Munich Personal RePEc Archive
Targeting information policy for improved system performance
Temel, Tugrul
ECOREC Economic Research and Consulting
9 February 2013
Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/44303/
MPRA Paper No. 44303, posted 09 Feb 2013 09:48 UTC
❚❛r❣❡t✐♥❣ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❢♦r
■♠♣r♦✈❡❞ ❙②st❡♠ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡
❚✉❣r✉❧ ❚❡♠❡❧
❊❈❖❘❊❈ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♥s✉❧t✐♥❣
❲♦r❦✐♥❣ P❛♣❡r ◆♦✳ ✶✸✲✵✷
t✳t❡♠❡❧❅❡❝♦r❡❝✳♦r❣
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡s ❛ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❢♦r ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐s✐♥❣ t❤❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❛ ♠✉❧t✐✲s❡❝t♦r ✐♥❢♦r✲
♠❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠ ❛♥❞ ✐❧❧✉str❛t❡s ✐ts ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♥❣ t❡st❛❜❧❡ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s❡s ❛♥❞ t❛r❣❡t✐♥❣
✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♣♦❧✐❝② ❢♦r ✐♠♣r♦✈❡❞ s②st❡♠ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡✳ ❚❤✐s ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐s❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛❝❝♦♠♣❧✐s❤❡❞ ❜②
✐❞❡♥t✐❢②✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❣❛♣s ❛♥❞ ❝❛✉s❡✲❡✛❡❝t ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♣❛t❤✇❛②s ✐♥ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡❞✳
❆♥ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ✇♦r❦s❤♦♣ ❛♥❞ ❛ q✉❡st✐♦♥♥❛✐r❡ ❛r❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥❡❞ t♦ ❣❛t❤❡r ❞❛t❛ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥
♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❛❧❧♦✇s ♦♥❡ t♦ ❛♥❛❧②③❡ s②st❡♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ str✉❝t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ♣❡r❢♦r✲
♠❛♥❝❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❡❞ ❜② q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❡①♣❡rt ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✳
✖✖✖✖✖✖✖✖✖✖✖✖✖✖✖✖✲
❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠s✱ s②st❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡✱ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❞
✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✢♦✇ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✱ str✉❝t✉r❡✲❝♦♥❞✉❝t✲♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤
❏❊▲ ❈♦❞❡s✿ ❉✵✷✱ ❉✷✸✱ ❉✽✶✱ ❉✽✸✱ ❉✽✺✱ ❖✶✼✱ P✷
✶
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥
❚❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡s ❛ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❢♦r ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐s✐♥❣ t❤❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❛ ♠✉❧t✐✲s❡❝t♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠
❛♥❞ ✐❧❧✉str❛t❡s ✐ts ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♥❣ t❡st❛❜❧❡ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s❡s ❛♥❞ t❛r❣❡t✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♣♦❧✐❝②
❢♦r ✐♠♣r♦✈❡❞ s②st❡♠ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡✳ ❚❤✐s ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐s❛t✐♦♥ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❣❛♣s ❛♥❞ ❝❛✉s❡✲❡✛❡❝t
✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♣❛t❤✇❛②s ✐♥ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡❞✱✶❞r❛✇✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❣r❛♣❤✲t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ❛♥❞ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s
♦❢ s②st❡♠s ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✳ ❆♥ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ✇♦r❦s❤♦♣✷❛♥❞ ❛ q✉❡st✐♦♥♥❛✐r❡ ❛r❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥❡❞ t♦ ❣❛t❤❡r ❞❛t❛ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❛❧❧♦✇s ♦♥❡ t♦ ❛♥❛❧②③❡ s②st❡♠s✬s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ str✉❝t✉r❡s
❛♥❞ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❡❞ ❜② q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❡①♣❡rt ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✳
❚❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ st❛rts ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐st✐♥❣
♦❢ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ♥♦♥✲❧✐♥❡❛r ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ t❤✐s s②st❡♠ ✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ♠❛tr✐① ❢♦r♠❛t✳
◆❡①t✱ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ✇♦r❦s❤♦♣✱ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ ❜✐♥❛r② ❝❛✉s❛❧ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s ✭♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✢♦✇✮ ❛♥❞
♣❛t❤✇❛②s ♦❢ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ t❤❡s❡ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ♣❛t❤✇❛②s ❛r❡ s✉❜st✐t✉t❡❞
✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❡❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠ t♦ ❞❡r✐✈❡ t❤❡ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ❢♦r♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❡❞ s②st❡♠ t❤❛t ✐s ✉s❡❞
t♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢② t❡st❛❜❧❡ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s❡s✳ ❊①♣❡rt ❦♥♦✇❧❞❣❡ ❣❛t❤❡r❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ✇♦r❦s❤♦♣ r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤❡
❦❡② ✐♥♣✉t ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❛❧❧♦✇s t♦ ❞✐s❡♥t❛♥❣❧❡ t❤❡ ✉♥♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ❢r♦♠
t❤❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✢♦✇ ✉s✐♥❣ ❞❛t❛ ❣❛t❤❡r❡❞ ❜② ❛ q✉❡st✐♦♥♥❛✐r❡✳
❚❤❡ ✐❞❡❛ ❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦t ♥❡✇✳ ❊❝♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❝s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛ ✇✐❞❡ r❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❧♦❣✐t✱
♣r♦❜✐t✱ ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛♥t ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✱ ❢♦r ❡st✐♠❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ✐♠♣❧✐❡❞ ❜② q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡
❡①♣❡rt ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✳ ❲❤❛t ✐s ♥❡✇ ❤❡r❡ ✐s t❤❡ ✇❛② ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✱ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐s tr❡❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ✇♦r❦s❤♦♣
s❡t✉♣ t♦ ♦❜t❛✐♥ ✐ts r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ❢♦r♠ ✐♠♣❧✐❡❞ ❜② ❡①♣❡rt ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✇❛② ❤②♣♦t❤❡s❡s ❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞
t♦ t❡st t❤❡ ✉♥❞❡r❧②✐♥❣ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡❞✳ ❲✐t❤ t❤✐s ♠❡t❤♦❞✱ ❛ ❜r✐❞❣❡ ✐s
❡st❛❜❧✐s❤❡❞ t♦ ❝❧♦s❡ t❤❡ ❣❛♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s ✭❧✐♥❡❛r ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ❛ s✉❜s❡t ♦❢ ♥♦♥✲❧✐♥❡❛r
♠♦❞❡❧s✮ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐s❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ s♦❝✐❛❧ s❡t✉♣✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s ✇♦r❦s❤♦♣s ♦r ❡①♣❡rt ♣❛♥❡❧s ♦❢t❡♥
