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Munich Personal RePEc Archive

The Impact of Firm Size and Market Size Asymmetries on National Mergers in a Three-Country Model

Santos-Pinto, Luís

University of Lausanne

26 August 2009

Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/17166/

MPRA Paper No. 17166, posted 07 Sep 2009 19:12 UTC

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)

- "

" 1009 7−82δ+183δ1+8δ−20δ =fsL1,L2(δ)≤β≤1,

#

" 121−18δ+45δ1+8δ−20δ =fsL1+L2(δ) ≤ β ≤1,

#

" 100 7−82δ+183δ1+8δ−20δ = fLs1,s2(δ, γ)≤β ≤1,

#

" γ21−18δ+45δ1+8δ−20δ =fLs1+s2(δ, γ)≤β≤1,

- " 0 ! *

s ( 0 ! L) s

( qs1= (a−c+ ∆)/3 qs2= (a−c−2∆)/3

s ) % ( s( s ! 0 πss1=

(a−c+ ∆)2/9 πss2= (a−c−2∆)2/9. L(

qL1= (a−c+ ∆)/3γ qL2= (a−c−2∆)/3γ L ) ( L ( L πLL1= (a−c+ ∆)2/9γ πLL2= (a−c−2∆)2/9γ.

J 0 t ! 0 "

qs1t = a−c 2β −1

2 qts2+qL1t +qtL2 qs2t = a−c−∆

2β −1

2 qs1t +qtL1+qtL2 qtL1 = a−c

2β −1

2 qts1+qs2t +qL2t qtL2 = a−c−∆

2β −1

2 qs1t +qts2+qL1t

! * 0 qs1t = qL1t = (a−c+ 2∆)/5β qs2t = qL2t = (a−c−3∆)/5β) ( s L ( t ! 0 πts1tL1 = (a−c+ 2∆)2/25β πts2tL2= (a−c−3∆)2/25β)

s( s 0 J 0 J

qs+s = (a−c)/2. ( πs1+s2= (a−c)2/4. s (

L( % J 0 t ! 0

qts1+s2 = a−c 2β −1

2 qtL1+qtL2 qtL1 = a−c

2β −1

2 qts1+s2+qtL2 qtL2 = a−c−∆

2β −1

2 qs1+s2t +qL1t

! * 0 qts1+s2=qtL1= (a−c+ ∆)/4β qtL2= (a−c− 3∆)/4β. ( s( t πts1+s2= (a−c+ ∆)2/16β.

s( ( 0 * L ( (

3$

(18)

s( ( s( 0

% %

(a−c)2

4 +(a−c+ ∆)2

16β ≥ (a−c+ ∆)2 9 +(a−c−2∆)2

9 +(a−c+ 2∆)2

25β +(a−c−3∆)2

25β .

! J * β* 0 β≥fsL1,L2(δ)* !

+ ,) s( 0 L( % J 0 t !

0 "

qs1t = a−c 2β −1

2 qts2+qL1+L2t qs2t = a−c−∆

2β −1

2 qs1t +qtL1+L2 qL1+L2t = a−c

2β −1

2 qts1+qs2t

qtL1+L2 = qs1t = (a−c+ ∆)/4β qs2t = (a−c−3∆)/4β. ( s1 t πts1 = (a−c+ ∆)2/16β

( s2 πts2= (a−c−3∆)2/16β. s( L( *

! t) J 0 J t qs1+s2t =

qL1+L2t = (a−c)/3β ( s( 0 πts1+s2= (a−c)2/9β.

% s( ( 0 * L(

(a−c)2 1 4+ 1

9β ≥(a−c+ ∆)2 1 9+ 1

16β +(a−c−2∆)2

9 +(a−c−3∆)2

16β .

! J * β* 0 β≥fsL1+L2(δ)* !

+ ,) % L( ( 0 * s(

(a−c)2

4γ +(a−c+ ∆)2

16β ≥ (a−c+ ∆)2 9γ +(a−c+ 2∆)2

25β +(a−c−2∆)2

9γ +(a−c−3∆)2

25β .

! J * β* 0 β≥fLs1,s2(δ, γ)* !

+ ,) L( ( 0 * s(

(a−c)2 1 4γ+ 1

9β ≥(a−c+ ∆)2 1 9γ+ 1

16β +(a−c−2∆)2

9γ +(a−c−3∆)2

16β .

! J * β* 0 β≥fLs1+s2(δ, γ)* !

