ D L # 2A5

i t " si t # ' # = "

" 245$ # # "Ks t

# #$ , i

si t 7 - "

Ks t 9 L $ + " -

# " "

$

# " " !

$ + # # * #

$ # " $

# i si t Bi t Yi t Ci t

# s t B t Y t C t $ + ## 9 L #

' ' s t B t Y t

' B s t

' &

s t s t

B t sε t s ε t Ksγ t s t Ksγ t s t Ksγ t Y t −s t Ksα t −s t Ksα t

+ ' " # t

s t " # = #&

s −s Ksα b sεs εKsγ d −s Ksα 2J5

* ' "s Ks$ s t "

# 2J5 s t L 2@5

## 9 L # " &

8

(12)

Ks t Y t β B t δ−ηKs t

−s t Ksα t β sε t s ε t Ksγ t δ−ηKs t

−s t β s t δ Ksαβ γδ t −ηKs t 2!5

β δ # $ 9 #

2!5 # "s t 2 5

"s t 2 R # " L = 5$

B t Y t " " # "

$ " #

* " # "

# 1 $

2!5 " s t Ks t # ' # = "

"Ks t &

s t sg δ

β δ

' ( ) "

# " $ 9 sg → " δ → sg

"β "δ$

# # ( )

L # 7 $ "

"s t 2

7 " # " " 5$

"# s t $

% 8$ "γ−α >

s t





"Ks t ≤ d b γ−α

bεKsγ−αtd b

bε Ksγ−α td b , "Ks t > d b γ−α

28 5

$ " γ−α <

s t





bεKsγ−α td b

bε Kγ−αs td b "Ks t ≤ d b γ−α

"Ks t > d b γ−α

2885

88

(13)

7

# $ < # # γ α ' "Ks

" "B t Y t b >

" d# " Bi t

Ci t " " Pi t $

+"γ−α > 2 5 * " Ks

F " # s t

" # # "

$ + " * " ( )

2s t > 5$ +" 7 #

( ) # &

# # " #

7 #

Ci t 1 $

+"γ−α < * " Ks

" # # " #

$ " * "

( ) " ( ' )

R # " s t $ % "

* " #

" $

# " L 2@5 * "

1 γ−α < .+

* " " #

" "

# # " $ K

γ−α > * " * F

" " R # "

" # " $

+" # C

B d 245 d b B " d b γ−α

"γ−α > $ + ' 28 5 2885 "

$

& d ' "# $

s t $ %

sd t bε

bε, $Ks t

; " "

R # "

# # " $

' # * " # #

" #

# " " " #

8

(14)

# " # $ +

" " "

> s t >

"Ks t $

9 s t 28 5 2885 2 5

" " # d # "

B C$ " s t < sd t $ +"

# " 2 # "

5 R # " 2 $ $

" # 1 5 "

"Ks t $

!

"

; " # 1 " " F G H

# ' # $

" " 7

- # 2!5$

( ) $ "* ' $ $

& $Ks $

Ks Ks Ks > Ks' Ks ! Ks+

Ks

" 1 # " #

# " . 285$

,$γ−α > ' %

Ks

−ηKs Ksγ−α

bε Ksγ−αd b

β bεKγ−αs d b bε Ksγ−αd b

δ Ksαβ γδ−ηKs

28 5

$ ' 'Ksd b γ−α Ks> d b γ−α

,$ γ−α < ' %

Ks

Ksγ−α bε Ksγ−αd b

β bεKγ−αs d b bε Ksγ−αd b

δ

Ksαβ γδ−ηKs

−ηKs

28?5

$ ' 'Ksd b γ−α Ks> d b γ−α

9 "d 2 5

# " # # &

8?

(15)

Ks

δ

β δ Ksαβ γδ−ηKs 28@5

# # "

$

& $ - d '

$ $ $ " $ !