❛❞♦♣t❡❞ ❛s t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥s ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ♣♦❧✐❝② ❞❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ r❡s❡❛r❝❤✳
❚❤❡ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✐s ♦r❣❛♥✐s❡❞ ✐♥ ✜✈❡ s❡❝t✐♦♥s✳ ❋♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥✱ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✷ ♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛
♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♥ ❛r❜✐tr❛r② ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠ ✇✐t❤ ✐ts str✉❝t✉r❛❧ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ❛t t❤❡
❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❛♥❞ s②st❡♠ ❧❡✈❡❧s✳ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✸ ❡①t❡♥❞s t❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❢♦r t❛r❣❡t✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♣♦❧✐❝②✳
❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✹ ✐❧❧✉str❛t❡s t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✇✐t❤✐♥ ❛ ✇♦r❦s❤♦♣ s❡t✲✉♣ ❛♥❞ s❤♦✇s ❤♦✇ t♦
❞❡r✐✈❡ t❡st❛❜❧❡ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s❡s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❡①♣❡rt ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❣❛t❤❡r❡❞ ❜② ❛ q✉❡st✐♦♥♥❛✐r❡✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥
✺ ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡s t❤❡ ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳
✷
✷ ❆ str✉❝t✉r❡ ❢♦r ❛♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠
❆♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠SK ✐s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❛s ❛ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢K❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ♦❢n♦r❣❛♥✐s❛t✐♦♥s t❤❛t ❥♦✐♥t❧②
❛♥❞✴♦r ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧❧② ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡✱ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛t❡✱ ♦r ✉s❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ❛❝❝♦♠♣❧✐s❤ ❛ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❣♦❛❧ G✳
SK=n
{Ci, Gi, G}Ki=1| ∩Ci= 0,∩Gi=G, n=PK
i=1ni
o. ✭✶✮
❚❤✐s ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ♣♦st✉❧❛t❡s t❤r❡❡ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s✳ ❋✐rst✱ni♦r❣❛♥✐s❛t✐♦♥s ✇✐t❤✐♥ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ti✱ ❞❡♥♦t❡❞ ❜② Ci,❛r❡ ❛ss✉♠❡❞ t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❣♦❛❧Gi ✐♥ t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦r ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦r ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r✲
♠❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡❞✳✸ ❙❡❝♦♥❞❧②✱ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ❛r❡ ♠✉t✉❛❧❧② ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❡✱ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ t❤❛t ❛♥ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥
❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ ❛ ♠❡♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ♦♥❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ✐♠♣❧✐❡❞ ❜②
∩Ci= 0.❚❤✐r❞❧②✱ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts s✉♣♣♦rt t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ❣♦❛❧✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ✐♠♣❧✐❡❞ ❜②∩Gi=G✳
SK ✐s ❛ss✉♠❡❞ t♦ ♦♣❡r❛t❡ ❛t t✇♦ ❧❡✈❡❧s✳ ❆t t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❧❡✈❡❧✱ ❡❛❝❤ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❛✐♠s t♦
r❡❛❧✐③❡ ✐ts ❣♦❛❧ ❜② ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ ✐ts ✐s♦❧❛t❡❞✱ ♦♥❡✲t♦✲♦♥❡ ✭❜✐♥❛r②✮ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥s ✇✐t❤ ♦t❤❡r ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts
✐♥ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✳ ❍❡♥❝❡✱ ❡❛❝❤ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❣✐✈❡s ♣r✐♦r✐t② t♦ t❤❡ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ✐ts ♦✇♥ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ei(.)✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ❛❜str❛❝t✐♥❣ ✐ts❡❧❢ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♥❡❡❞s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡♥t✐r❡ s②st❡♠✳ ❆t t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ❧❡✈❡❧✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❛
❜❡♥❡✈♦❧❡♥t ❜♦❞② ❣♦✈❡r♥s t❤❡ ❡♥t✐r❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ♦❢ ❜✐♥❛r② ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥s ❛❝r♦ss K ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts t♦ r❡❛❧✐③❡
t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ❣♦❛❧❀ ❤❡♥❝❡✱ ✐t ❣✐✈❡s ♣r✐♦r✐t② t❤❡ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t e(.)✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤
✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ♦♣❡r❛t❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐st✐♥❝t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❛♥❞ s②st❡♠ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts
❛r✐s❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❢❛❝t t❤❛t ❛ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ✐♥✈❡st ✐♥ ❛r❡❛s t❤❛t ❛r❡ ❧✐❦❡❧② t♦ ❧❡❛❞ t♦ s✉❜st❛♥t✐❛❧
♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧✐t✐❡s ❢♦r ♦t❤❡rs ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ SK ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❛ss✉♠❡ ❛♥② ♣r♦♣❡rt② r✐❣❤ts s②st❡♠✳ ❖♥ t❤❡
❝♦♥tr❛r②✱ t❤❡ ❜❡♥❡✈❡❧♦♥t ❜♦❞② ✐s ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ t♦ ✐♥✈❡st ✐♥ ❛r❡❛s ✇❤❡r❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧✐t✐❡s ❛r❡ ❧✐❦❡❧② t♦ ❛r✐s❡✳
❚❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ ■❈❚ ✐s ♦♥❡ s✉❝❤ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ t♦ s❤♦✇ t❤❡ ❞✐st✐♥❝t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ t✇♦ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts✳
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r✱ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ t❤❡ ✐♥✈❡st♠❡♥t ✐♥ ■❈❚ ✐♥❢r❛str✉❝t✉r❡✿ ❤✉♠❛♥✱ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧ ❛♥❞ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❆
❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ✇✐❧❧ ♥❛t✉r❛❧❧② ❜❡ ✐♥t❡r❡st❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥✈❡st♠❡♥t ❛✐♠❡❞ t♦ ❡♥❤❛♥❝❡ st❛✛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t②✱ ❛❝q✉✐r❡
♥❡✇ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s ❛♥❞ ❞❡s✐❣♥ r✉❧❡s ❢♦r ❜✐♥❛r② ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣♦✲
♥❡♥t ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ✇✐t❤ ♦t❤❡r ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ✇✐t❤ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐t ❤❛s r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ❜❡♥❡✈❡❧♦♥t ❜♦❞②
✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ✐♥t❡r❡st❡❞ ✐♥ ❝r❡❛t✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❡♥❛❜❧✐♥❣ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ❛✐♠❡❞ t♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛t❡ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts t♦