+ !,) 4 , 5

36

(19)

" + , H * 3 + , ( s

* * ( L * fsL1,L2(δ)≤β≤1.H *

+ , ( s* * ( L

* fsL1+L2(δ)≤β≤1. * ( s

! * ( L fsL1,L2(δ)−fsL1+L2(δ) =

1

10013+162δ−603δ

1+8δ−20δ >0 δ∈[0,1/3])

+ , ( L ) 3 + , * !

fsL1,L2(δ)≤0 δ∈[7/61,1/3]. δ∈[7/61,1/3]% (

s * * ( L β) 5 * ! %

δ∈[0,7/61)% ( s * * ( L

β≥fsL1,L2(δ))

+ , ( L ) 3 + , * !

fsL1,L2(0) = 0.63. β∈[0.63,1]% ( s*

* ( L δ) 5 * ! % β∈(0,0.63)% ( s

* * ( L β≥fsL1,L2(δ))

+ !, H * 3 + , ( s* * (

L * fsL1,L2(δ)≤β≤1.H * 3 + ,

( L* * ( s * fLs1,s2(δ, γ)≤

β≤1. * ( L * ( s

! * ( s

* ( L fLs1,s2(δ, γ)≤fsL1,L2(δ)

(γ, δ)) 4 , 5

0 . 0 ( )

( ( s

+ , ( * ( s+

,) * ( (

L+ , ( * ( L +

,) < ( C m + ,

n+ , M + , N + ,)

< 0 ( 0 F2,γ J 0 0 6,(F2,γ))

0

s L M N

m

(a−c) 4

+(a−c) ,

(a−c)

+(a−c)

(a−c) 4

+(a−c+∆)16β ,

(a−c+∆) +(a−c−2∆)

+(a−c+∆) +(a−c−3∆) 16β

n

(a−c+∆) +(a−c−2∆) 9

+(a−c+∆) +(a−c−3∆)

16β ,

(a−c)

+(a−c+∆)16β

(a−c+∆) +(a−c−2∆) 9

+(a−c+2∆) +(a−c−3∆)

25β ,

(a−c+∆) +(a−c−2∆)

+(a−c+2∆) +(a−c−3∆) 25β

3A

(20)

- " . δ(γ) = 750−549γ50−63γ .

" (γ, δ) 0 < γ < 0.794 0 ≤ δ ≤ δ(γ), fLs1+s2(δ, γ) <

fLs1,s2(δ, γ)< fsL1+L2(δ)< fsL1,L2(δ).

" δ=δ(γ), fLs1+s2(δ, γ)< fLs1,s2(δ, γ) =fsL1+L2(δ)< fsL1,L2(δ).

" (γ, δ) 0< γ ≤0.794 δ(γ)< δ≤0.0(6), fLs1+s2(δ, γ)<

fsL1+L2(δ)< fLs1,s2(δ, γ)< fsL1,L2(δ).

" 0.794< γ <1, fLs1+s2(δ, γ)< fsL1+L2(δ)< fLs1,s2(δ, γ)< fsL1,L2(δ).

" γ= 1, fLs1+s2(δ, γ) =fsL1+L2(δ)< fLs1,s2(δ, γ) =fsL1,L2(δ).

- " δ(γ) 0 0 ! fsL1+L2(δ) = fLs1,s2(δ, γ)

* δ) *% 0 < γ < 0.794 0 ≤ δ(γ) ≤ 0.0(6). %

0 < γ < 0.794 0 ≤ δ ≤ δ(γ), fLs1,s2(δ, γ) < fsL1+L2(δ). 5 * ! % 0 < γ ≤0.794 δ(γ) < δ ≤ 0.0(6), fsL1+L2(δ) < fLs1,s2(δ, γ).

( fLs1+s2(δ, γ) fsL1+L2(δ) fLs1+s2(δ, γ) < fsL1+L2(δ) γ∈(0,1) fLs1+s2(δ, γ) =fsL1+L2(δ)* γ= 1. % ( fLs1,s2(δ, γ) fsL1,L2(δ) fLs1,s2(δ, γ) < fsL1,L2(δ) γ ∈ (0,1)

fLs1+s2(δ, γ) =fsL1+L2(δ)* γ= 1. + , +!,) 4 , 5

" + , 0.74≤γ≤1 β≤fsL1+L2(δ),

# + !, β ≤ fsL1+L2(δ) < fsL1,L2(δ)) ) 3 + , + , *

β ≤ fsL1+L2(δ) < fsL1,L2(δ) m (

s) % ( s n) β ≤ fsL1+L2(δ), # + !,

β < fLs1,s2(δ, γ). ) 3 + , * β < fLs1,s2(δ, γ)

0 ( L n N) % ( L * N) %

6,(F2,γ) = (n, N) 0.794≤γ≤1 β≤fsL1+L2(δ).