γ−α %

,$αβ γδ < ' %

Ks

η bε β δδ

αβ γδ−

Ks

Ks" Ks

$Ks>

,$ αβ γδ ' Ks ,

'

. $ δβ δ < η' Ks +

/ $ δβ δ > η' $ ) $

Ks 0 " Ks→ ∞ δβ δ −η

+" " "

# " - * "

$ # " C

B d > # # # # =

" $

# & $ d > $γ−α > '

1 $ %

. Ks " $

αβ γδ

/ ,$αβ γδ < $ Ks> "

1 " 2 . " 2 / + $ Ks Ks

"Ks < Ks ' Ks Ks

3 ,$ αβ γδ Ks > +

$ ' $ Ks> " 2

3 + $ ' + $

Ks'Ks Ks"Ks < Ks < Ks ' Ks Ks Ks 2 ' $ δβ δ > η

$ Ks Ks' Ks

$ Ks'

! s→

8@

(16)

+" " "

" # " " #

" * " Ks F

" # s t " #

# "

Ks & * ' " "

* " $ * F "

$

# " 2d > 5 " γ−α <

# = " &

$ . $ Ks

d b

γ−α " 4 '

$ αβ γδ 5 ' $

Ks 0

/ ,$ αβ γδ < ' Ks +

Ks> + $

Ks> " " 2 4 +

6 $Ks '

Ks>

3 ,$ αβ γδ ' Ks +

$ Ks> 1 " 2 7

" 2 8 +

8

, # P "

" * " $ 9

P " &

γ−α >

δ

β δ > η αβ γδ

Ks

B "Ks # "

80 " # % & α . β . γ . δ , ε . η .

b d . % & α . β . γ . δ , ε . η . b d .

% #& α . β . γ . δ , ε . η . b d . .

α . β . δ . , γ ε . η . b d .

1' " K . 2 5 K∗∗ . 2 5

K∗∗∗ . 2 5$

84

(17)

- Ks→ ∞$ -

&

s→ bε bε

L 28 5 ( ) 2" Ks→ ∞5 L &

Ks

δ

β δ Ks−ηKs

L 28@5 #

# d 2 C B5$

* " # #

# d # d > #

( # )$ # * "b ε∈ , '

" 7 η $

b # " # 7 " $

"b 1

" $ # # # "

* # " # * #

# $ ' # ' # "

" $ ε

" " $

" # # M

F " "

7 " * " $

# ( # ) ( ) " $ # "

# * $

D # #

" # "

$ # #

* # * "

" 2K 8!!! < < 45$ ,

" = * $

+ # # *

"

* F

$ F " # " "

$ + # *

# " "

" F ( )$

+ " # D # 28!JA 8!JJ5 "

# " " 1

" $

# ε # " #

M * " $

8E

(18)

" E 1 *

H B t , Y t ηKs t 1' " F L $

* " "

$

8

? @

0 " # % & α . β . γ . δ , ε . η .

b d . % α . β . γ . δ , ε . η . b

d . % & α . β . γ . δ , ε . η $? b d . .

α . β . δ . , γ S8 ε . ηS $88 b d .

1' " K . 2 5 K∗∗ . 2 5 K∗∗∗

2 5$

8A

(19)

4 E

# & ' ( )

+ " # # # #

" # # # #

" $ " * #

* "

# & $

# #

# $ # #

# * # # # #

$ < . # 9 O * #

# " # # $ +"

# " #

" " "

# # " # $ * " ' # "

# ## & # "

" # "

$ # "

"

# " $ ' # #

# " * " #

# 1 $ # 2 5 #"

" * " " # # # $

# " * 2<

# ?5$ # # (

) "

" " 7 & " M ' #

# # " *

$ " * #

8J

(20)

( " ) #

# * # #

# " $ ' * " -

# # # " # # *

" 1 #

#

2D * % 8!!@ : * 4 : $ 8!!A5$ +

( ) * 7

$

+ # F

" ' T t " "

&

Y t T t −s t Ksα t 2845

"T # L &

T t σT t 28E5

σ # "T$

+ ' # s t

" $

* ,$ $ $ ".7 '

"# s t $ !

%,$γ−α >

s t





' $Ks t ≤ d b T t γ−α

bεKγ−αs td b T t

bε Ksγ−αtd b T t $Ks t > d b T t γ−α

28A5

,$γ−α <

s t





bεKγ−αs td b T t

bε Ksγ−αtd b T t ' $Ks t ≤ d b T t γ−α

' $Ks t > d b T t γ−α

28J5

#

+" # C

B 2 $ $ " d 5

s t bε/ bε B ' # " 7 #

L &

Ksδ

β δ TβKsαβ γδ−ηKs 28!5

8!