♦♣❡r❛t❡ ♠♦r❡ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡❧②✳ ❖r❣❛♥✐③✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t✐❡s✱ ✐♥✈❡st✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❝♦♥♦♠②✲
✇✐❞❡ ■❈❚ ✐♥❢r❛str✉❝t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ❡st❛❜❧✐s❤✐♥❣ ♣♦❧✐❝② ❛♥❞ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❜♦❞✐❡s ❛r❡ s♦♠❡ ♦❢
✸
t❤❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ s✉❝❤ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t✳
❚♦ t❤✐s ❡♥❞✱ ✇❡ ❝♦♥❥❡❝t✉r❡ t❤❛t t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ t✇♦ ✐♠♣❧✐❝✐t ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s✿ ♦♥❡
♦♣❡r❛t✐♥❣ ❛t t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❧❡✈❡❧ mi(.)❛♥❞ ❛♥♦t❤❡r ❛t t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ❧❡✈❡❧ m(.)✳ ❚❤❡ t❡r♠ ✐♥❢♦r✲
♠❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t r❡❢❡rs t♦ t❤❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤r❡❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s✿ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦✲
❞✉❝t✐♦♥✱ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✉s❡✳✹ ❋♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❙t❡✈❡♥ ❲♦❧❢❡✱ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❩✐❧❜❡r♠❛♥✱ ❙t❡✈❡♥ ❲✉ ❛♥❞ ❉❛✈✐❞
❏✉st ❬✻❪✱ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ r❡❢❡rs t♦ ❛ ❤✐❣❤❧② ❝♦♥t❡①t✲s❡♥s✐t✐✈❡ r❡s♦✉r❝❡✱ t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ✇❤✐❝❤
❞❡♣❡♥❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t❡♥❝✐❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐s❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♥❣✳
✷✳✶ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✲❧❡✈❡❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t
●✐✈❡♥ (αit, Gi, It−1)✱ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t i ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡❞ ❜② {ei(.), mi(.)}
❝❤♦♦s❡s(Lit, Dit)✿
Iti =αitmi(ei(Lit, Dti)|Gi, It−1) ✭✷✮
where It−1≡(It1−1, It2−1, ..., ItK−1).
mi(.) ❞❡♥♦t❡s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t i✬s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥✳ ❊q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✷ s♣❡❝✐✜❡s t❤❛t✱ ❣✐✈❡♥
❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t i✬s ❣♦❛❧ Gi ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ st♦❝❦ It−1 ❛t t✐♠❡ t✱ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t i ♦r❣❛♥✐③❡s
✐ts ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ❜② ✐♥✈❡st✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ✐ts ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣Lit ❛♥❞ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ Dti
❝❛♣❛❝✐t✐❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rαit=αi(Lt, Dt)r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ti✬s ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② t♦ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❧✐③❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s t❛❦✐♥❣ ♣❧❛❝❡ ❛t t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ❧❡✈❡❧ (Lt, Dt)✳ ❖♥❧② t❤❡ r❛t✐♦s ♦❢ t❤❡ αit✬s ♠❛tt❡r✱ s♦ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❧♦ss ♦❢
❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐t② ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❡ α1t = 1✳
❯s✐♥❣ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✷✱ ✇❡ ♠❛♣ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✲❜❛s❡❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✢♦✇ ❛s✿
SKC≡SK((L1t, Dt1), ..., SK(LKt , DtK)) =
It1−1It1 It1−1It2 . . It1−1ItK It2−1It1 It2−1It2 . . It2−1ItK
. . . . .
. . . . .
ItK−1It1 ItK−1It2 . . ItK−1ItK
. ✭✸✮
■t s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ♥♦t❡❞ t❤❛t ❡❛❝❤ ❝♦❧✉♠♥ ♦❢ t❤✐s sq✉❛r❡ ♠❛tr✐① ✐s ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ♦♥❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✳ ❋♦r ❡①✲
❛♠♣❧❡✱ t❤❡1st❝♦❧✉♠♥ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞s t♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t1❀ ❛♥❞ t❤❡2nd❝♦❧✉♠♥✱ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ✷✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛❧
❝❡❧❧sIti−1Iti❢♦r ❛❧❧i❛♥❞ts❤♦✇ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❧♦♦♣s✳ ❚❤❡ ♦✛✲❞✐❛❣♦♥❛❧ ❝❡❧❧sn
Iti−1Itj, i=j= 1, ..., K and i6=jo
✹
✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ ❜✐♥❛r② ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✢♦✇ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t✇♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts✳ ❋♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱It2−1It1 ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡s t❤❛t ✐♥✲
❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ C2 ❛t t−1 ✢♦✇s ✐♥t♦ C1❛t t✐♠❡ t✳ ■t ❝❛♥ ❛❧s♦ ❜❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❡❞ t❤❛t C2✬s
✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ st♦❝❦ ❛t t✐♠❡ t−1 ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❡①❡rt ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥
❛❝t✐✈✐t② ♦❢C1 ❛t t✐♠❡t✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✢♦✇ ♠✐❣❤t ❜❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠s✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✲
t✐♦♥ s❤❛r✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♠✐tt❡❡s✱ ❥♦✐♥t ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❛♥❞ ❥♦✐♥t st❛ tr❛✐♥✐♥❣✱ ♦r t❤r♦✉❣❤ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥s
♦❢ ♦r❣❛♥✐s❛t✐♦♥s✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ♠♦❞❡❧✱ ✇❡ ❛ss✉♠❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ✢♦✇ ✐s ♣✉r♣♦s❡❢✉❧❧② ♦r❣❛♥✐s❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ t✇♦
❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♥❣ ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠s✳
❚♦ ❢✉❧❧② ♠❡❛s✉r❡ t❤❡ ♥❡t ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✢♦✇ ✐♥ SKC✱ ❛ t♦t❛❧ ♦❢ (2K2 −K) ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs s❤♦✉❧❞
❜❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞✳ ❚❛❦❡✱ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ t❤❡ ♥❡t ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✢♦✇ ✈✐❛ t❤❡ ♦✛✲❞✐❛❣♦♥❛❧ ❝❡❧❧ (I2t−1It1)✳
❚❤✐s r❡q✉✐r❡s t❤❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t✇♦ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs✿ C2✬s ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❧✐♥❦❛❣❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t
❝❛♣❛❝✐t②D2t−1❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛sC1✬s ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t②L1t✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡♥ r❡s✉❧ts ✐♥[2K(K−1)]♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs t♦
❜❡ ❦♥♦✇♥✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r✱K♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞ ❢♦rαit.❆s ❛ r❡s✉❧t✱ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥
♦❢[2K(K−1) +K] = (2K2−K)♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs✱SK ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❢✉❧❧② ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞✳
✷✳✷ ❙②st❡♠✲❧❡✈❡❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t
