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Summary  of  last  week’s  lecture:  Where  will  we  go  today?

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Summary  of  last  week’s  lecture:  

Where  will  we  go  today?  

The  Mass  Spec.  Process   Tandem  Mass  Spectrometry   Controlled  FragmentaAon  

•  Mass-­‐to-­‐charge  raAo  

•  Importance  of  vacuum  

•  Ion  focusing  and  detecAon  

•  SeparaAng  ionizaAon  from   fragmentaAon    

•  the  use  of  many  stages  of   mass  analysis  

•  CID,  ECD,  ETD,  SORI,   IRMPD  

•  Allows  for  product  ion   scans,  precursor  ion  scans,   neutral  loss  scans,  SRM/

MRM  

•  PepAde  fragmentaAon  

1

st

 half   2

nd

 half  

•  A  few  more  examples  of  pepAde   fragmentaAon  and  sequencing  

•  Ion  generaAon:    DesorpAon  techniques  

A  surprise  !!!  

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Peptide fragmentation and sequencing

MS/MS  of  angiotensin  III,  [M  +  H]+  =  m/z  932  

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Iden;fica;on  and  sequencing  of  proteins  

 IntroducAon  

•  Proteins  play  a  crucial  role  in  most  biological  processes:  

•  They  funcAon  as  enzymes,  receptors,  anAbodies,  hormones,  for  control  of  gene  expression  

•  They  are  major  components  of  body  Assues  (muscles)  and  fluids  

•  They  transport  and  store  small  molecules    

•  A  shorter  chain  of  amino  acids  (30  –  40)  is  termed  a  pepAde,  a  longer  chain  a  polypepAde.  

Proteins  are  composed  of  discrete  polypepAde  chains  linked  together  

•  The  human  body  contains  >  100  000  proteins  (bonded  together  by  amide  linkage  of  20  amino     acids)  

•  They  are  organized  on  four  structure  levels  (  primary  to  quaternary  structure)  

•  Here  only  the  primary  structure  is  discussed  =  the  sequence  of  the  amino  acids  (directly   encoded  by  the  organism’s  genome)  

•  Proteins  are  synthesized  in  the  cell  body  via  several  steps,  which  start  with  the  transcrip)on  of   the  geneAc  informaAon  from  the  pepAde  gene  to  the  mRNA,  followed  by  transla)on  of  this   informaAon  into  protein  synthesis.  These  nascent  proteins  are  transported  to  various  

intracellular  and  extracellular  locaAons.  

•  During  this  transport  they  undergo  a  variety  of  pos,rans-­‐la)onal  modifica)ons,  e.  g.  acylaAon,   carboxylaAon,  glycosylaAon,  phosphorylaAon  and  sulfataAon  

Mass  spectrometry  plays  an  important  rule  in  

determining  the  primary  structure  of  proteins!!  

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 We  need  a  gentle  way  to  transfer  the  ‘delicate’  protein  into  the   gas  phase  and  ionize  it:    2  main  opAons  

Matrix-­‐Assisted  Laser  DesorpAon/IonizaAon  (MALDI):    

•  Large  proteins  may  be  mulAply  charged  (doubly  or  triply  charged):  [M  +  H]

+

,     [  M  +  2H]

2+

,  [M  +  3H]

3+

   

•  Smaller  proteins  and  pepAdes  are  always  singly  charged  

Electrospray  IonizaAon  (ESI):  

•  Proteins  are  always    mulAply  charged  

•  PepAdes  formed  by  trypAc  cleavage  are  typically  doubly  are  triply  charged  

Iden;fica;on  and  sequencing  of  proteins  

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Calculating the mass of a multiply charged, INTACT protein:

M = mass of the unknown protein

n = number of charges (corresponding to addition of n protons)

m1 and m2 two adjacent multiply charged ions:

m1 = (M + n)/n (1) m2 = (M + n + 1)/(n + 1) (2)

Neurotensin  

Iden;fica;on  and  sequencing  of  proteins  

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General  protocol  for  determinaAon  of  primary  structure  of  proteins  

•  Homogenize  proteins  e.g.  from  cell  culture  

•  Separate  by  one  or  two  dimensional  gel  electrophoresis  using  e.g.  sodium  dodecyl  sulfate  (SDS)   –  polyacrylamide  gel  electrophorese  (PAGE)  

•  Measure  mass  of  intact  protein  by  MALDI  or  ESI  

•  Reduce  disulfide  bonds  by  2-­‐mercaptoethanol  to  form  free  sulfydryl  groups  and  derivaAze   with  iodo  aceAc  acid  (cysteine  ogen  prone  to  autooxidaAon  

•  Cleavage  of  the  reduced  and  alkylated  protein  into  smaller  pepAdes  by   –  Chemical  degradaAon  (  e.g.  with  cyanogen  bromide  (CNBr))  

         (  This  cleaves  specifically  the  C  –  terminal  side  of  methionine)   –  DigesAon  with  a  protease,  Trypsin  most  ogen  used:    

       Trypsin,  cleaves  spefically  lysine  and  arginine  residues  at  the  C-­‐terminal  side,  

       leads  to  medium  sized  pepAdes  of  1000  –  2000  Da,  which  can  be  managed  well  by  MS  

•  Mass  spectrometric  analysis  

–  Either  directly  of  the  pepAde  mixture   –  Analysis  ager  LC  (LC/MS)  

•  MS/MS  of  each  pepAde  of  the  mixture  for  sequence  determinaAon  

•  IdenAficaAon  of  the  pepAde  by  comparison  with  database  

Iden;fica;on  and  sequencing  of  proteins  

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MALDI  TOF  spectrum  of  a  trypAc  digest  of  a  70  kDa  heat  shock  protein  

Many  pepAde  fragments  formed  

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hkp://www.matrixscience.com/cgi/search_form.pl?FORMVER=2&SEARCH=MIS  

You  can  upload  your  mass  spectrum  to  websites  such  as  this  one:  

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Obtain  a  list  of  possible  matches    

(note:  that  this  example  does  not  correspond  to  the  above  spectrum)  

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Also  get  a  list  of  matched  peaks  and  the  corresponding  sequence  

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…  and  can  see  which  parts  of  the  library  protein   match  peaks  in  the  input  spectrum    

In  this  example,  only  49%  of  the  sequence  matches  

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Down-­‐sides  to  the  trypAc  digest  approach  to   fragmenAng  pepAdes/proteins:  

•  Missed  cleavages  

•  Only  parAal  sequence  coverage  

•  PoskranslaAonal  modificaAons  (PTMs)  such  as  S-­‐S  bridges,   phosphorylaAon,  glycosylaAon,  acetylaAon…  

•  Peaks  from  trypsin  

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Newer  methods  for  fragmen;ng  proteins  

Electron  Capture   DissociaAon  (ECD)  

 

slow  electrons  are  captured  by  a   trapped  ion,  resulAng  in  extensive   fragmentaAon  along  the  backbone  

Electron  Transfer   DissociaAon  (ETD)  

 

electron  is  transferred  from  one  ion   to  another,  resulAng  in  

fragmentaAon  

Need  a  high  resoluAon  mass  analyzer   like  FTICR  to  make  sense  of  the  ‘messy’  

spectrum  

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Ion  GeneraAon  

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