(21)

"T F L 28E5$ 9

Ks " Ks "αβ γδ < , " " &

Ks

δ η bεβ δ

−αβ−γδ

T −αβ−γδβ 2 5

T.9 Ks< 2 5

Ks> $

" " # # "

" . $

+ 9 ".* $ %

,$αβ γδ < ' T Ks "

t T t

t Ks t ∞ ) $

$Ks.( ) ' )

%

Ks

−αβ−γδ bε δ βσ η −αβ−γδ bεβ δ

−αβ−γδ

T −αβ−γδβ 2 85

$T Ks %

Ks

Ks

β

−αβ−γδ T

T. 2 5

T /T σ KKs

s > TT $ $ αββγδ >

( ) ' $ Ks

"// t→ ∞" 2 ?:

,$ αβ γδ ' $ ".* %

Ks t Ks eA T β eβσt−ηtβσ βσ

eA T

β βσ

A δβ δ Ks T

" 2 @ #

1 " . 1

&

x Tβ

Ksαβ γδ

2 ?5

?0 " # & α . β . γ . δ . , ε . η . σ . ,

b . .

@ # "K .0 " # & α . β . γ . δ , ε .

η . σ . , b . .+ & K , T . .

(22)

# &

x Tβ

Ksαβ γδ

βT

T − − αβ γδ Ks

Ks

2 @5 x βσ η −αβ−γδ − bε δ

β δ −αβ−γδ x 2 45

;L 2 45 &

x x∗∗ βσ η −αβ−γδ bεβ δ

−αβ−γδ bε δ

9 αβ γδ < x∗∗ >

x ' B 2 @5 x " " 2 5 85 " .

$ " $

+ &

8$ +" C B Ks

" ' γ−α 2

# 5$

$ - # 28!5 "Ks #

2 5 "

Ks # 1 $

+ "

C B "Ks *

" $

A J

8

(23)

#

+"d > s " T Ks

# $ + " " &

Ks

d b T

γ−α

2 E5

T, Ks s 2 5

" # s > 2 5$ 9 " 2 E5

2 5 T "γ−α > 2 "γ−α < 5$

+ s # Ks

−ηKs < " - dKdTsηKσTs B #

- 2 E5 T Ks $

2 E5 # &

Ks

Ksγα

bε Ksγα−d b T

β bεKsγα−d b T bε Ksγα−d b T

δ

TβKsαβ γδ−ηKs

2 A5

T F L 28E5$

" " # 2 A5 " .

$

, ,$γ−α > ' "/8

% )

( ) "/8 ' $ Ks ; $

t→ ∞" 2 *

,$ γ−α < ' " "/8

$σ/η α−γ ≥ " ' $σ/η α−γ < + '

) $Ks ; $ t→ ∞" 2 4 .;

..

* "

2 E5 # # " -

dKs

dTηKσTs 2 E5 " 2 E5$

"Ks s

dKs

dt −ηKs L Ks t Ks eηt Ks

"Ks$ γ−α < -

1 2 E5 B

T → ∞ "Ks $

" ' γ−α -

2 E5 " Ks *

F " # $

40 " # % +& α . β . γ . δ . , ε . ηS $ E

σ . , b d . , % ,& αS $? β . γ . δ . , ε . η .

σ . , b d . .

(24)

.

"Ks γ−α > B # 2# α5 "Ks

" #

# 2# γ5 " $

= "Ks γ−α > "

1 $

! - (< N D 2<ND5 T, Ks

$ $ T σ

$ $ Ks g'

< $ σ

9 = 5 TT σ KKs

s g dKdTs Ks

gKs T

σT B L = 5 " " Ks T CTgσ C

$ = 5 - # $

, # " T ' "g C

g C = 5

Ks T CTσg # " T → ∞ -

( ) $ # - KKss → g

t→ ∞$

9 " T = 5 -

" 2 E5B L g# "

& gσ > γα γα > $ # g > γσα 2

σ

γα> σ5$ " 1 $

! - ( < < N D 2<<ND5 <ND !

$ g >γσα see F igureE ..

/ * 28A5 * == 5

s t → ∞$ < # #

" ' $

+ "T Ks " == 5 " T Ks

( # ) L

# " $ 9 # & "g

C == 5 # # - "

# # = " &

x Tβ

Ksαβγδ

1 2 2 ?55 # −αβ−γδ > $

< # # ' s 2 $ $ '

5 x 2 2 @55 2 2 855&

E0 " # & α . β . γ . δ . , ε . η . b

d . .

?