❆ ❜❡♥❡✈♦❧❡♥t ❜♦❞② ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡❞ ❜②{e(.), m(.)}✐s ❛ss✉♠❡❞ t♦ ♣✉r♣♦s❡❢✉❧❧② ♦r❣❛♥✐s❡ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❝♦♠✲
♣♦♥❡♥ts ❛r♦✉♥❞ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ❣♦❛❧✳ ●✐✈❡♥ (βt, G, It−1)✱ t❤✐s ❜♦❞② ❛♣♣❧✐❡s ❛ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥❝❡ r✉❧❡ m(.) t♦
♠❛♥❛❣❡ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✲❧❡✈❡❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✢♦✇✿
It=βtm(e(Lt, Dt)|G, It−1). ✭✹✮
◆♦t❡ t❤❛t ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✹ ✐s ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ ✐♥ ✈❡❝t♦r ♥♦t❛t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ ✐ts ✉♥❞❡rt❛❦✐♥❣s✱ t❤❡ ❜❡♥❡✈♦❧❡♥t ❜♦❞② ❛✐♠s t♦ ❝r❡❛t❡ ❛♥ ❡♥❛❜❧✐♥❣ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ❢♦r ✐♠♣r♦✈❡❞ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ t♦ t❛❦❡
♣❧❛❝❡✳ βt✐s ❡①♦❣❡♥♦✉s t♦ t❤❡ ❜❡♥❡✈♦❧❡♥t ❜♦❞②✬s ❛❝t✐♦♥s✱ r❡✢❡❝t✐♥❣ ✐ts ❛❞❥✉st♠❡♥t ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ❛❣❛✐♥st s❤♦❝❦s✳ ❖♥❧② t❤❡ r❛t✐♦s ♦❢ t❤❡βt✬s ♠❛tt❡r✱ s♦ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❧♦ss ♦❢ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐t② ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❡βt1= 1✳
❯s✐♥❣ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✹✱ ✇❡ ♠❛♣ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✲❜❛s❡❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✢♦✇ ❛s✿
SKS ≡SK(Lt, Dt) =
It1−1It1 It1−1It2 . . It1−1ItK
It2−1It1 It2−1It2 . . It2−1ItK
. . . . .
. . . . .
ItK−1It1 ItK−1It2 . . ItK−1ItK
. ✭✺✮
✺
SKS ❝❛♣t✉r❡s ♦♥❡ ♥❡✇ ♣r♦♣❡rt② t❤❛t ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ❝❛♥♥♦t s✉♣♣♦rt ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧❧②✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s t❤❡ ♣r♦♣❡rt② t❤❛t t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ✐s ❣r❡❛t❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ s✉♠ ♦❢ ✐ts ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s✱ t❤❡ ❡❝♦♥♦♠②✲✇✐❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
st♦❝❦ ✉♥❞❡rSKS ✐s ❣r❡❛t❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ s✉♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✲❧❡✈❡❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ st♦❝❦s ✉♥❞❡rSKC✳ ❚❤✐s
✐s ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❢❛❝t t❤❛t ✐♥ SKC✱ ❜✐♥❛r② ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✢♦✇ ✐s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞ ❜② ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ✐♥t❡r❡sts
♦❢ t❤❡ t✇♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡❞✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ t❤❡ ✢♦✇ ✐♥ SKS ✐s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❜❡♥❡✈♦❧❡♥t ❜♦❞②✬s
❡✛♦rt t♦ t✉♥❡ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❜✐♥❛r② ❧✐♥❦❛❣❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ❣♦❛❧G✳ ❚❤❡ s②st❡♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥m(e(Lt, Dt)|G, It−1)❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❛✛❡❝t t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❧ ❛✛❛✐rs ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts✱ ❜✉t
♣r♦♠♦t❡s t❤❡ ❣r♦✇t❤ ♦❢ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② ❜✐♥❛r② ❧✐♥❦❛❣❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡♥t✐r❡ s②st❡♠✳
✸ ❚❛r❣❡t✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♣♦❧✐❝②
❚♦ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♣♦❧✐❝② ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ s②st❡♠ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ✲ ✐♥
t❡r♠s ♦❢ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥✱ ✢✉❞✐t② ❛♥❞ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✱ ♦♥❡ ♥❡❡❞s t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ❝❧❡❛r ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡
♥❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✢♦✇ ✐♥ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✳ ■♥ r❡❛❧✐t②✱ t❤❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ✢♦✇SK ❝♦♠♣r✐s❡s t✇♦
t②♣❡s ♦❢ ❡♥t❛♥❣❧❡❞ ❜✐♥❛r② r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s{SKC, SKS}✳ ❊q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✸ ♠❛♣s ❚②♣❡ ■ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s t❤❛t ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧
❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ❡st❛❜❧✐s❤ ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡✐r ♦✇♥ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✺ ♠❛♣s ❚②♣❡ ■■ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s t❤❛t
❛r❡ ❡✐t❤❡r ❢✉❧❧② ♦r ♣❛rt✐❛❧❧② ❡st❛❜❧✐s❤❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❡♠♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ♦❢ s②st❡♠ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s✳ ❚❤❡ t❛s❦ ✐s t♦ ❞✐s❡♥t❛♥❣❧❡ t❤❡s❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢② t❤❡ ✇❡❛❦ s♣♦ts ❛t t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s s②st❡♠ ❧❡✈❡❧s✱
❛♥❞ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ♣♦❧✐❝② ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥t✐♦♥s✳
❚②♣❡ ■ ❛♥❞ ❚②♣❡ ■■ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞✐s❡♥t❛❣❧❡❞ ❜② ❛♥❛❧②③✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❦❡② ❢❛❝t♦rs t❤❛t s❤❛♣❡ t❤❡
❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❛♥❞ s②st❡♠ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts✳ ❚❛❜❧❡s ✶✲✷ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❛ ❧✐st ♦❢ s✉❝❤ ❢❛❝t♦rs✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥
t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥t t♦ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡s❡ ❢❛❝t♦rs ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ r❡❛❧✐③❡❞ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❞❡r✐✈❡ ❛ ✇❡✐❣❤t ❢♦r ❞✐s❡♥t❛♥❣❧✐♥❣
SKC ❢r♦♠SK ✭♦rSKS ❢r♦♠SK)✳ ❚❤❡ str❡♥❣t❤ ♦❢ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❢❛❝t♦rs ✐s ❛ss❡ss❡❞ ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ ❛ s❝❛❧❡ ❢r♦♠
✶ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ✺✿ ✶❂✇❡❛❦✱ ✷❂❜❡❧♦✇✲❛✈❡r❛❣❡✱ ✸❂❛✈❡r❛❣❡✱ ✹❂❛❜♦✈❡✲❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ ✺❂str♦♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ ❧❡✈❡❧
✶ ✭❧❡✈❡❧ ✺✮ r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ✭♠❛①✐♠✉♠✮ str❡♥❣t❤✱ ❛♥❞ ♦✈❡r ✽ ❢❛❝t♦rs ❧✐st❡❞✱ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✉
✭♠❛①✐♠✉♠✮ t♦t❛❧ s❝♦r❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ✽ ✭✹✵✮✳ ❍❛✈✐♥❣ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ✭♠❛①✐♠✉♠✮ t♦t❛❧ s❝♦r❡s✱ ✇❡
❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ✇❡✐❣❤ts ❢♦r ❡✈❡r② ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥j✐♥ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥ t❛❦❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t
❧❡✈❡❧ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡✿
l¯i=
ni
X
j=1
actual total score f or Lj−min total score f or Lj max total score f or Lj−min total score f or Lj
/ni
✻
d¯i=
ni
X
j=1
actual total score f or Dj−min total score f or Dj max total score f or Dj−min total score f or Dj
/ni.