(25)

Ks C Tgσ C ≡ βσ η αβαβγδ bεγδ δβ δ

−αβ−γδ

g ≡ αββγδ$ "

βσ

αβγδ >γσα2 $ $ αβγδβ γ−α > 5 T → ∞ Ks

C Tgσ "x x # 2 2 @55

2 5 == 5 "

g < g2 g > g5 g C g C $

# - 2" T 5 P

Ks C Tgσ Ks C Tgσ T → ∞$

9 . ? - T, Ks

. * B - Ks T

Ks T Ks T < Ks T Ks T . # Ks T $

# # # " -

Ks→ 2 A 8 8? 8@5$

! 8

88 8

A0 " # % . . & α . β . γ . δ . , ε .

η . σ . , b d . .

@

(26)

8? 8@

$ / 0

% " # * " -

* # $ #

# "

$ . # & "

# "

" " #

# # # $

" # " " " #

" - #

" $ " #

# # " # "

# $ <

" $ *

# 7 "

(# ) ( ) 7 " $ #

# "

" * " $ # "

## = " $

+ " # * "

" &

5 ;

$

5 " ;

" * " # R #

" "

2 $ $ γ−α > 5$

+ 2 5 2 5 # B

(" ) 1 " # 7 # " #

4

(27)

# " # "

- * "

$ %

# " " & " # "

# ' #

( ) #

# # ' 2 # "

5 2 # " 5$

+" 2 5 7 2 $ $

γ−α < 5 - '

$

+ ' "

# B '

" "

# 1 7 # # $ + '

7 # B

# ' " 2

" # 5 "

# " * "

# ' "

$

N9. . #7

2 5 "

# $

# " ' '

- '

2 5 2 5 $ 1

" # "

& # " *

# " # * F " # #

" (

)$

* 1

# .$ J$ : * ;' ; . .

D " 0 , $ . K ? 884 8?J$

*I # * * +$ $ K$ !$ &

; " # ; $ ; ; # < 4? 2 !5 4@@ 4EA

$ / ;$ $ % " .

; # J4 A ?@$

G$ ? D + 9 * ; # . "

# " ; # K T % = 4 @@! @E?$

$ .$ /$ 0 .$ 8$ ; # N

. & ; " . $ : 8?R 8 K

E

(28)

; : . " K $

$ .$ /$ 0 .$ 4$ % . D M

; # N : # $ + & N K$ <$ 2; 5$ ;

# + & " + < $ D #

& D # . $

$ .$ /$ 0 .$ A$ D #

; " . $ " ; # ?4 8 J 8@?$

$ .$ /$ 0 .$ J$ . N

. & D , # $ % ; # 8

8 8?$

K /$ N$ K :$ $/$ !$ + # < N

, $ ; # $ . 8! !$

K * N$ $ 8!A@$ " + $ " .

; # J 8 EJ 8 !?$

K -* $ * $ K$ $ $ 4$ D N

; < & ;# $ ; " . ; # $

8 ? 8 ? 4$

K $ $ 8!J $ D / $ ; # + $ G * ?4

285 !@ 88@$

K $ , $ # K$ < /$ E$ "

+ $ :D& . + # / " . - $

K ,$ ;$ 0 $ =# G$ /$ 8!!4$ K ; &

# " $ # . < J! A8 !@$

K /$ /$ J$ & <

$ " ; # K T % = E4 4 E 4 J$

K $ $ G $ $ 8!JA$ . & # " #

# - # = $ .

. J 8 4 8?J$

K <$ $ 8!!!$ D " % / $ "

# # " . 4EE ?A 4@$

D # $ 8!JA$ 9 # D $ + < =* N$ K =

.$ 2; 5$ ; # +# #& ; # %

" ; # $ 9 O *& . , . $

D # $ 8!! $ " $ D # & ,

. $

D N$ 4$ * $ ; " . ;

# 8 !! 88?$

: " $9$ " # $ 4$ D $ + & .$ : "

$9$ 2; 5$ , * " ; # N $ 9 , $

;$ $ 8! !$ $ %'" D # <

$ 9 # 8! !$

' $ 8!!E$ , : D * . D

" D < ' $ : # @ 8 J! 8 ?$

N $ ?$ 9 9 & 9 "

" +# " + " # , # $ J 8@8 EJ$

A

(29)

N $ , F $ 8$ : # = $

9 O *& . $

N ;$ $ 8!JE$ * # & F "

$ + & D . $

N /$ = .$ H /$ @$ < " D

: # $ # ; # < !@ 4 E 44E$

, $ 8!AE$ / # N $ D # & ,

. $

, # $ 8!J $ < + " * & D =

: $ " ; # / 8@E? 8@J@$

+ # $ $ ;F " D & ;

" # < = $ " " ; # 88285$

G * <$ $ $ 8!AE$ # " * # "

- $ * #& + " < 2 % +5$

G * $ ?$ N N & D D ;

% . # , $ . D 88A ?@8 ?44$

G * $ G " .$ 8!!A$ : D ; # . F

U " ; # 88 2@5 8 48 8 JJ$

/ . <$ / = $ " $ 0 <$ $ 8!!A$

/ % = $ # ; # < . .

" , " # ; #

/VVV0++ ??? ??J$

. $ # / /$ E$ + # & D

D : 9 * : $ # <

A8 ?4? ?A4$

= :$ D$ * $ $ E$ * ' "

$ " . EJ 8@ 844$

9 9$ ,$ :$ , $ ; /$ $ + +

< & # : $ + # K$ ,

D$ 2; 5$ + ; / " $ %'" ; & K * $

%F D$ 8!!!$ , D % D = + $ ;$

2; 5$ : # $ D # ; & D #

. # D$ 8!A $ . # $ D # & D #

. $

. ' .$ $ D : # & + <

$ # < EA 2 5 4@ AA$

. $ $ 8!! $ * = &

$ ; # + : # 8? 488 4 @$

. # <$:$ $ K & D < " #

D ## $ 9 O *& K * $

. # <$:$ / <$ 9 <$O$ 8!!?$ * : # *$

. & . . $

< $ $ K # $ D 9$ 8!!!$ 9 ; +

" N D $ + * $ $ 2; 5$ D

; # # : # $ :D& K * + $

J

(30)

< $ $ $ . / D & N

: 9 D $ . . 8 285 8!! E$

< D$ 4$ : < " % / $ " .

EA 285 88 8?8$

< * :$ 8!!!$ : N N ;' *

D M N D $ " ; # N @ ?J4 @8 $

< K$ # $ ?$ D N $

" ; # 4 285 8EA 8!?$

$ A$ ;# " D ; # :

# & D . $ + % $ * G$ K$ 2; 5$

D / " / < # " . &

$ / 9 O * < $

$ J$ D U " ; # : # $

G * E8 2?5 @EE @!!$

$ !$ D 9 * $ 9 # * "

# ;# " + : # D L $

" ; # ?J @ ! @@ $

/$ ?$ ;# # " = $ K

" + < @8 A48 AA8$

:$ 8$ " D $ + & , $ :$

2; 5& N D & D + D #

. $ 9 O *& . $

# $ .$ $ 8!!J$ D ; # N $

U " ; # 88? !E4 !! $

0 $ =# G$ /$ K ,$ ;$ 8!!4$ 0 L & D

# # $ D # & ,

. $

# K$ , K$ K G$ K $ D $ $ D <$

G $ G $ /$ $ .$ E$ D / & . - $

+ & . .$ 2; 5$ 9 * 9 $ / & $

.$ $ ; # N D $ .

@J @@? @EE$

!

Referenzen

ÄHNLICHE DOKUMENTE

Keywords: histogram equalization, face detection, face alignment, label distributed encoding, local phase quantization, neural network, convolutional neural network, deep learning,

The molecular docking using AutoDock 4.2 software was used to locate the potential ligand binding sites of the RNA methyltransferase complex Mettl3/Mettl14, RNA demethylase

Effects units are electronic devices which take the input sig- nal from an instrument - in the context of this thesis, an electric guitar - and output a modified signal according to

PPyTF-fiber-40ks and PPyTF-film-40ks are investigated under isometric ECMD measurements in PC-TF electrolyte at applied potential between 0.65V to -0.5V square wave potentials

On-board computer system’s electronics board features a pin header (Figure 4.23) that is used to connect with attitude and orbit control system’s sensor board (Figure 4.33)..

In this work the main goals are the construction an autofocus fluid lens device to investigate membrane actuators based on actuator material such as conductive polymers and ionic

To cover this gap between the extreme cases of ARIMA models with unit roots, typically used to model non-stationary series whose level evolves in time, and stationary ARMA

The goal of this thesis is to test memory optimization and reclamation tools in VMware ESXi, Microsoft Hyper-V, KVM, and Xen — measure how much memory can hypervisors reclaim from