❚❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❛❧s♦ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ t♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡l(i)❛❜❞d(i)❢♦r t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡sD❛♥❞
L✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧②✳ ◆♦r♠❛❧✐③✐♥❣ d¯i, d(i)
❛♥❞ l¯j, l(j)
②✐❡❧❞s✿
(di, lj)≡ d¯i
d¯i+d(i), l¯j
l¯j+l(j)
∀i,j=1,2,...,K.
❯s❡ ❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❝ ♠❡❛♥ ♦❢di ❛♥❞li✱ ✇❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t ❛ ♠❛tr✐① ♦❢ ✐♥❞✐❝❡sWK t♦ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ t❤❡ ✢✉✐❞✐t② ♦❢
✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t✇♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts✿
wij= (d0.5i l0.5j )∀ij =⇒WK =
w11 w12 . . w1K
w21 w22 . . w2K
. . . . .
. . . . .
wK1 wK2 . . wKK
.
❆♣♣❧②✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❍❛❞❛♠❛r❞ ♣r♦❞✉❝t ✭❛❧s♦ ❦♥♦✇♥ ❛s t❤❡ ❡♥tr②✲✇✐s❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✮ ②✐❡❧❞s✿
SKC=WK◦SK =
w11 w12 . . w1K
w21 w22 . . w2K
. . . . .
. . . . .
wK1 wK2 . . wKK
◦
It1−1It1 It1−1It2 . . It1−1ItK
It2−1It1 It2−1It2 . . It2−1ItK
. . . . .
. . . . .
ItK−1It1 ItK−1It2 . . ItK−1ItK
=
w11(It1−1It1) w12(It1−1It2) . . w1K(It1−1ItK) w21(It2−1It1) w22(It2−1It2) . . w2K(It2−1ItK)
. . . . .
. . . . .
wK1(ItK−1It1) wK2(ItK−1It2) . . wKK(ItK−1ItK)
.
❚❤❡ ❞✐s❡♥t❛♥❣❧✐♥❣ ♦❢ SKC ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s t❤r❡❡ ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ♦❢ ♣♦❧✐❝② ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥t✐♦♥s✳ ❋✐rst✱
t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s ✇✐t❤ ♣♦♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✢♦✇ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝t❡❞✱ ❛♥❞ t❤✐s ✇♦✉❧❞ ❛❧❧♦✇ ♣♦❧✐❝② ♠❛❦❡rs
✼
t♦ t❛❦❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s t♦ r❡❧❡❛s❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts ♦♥ t❤❡s❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞✳
❙❡❝♦♥❞✱ t❤❡ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✢♦✇ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t ❛♥❞
s✉❜✲♦r❞✐♥❛t❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ✐♥ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✳ ❙♣❡❝✐✜❝ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s✴♣r♦❣r❛♠s ❛♥❞ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ❝❛♥ t❛r❣❡t t❤❡ ❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t s♦✉r❝❡s ✭✐✳❡✳✱ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts✮ ❛♥❞ s✉❜♦r❞✐♥❛t❡ ✉s❡rs ♦❢ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐r❞✱
t❤❡ ❡st✐♠❛t❡❞ ♠❛tr✐① t♦❣❡t❤❡r ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✉♥❞❡r❧②✐♥❣ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥❛❧ str✉❝t✉r❡ ❝❛♥ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ✉s ✇✐t❤
✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ t②♣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✿ ✢❡①✐❜❧❡ ✈❡rs✉s r✐❣✐❞✳ ❆ s②st❡♠ ✐s s❛✐❞ t♦ ❜❡ ✢❡①✐❜❧❡ ✭r✐❣✐❞✮ ✐❢
t❤❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t✐❡s ❛r❡ ❤✐❣❤❧② ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ✭✉♥❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞✮ ❛♥❞ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s s✉❝❤ ❛s ♣r♦♣❡rt② r✐❣❤ts ❛♥❞ ❡♥❢♦r❝❡♠❡♥t r✉❧❡s ❛r❡ ✐♥ ♣❧❛❝❡ ✭❛t ❡♠❜r②♦♥✐❝ st❛❣❡✮✳
✹ ❆♥ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t
✹✳✶ ❈❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③✐♥❣ S
K❆♥ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ✇♦r❦s❤♦♣ ✐s ✉s❡❞ t♦ s❤♦✇ ❤♦✇ t♦ ❡st❛❜❧✐s❤SK ❛♥❞ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢② t❤❡ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
❣❛♣s ❛♥❞ ♣❛t❤✇❛②s ✐t ❝♦♥t❛✐♥s✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❡❞ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢SK ✐s ❢✉rt❤❡r ❛♥❛❧②s❡❞ t♦ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ t❡st❛❜❧❡
❤②♣♦t❤❡s❡s✳ ❙✉♣♣♦s❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ✇♦r❦s❤♦♣ ❣❛t❤❡rs r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡s ♦❢n= 15♦r❣❛♥✐s❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡
❞✐✈✐❞❡❞ ✐♥t♦K= 5❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ✭♦r s✉❜s❡ts✮✱ ✇✐t❤ni= 3♦r❣❛♥✐s❛t✐♦♥s ❡❛❝❤✳ ❋✐❢t❡❡♥ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡s
❛r❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤r❡❡ ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ❣r♦✉♣s(W G)✱ ❡❛❝❤ ♦❢ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡s ♦♥❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡ ❢r♦♠ ❡❛❝❤
❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❣r♦✉♣s s❡♣❛r❛t❡❧② ❞✐s❝✉ss❡ ❛r❡❛s t❤❛t ✇❛rr❛♥t ❜❡tt❡r ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ✇❤❡r❡
✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✢♦✇ ✐s ❝♦♥str❛✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ❛ s②st❡♠ ❣♦❛❧✳ ❖♥❡ s✉❝❤ ❣♦❛❧ ✐s t♦ ❡♥❤❛♥❝❡ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛❧
♣r♦❞✉❝t✐✈✐t② t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛♥ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ✢♦✇ ♦❢ ❜✐♦t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ❊✈❡r②W G♣r❡♣❛r❡s ❛ ♠❛♣
♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✢♦✇ ✭♦r ♦❢ ❝❛✉s❛❧ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s✮✿ SW G15 , S5W G2 ❛♥❞ S5W G3✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛t❡❞ ❛s S5=S5W G1+S5W G2+S5W G3✳
❆ ♠✉❧t✐✲✈♦t✐♥❣ s❝❤❡♠❡ ✐s ❛❞♦♣t❡❞ t♦ r❛♥❦ t❤❡ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ♦❢ 15 r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡s ♦✈❡r ❜✐♥❛r②
✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✢♦✇ ♦r ❝❛✉s❛❧ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s ♣❧❛❝❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦✛✲❞✐❛❣♦♥❛❧ ❝❡❧❧s ♦❢ S5✳ ❊❛❝❤ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡ ✐s
❣✐✈❡♥ t❤r❡❡ ✈♦t❡s✿ ❛ str♦♥❣ ✈♦t❡ ✇♦rt❤ t❤r❡❡ ♣♦✐♥ts✱ ❛ ♠❡❞✐♦❝r❡ ✈♦t❡ ✇♦rt❤ t✇♦ ♣♦✐♥ts✱ ❛♥❞ ❛
✇❡❛❦ ✈♦t❡ ✇♦rt❤ ♦♥❡ ♣♦✐♥t✳ ❙✉♣♣♦s❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ✈♦t✐♥❣ ②✐❡❧❞s t❤r❡❡ ❤②♣♦t❤❡t✐❝❛❧ s②st❡♠s✿ S5,strong
❢♦r str♦♥❣ ✈♦t❡s✱S5,mediocre ❢♦r ♠❡❞✐♦❝r❡ ✈♦t❡s✱ ❛♥❞S5,weak ❢♦r ✇❡❛❦ ✈♦t❡s✳
S5,strong✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡s t❤❡ ❝❛✉s❛❧ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s t❤❛t r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ str♦♥❣ ✈♦t❡s ♦♥❧②✱ ♣✉tt✐♥❣ ✜rst t❤✐♥❣s ✜rst✳
❋♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡✱ t❤❡ ❝❛✉s❛❧ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥It1−1It4♣❧❛❝❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡1str♦✇ ✲4th❝♦❧✉♠♥ ♦❢S5,strongr❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❢♦✉r str♦♥❣ ✈♦t❡s t❤❛t ❛♠♦✉♥t t♦ ✶✷ ♣♦✐♥ts✳ P❧❛❝❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ 3rd r♦✇ ✲ 2nd ❝♦❧✉♠♥✱ t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ It3−1It2
r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ✜✈❡ str♦♥❣ ✈♦t❡s t❤❛t ❛♠♦✉♥t t♦ ✶✺ ♣♦✐♥ts✳ ❲✐t❤ ✶✺ ♣♦✐♥ts✱It3−1It2 st❛♥❞s ♦✉t ❛s t❤❡ t♦♣
✽
♣r✐♦r✐t② ❝❛✉s❛❧ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ❜❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡❞✱ ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❜②It1−1It4❛♥❞It5−1It4 ✇✐t❤ ✶✷ ♣♦✐♥ts ❡❛❝❤✳
S5,strong=
It1−1It1 3 3 12 3
9 It2
−1It2 . . . . 15 It3−1It3 . . 3 6 . It4−1It4 . 3 . . 12 It5−1It5
.
S5,mediocre ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡s t❤❡ ❝❛✉s❛❧ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s t❤❛t r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ♦♥❧② ♠❡❞✐♦❝r❡ ✈♦t❡s✳ ❲✐t❤ s✐① ♣♦✐♥ts ✐♥ t❤❡
1st r♦✇ ✲ 5th ❝♦❧✉♠♥ ♦❢ S5,mediocre✱ t❤❡ ❜✐♥❛r② r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ It1−1It5 ✐s t❤❡ str♦♥❣❡st✱ ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❜② t❤❡
r❡❧❛t✐♦♥sIt1−1It2✱ It2−1It1✱It3−1It2✱ ❛♥❞It4−1It1 ✇✐t❤ ❢♦✉r ♣♦✐♥ts ❡❛❝❤✳
S5,mediocre=
It1−1It1 4 2 2 6
4 It2−1It2 . . . . 4 It3−1It3 2 . 4 . . It4−1It4 2
3 . . 2 It5
−1It5
.
S5,weak ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡s t❤❡ ❝❛✉s❛❧ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s t❤❛t r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ✇❡❛❦ ✈♦t❡s ♦♥❧②✳ ❲✐t❤ ❢♦✉r ♣♦✐♥ts✱ t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥
It2−1It1 ✐s t❤❡ str♦♥❣❡st✱ ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❜②It1−1It5 ❛♥❞It4−1It3✇✐t❤ t❤r❡❡ ♣♦✐♥ts ❡❛❝❤✳
S5,weak=
It1−1It1 2 1 . 3
4 It2−1It2 . . . . . It3−1It3 . . . . 3 It4−1It4 1 2 . . 1 It5−1It5
.
❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱S5,total✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡s t❤❡ ❛❣❣r❡❣❛t❡ ✈♦t❡s ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❛s ✭S5,strong+S5,mediocre+S5,weak✮✳ ❲✐t❤
✶✾ ♣♦✐♥ts✱ t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ It3−1It2 st❛♥❞s ♦✉t ❛s t❤❡ t♦♣ ♣r✐♦r✐t② r❡❧❛t✐♦♥✱ ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❜② It2−1It1 ✇✐t❤ ✶✼
✾
♣♦✐♥ts✱It5−1It4 ✇✐t❤ ✶✺ ♣♦✐♥ts✱It1−1It4✇✐t❤ ✶✹ ♣♦✐♥ts✱ ❛♥❞It1−1It5 ✇✐t❤ ✶✷ ♣♦✐♥ts✳✺
S5,total=
It1−1It1 9 6 14 12
17 It2
−1It2 . . . . 19 It3−1It3 2 . 7 6 3 It4−1It4 3 5 . . 15 It5−1It5
.
❚❤❡cause−ef f ectstr✉❝t✉r❡✿ ❈❛✉s❡ ✭c✮ ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ✐s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❛s t❤❡ s✉♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣♦✐♥ts ✐♥ t❤❡
❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ r♦✇❀ ❛♥❞ ❊✛❡❝t ✭e✮✱ ❛s t❤❡ s✉♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣♦✐♥ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ❝♦❧✉♠♥ ✭❚❛❜❧❡ ✸✮✳
▲✐st✐♥❣ t❤❡(c, e)❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡s ✐♥ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✸✱ ❋✐❣✉r❡s ✶✲✹ s❤♦✇ t❤❡ ✉♥❞❡r❧②✐♥❣ str✉❝t✉r❡s ♦❢S5,strong✱ S5,mediocre✱ S5,weak✱ ❛♥❞S5,total✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧②✳✻ ❚❤❡s❡ ✜❣✉r❡s ❤❛✈❡ t❤r❡❡ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ r❡❣✐♦♥s✳ ❘❡❣✐♦♥
✶ ✐s t❤❡ ❧♦❝✉s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✹✺✲❞❡❣r❡❡ ❧✐♥❡✱ ✇❤❡r❡ c = e✳ ❆ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♦♥ t❤✐s ❧✐♥❡ ✐s s❛✐❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❤✐❣❤❧②
✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐✈❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ r❡st ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ✐❢ ✐ts ❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡ ❢❛❧❧s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤✲❡❛st ❝♦r♥❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜❣✉r❡❀
❛♥❞ ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧❧② ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐✈❡ ✐❢ ✐ts ❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡ ✐s ❝❧♦s❡ ❜② t❤❡ (0,0) ❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡✳ ❘❡❣✐♦♥ ✷ ✐s t❤❡ ❛r❡❛
❜❡❧♦✇ t❤❡ ✹✺✲❞❡❣r❡❡ ❧✐♥❡✱ ✇❤❡r❡ c > e✳ ❆ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ✇✐t❤ ❛ ✈❡r② ❤✐❣❤c ❛♥❞ ❛ ✈❡r② ❧♦✇e✱ ❞❡♥♦t❡❞
❜②c >> e✱ s✉❣❣❡sts t❤❛t ✐t str♦♥❣❧② ❞♦♠✐♥❛t❡s t❤❡ ♦t❤❡rs ✐♥ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✳ ❘❡❣✐♦♥ ✸ ✐s t❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ❛❜♦✈❡
t❤❡ ✹✺✲❞❡❣r❡❡ ❧✐♥❡✱ ✇❤❡r❡ c < e✳ ❆ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ✇✐t❤ ❛ ✈❡r② ❧♦✇c ❛♥❞ ❛ ✈❡r② ❤✐❣❤ e✱ ❞❡♥♦t❡❞ ❜② c << e✱ s✉❣❣❡sts t❤❛t ✐t ✐s str♦♥❣❧② s✉❜♦r❞✐♥❛t❡✳
❚❤❡(c−e)str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢S5,totals❤♦✇♥ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✶ r❡✈❡❛❧s t❤❛t✿
✶✳ I1t ✐s t❤❡ ♠♦st ❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✱ ✇✐t❤c = 41♣♦✐♥ts✱ ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❜② I3t ✇✐t❤
21♣♦✐♥ts✳
✷✳ I5t ✐s r❡❧❛t✐✈❡❧② s♣❡❛❦✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐✈❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✳
✸✳ I2t ❛♥❞I4t ❛r❡ ❜♦t❤ s✉❜♦r❞✐♥❛t❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts✳
❚❤❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ ✭1✮ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ t❤r❡❡ ❦❡② r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s It1−1It4✱ It1−1It5 ❛♥❞ It3−1It2 ✐♥ S5,total ❛❧❧ t♦❣❡t❤❡r s✉❣❣❡st t❤❛t r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ♥❡❡❞s t♦ ❜❡ ❞♦♥❡ t♦ ✉♥❝♦✈❡r t❤❡ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠s t❤r♦✉❣❤ ✇❤✐❝❤I1t✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡s ❜♦t❤
I4t ❛♥❞ I5t✱ ❛♥❞ I3t ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡s I2t✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡✱ t❤❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ ✭2✮ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❦❡② r❡❧❛t✐♦♥It5−1It4 ✐♥
S5,total t♦❣❡t❤❡r s✉❣❣❡st t❤❛t r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ♥❡❡❞s t♦ ❜❡ ❞♦♥❡ t♦ ✉♥❝♦✈❡r t❤❡ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠s t❤r♦✉❣❤ ✇❤✐❝❤
I5t ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡s I4t✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ t❤❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ (3) r❡✈❡❛❧s t❤❛t I1t ✐s ❛❧s♦ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡❞ str♦♥❣❧② ❜② t❤❡
r❡st ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ♣♦✐♥ts t♦ t❤❡ ♥❡❡❞ ❢♦r ❢✉rt❤❡r r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❛s t♦ ❤♦✇ I2t ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡sI1t✳ ❚❤❡s❡ t❤r❡❡
✶✵
s✉❣❣❡st✐♦♥s ✐♠♣❧② t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ❢♦r♠ t❤❛t r❡✈❡❛❧s t❤❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s ♦♥❧②✳
S5,total=
It1−1It1 . . 14 12 17 It2−1It2 . . .
. 19 It3−1It3 . . . . . It4−1It4 .
. . . 15 It5−1It5
..
❚❤❡ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ❢♦r♠ ✉♥❞❡r❧✐♥❡s t❤❡ ❦❡② ❢❡❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ❛t ❤❛♥❞✳ I3t ✐s t❤❡ ♦♥❧② tr✉❧② ❡①♦❣❡♥♦✉s
❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ I4t ✐s t❤❡ ♦♥❧② tr✉❧② ❡♥❞♦❣❡♥♦✉s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✳ ❖♥❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❢❡❛t✉r❡ ✐s t❤❛t ♣❛t❤✇❛②s ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❞✉❝❡❞S5,total✇♦✉❧❞ ❛❧✇❛②s st❛rt ✇✐t❤I3t ❛♥❞ ❡♥❞ ❛tI4t✱ r❡s✉❧t✐♥❣
✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣3−edged❛♥❞4−edged♣❛t❤✇❛②s✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧②✿
I3t−1I2t, I2t−1I1t, I1t−1I4t
I3t−1I2t, I2t−1I1t, I1t−1I5t, I5t−1I4t.
❚❤❡(c−e)✲str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢S5,strong s❤♦✇♥ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷ ✐s ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❡❞ s✐♠✐❧❛r❧②✳ ■t s❤♦✇s ❛♥ ❛❧♠♦st
✐❞❡♥t✐❝❛❧ str✉❝t✉r❡ t♦ t❤❛t ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✶✱ ❡①❝❡♣t t❤❛t t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ❛r❡ ♠♦r❡ ♣♦❧❛r✐s❡❞✳ ❋✉r✲
t❤❡r♠♦r❡✱ t❤❡ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ❢♦r♠ ♦❢ S5,strong ❤❛s t✇♦ ❡①♦❣❡♥♦✉s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts✱ I3t ❛♥❞ I5t✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ I4t st✐❧❧
r❡♠❛✐♥s t♦ ❜❡ t❤❡ ♦♥❧② ❡♥❞♦❣❡♥♦✉s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡r❡❢♦r❡✱ t❤❡ ♣❛t❤✇❛②s ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st ✇♦✉❧❞ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡
I3t−1I2t, I2t−1I1t, I1t−1I4t ❛♥❞ I5t−1I4t✳ ✭❚❤❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ S5,mediocre ❛♥❞ S5,weak ✐s ❧❡❢t t♦ t❤❡
r❡❛❞❡r✳✮
S5,strong=
It1−1It1 . . 12 .
9 It2−1It2 . . . . 15 It3−1It3 . . . . . It4−1It4 .
. . . 12 It5−1It5
.
❆❧❧ ✐♥ ❛❧❧✱ t❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s s✉❣❣❡sts t❤❛t ♣❛t❤✇❛②s ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ I3t−1I2t, I2t−1I1t, I1t−1I4t ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✺✮ ❛♥❞
I3t−1I2t, I2t−1I1t, I1t−1I5t, I5t−1I4t ✭❋✐❣✉r❡ ✻✮ ✇❛rr❛♥t ❜❡tt❡r ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣✳
❚❤❡ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞♥❡ss ♦❢SK✱ ❞❡♥♦t❡❞ ❜②Z✱ ✐s ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❛s K(KR
−1) ✇✐t❤1≥Z ≥0✱ ✇❤❡r❡R✐s t❤❡ t♦t❛❧ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ ❝❛✉s❛❧ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❀K✱ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥s ♦❢SK❀ ❛♥❞[K(K−1)]✱
t❤❡ t♦t❛❧ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❝❛✉s❛❧ ✭❜✐♥❛r②✮ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥SK✳ ❚❤✉s✱Ztotal =1320✱ ✇❤❡r❡R= 13❛♥❞K= 5✳
✶✶
❖t❤❡r ♠❡❛s✉r❡s ♦❢ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞♥❡ss ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡✿Zstrong= 1020✱Zmediocre=1020 ❛♥❞Zweak =208✳ ❆ s②st❡♠
✐s s❛✐❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❢✉❧❧② ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ ✐❢Z = 1✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♠♣❧✐❡s t❤❛t ❛❧❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ✐♥ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ❛r❡
❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ t♦ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r✳
❆ ❝❧✉st❡r ✐s ❛ s✉❜s❡t ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t❡❞ ❛r♦✉♥❞ ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥(c, e)✲❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s s❤♦✇s t❤❛t t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ t✇♦ ❝❧✉st❡rs✿ (I2t, I4t)❛♥❞(I3t, I5t)✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥tI1t r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛♥ ✐s❧❛♥❞ ❛s
✐t st❛♥❞s ❛❧♦♥❡ s❡♣❛r❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ r❡st ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✳
✹✳✷ ❉✐s❡♥t❛♥❣❧✐♥❣ S
KC❛♥❞ S
KS❢r♦♠ S
K❋♦r ✐❧❧✉str❛t✐✈❡ ♣✉r♣♦s❡s✱ ✇❡ s❡t ❛r❜✐tr❛r② ✈❛❧✉❡s ❢♦r (d1, l1) = (0.7,0.5)✱ (d2, l2) = (0.5,0.5)✱
(d3, l3) = (0.4,0.6)✱(d4, l4) = (0.8,0.5)✱(d5, l5) = (0.3,0.8)✳ ❯s✐♥❣S5,total✱ ✇❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✲
✐♥❣ ❞✐s❡♥t❛❣❧❡❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠✿
S5,totalC =W5◦S5,total
=
0.59 0.59 0.65 0.59 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.55 0.50 0.63 0.45 0.45 0.49 0.45 0.57 0.63 0.63 0.69 0.63 0.80 0.39 0.39 0.42 0.39 0.49
◦
0 9 6 14 12
17 0 0 0 0
0 19 0 2 0
7 6 3 0 3
5 0 0 15 0
S5,totalC =
It1−1It1 5 4 8 9
9 It2−1It2 0 0 0 0 9 It3−1It3 1 0 4 4 2 It4−1It4 2 2 0 0 6 It5−1It5
.
❚❛❜❧❡ ✹ ❧✐sts t❤❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❡❞(c, e)✲❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡s ♦❢ S5,totalC ❛♥❞ S5,totalS ✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡s ✐♠♣❧② t❤❛t t❤❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✢♦✇ ♦❢ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts ✐s
❝♦♠♣❛r❛❜❧❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ♦❢ ♣♦❧✐❝② ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥t✐♦♥ ✐s ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ♦♥ t❤❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ s②st❡♠ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t
❣♦❛❧s✳
✶✷