+ , 0.794 ≤ γ ≤ 1 fsL1+L2(δ) < β ≤ fLs1,s2(δ, γ), # + !, fLs1+s2(δ, γ)< fsL1+L2(δ)< β≤fLs1,s2(δ, γ)< fsL1,L2(δ). fsL1+L2(δ)<

β < fsL1,L2(δ)% ) 3 + , 0 ( s N

n ) 3 + , 0 ( s M m)

fLs1+s2(δ, γ)< β≤fLs1,s2(δ, γ)% ) 3 + , 0

( L n N ) 3 + !, 0 (

L m M) %(n, N) (m, M) J 0 + -

* , F2,γ * 0.794 ≤γ ≤1 fsL1+L2(δ)}< β ≤fLs1,s2(δ, γ))

/ / J 0 + - * , *

( s 0 * m n ( L . 0 *

M N"

ps

(a−c)2

4γ +(a−c)2

9β + (1−ps) (a−c)2

4γ +(a−c+ ∆)2 16β

=ps

(a−c+ ∆)2

9γ +(a−c+ ∆)2

16β +(a−c−2∆)2

9γ +(a−c−3∆)2 16β +(1−ps) (a−c+ ∆)2

9γ +(a−c+ 2∆)2

25β +(a−c−2∆)2

9γ +(a−c−3∆)2

25β ,

3'

(21)

* ps 0 0 ( s m) ! J ps

* 0 +3,) L 0 * M N ( s

. 0 * m n) pL 0 0 ( L

M) γ= 1 +3, * 0 +#,) % 0.794≤γ≤1 fsL1+L2(δ)<

β≤fLs1,s2(δ, γ),* ! 6,(F2,γ) ={(n, N),(m, M),(ps, m;pL, M)}.

+ , 0.794≤γ≤1 fLs1,s2(δ, γ)< β, # + !, fLs1+s2(δ, γ)

< fLs1,s2(δ, γ)< β) ) 3 + , + !, * fLs1+s2(δ, γ)< fLs1,s2(δ, γ)

< β N ( L) % ( L

M) fLs1,s2(δ, γ)< β, # + !, fsL1+L2(δ)< β. ) 3

+ , * fsL1+L2(δ)< β 0 ( s

M m) % ( s m) % 0.794≤γ≤1 β≤fsL1+L2(δ)

* ! 6,(F2,γ) = (m, M). 4 , 5

" + , 0 < γ < 0.794 β ≤ min[fsL1+L2(δ), fLs1,s2(δ, γ)], # + , + , β≤fsL1+L2(δ)< fsL1,L2(δ)) ) 3 + , + , * β ≤fsL1+L2(δ)< fsL1,L2(δ) m

( s) % ( s n) β≤fLs1,s2(δ, γ),

) 3 + , 0 ( L n N) % (

L* N) % 0< γ <0.794 β≤min{fsL1+L2(δ), fLs1,s2(δ, γ)}

* ! 6,(F2,γ) = (n, N).

+ , 0< γ <0.794 fLs1,s2(δ, γ)≤β≤fsL1+L2(δ)% # + , fLs1+s2(δ, γ)< fLs1,s2(δ, γ)≤β≤fsL1+L2(δ)< fsL1,L2(δ). ) 3 + , + !, * fLs1+s2(δ, γ) < fLs1,s2(δ, γ) ≤ β N

( L) % ( L M) ) 3 + ,

+ , * β≤fsL1+L2(δ)< fsL1,L2(δ) m

( s) % ( s n) % 0 < γ < 0.794

fLs1,s2(δ, γ) ≤ β ≤ fsL1+L2(δ) * ! 6,(F2,γ) = (n, M).

+ , + !, + , + , ) #%

! ) 4 , 5

- "

" 0< β ≤gsL1,L2(δ) = 509 −7+82δ−183δ 5−32δ+44δ ,

#

" 0 < β ≤ gsL1+L2(δ) = −1+18δ−45δ5−32δ+44δ ,

#

" 0< β ≤gs1,s2L (δ, γ) = 50−7+82δ−183δ 5−32δ+44δ ,

#

" 0< β≤gLs1+s2(δ, γ) =γ−1+18δ−45δ5−32δ+44δ

- " 0 *

! * ! L)

s ! 0 CSs= (a−ps)Qs/2 =Q2s/2,* Qs

0 s( ) s( % Qs= (2a−2c−∆)/3

#&

(22)

CSs1,s2s = (2a−2c−∆)2/18. s ( % Qs = (a−c)/2

CSss1+s2 = (a−c)2/8) % ( s ! *

* L(

(a−c)2

8 +(a−c)2

4 +(a−c+ ∆)2

16β ≥ (2a−2c−∆)2 18 +(a−c+ ∆)2

9 +(a−c+ 2∆)2

25β +(a−c−2∆)2

9 +(a−c−3∆)2 25β . +?,

! +?, * β * 0 β ≤ gsL1,L2(δ) * ! + ,)

( s ! * * L(

(a−c)2 1 8+1

4+ 1

9β ≥ (2a−2c−∆)2 18 +(a−c+ ∆)2

9 +(a−c+ ∆)2

16β +(a−c−2∆)2

9 +(a−c−3∆)2

16β . +$,

! +$, * β* 0 β≤gsL1+L2(δ)* ! + ,) *

* * L ! L *

! s) L ! 0 CSL =

(a−pL)QL/2 =γQ2L/2,* QL 0 L( ) L(

% QL= (2a−2c−∆)/3γ CSL1,L2L = (2a−2c−∆)2/18γ.

L ( % QL = (a−c)/2γ CSL1+L2L = (a−c)2/8γ) %

( L ! * * s(

(a−c)2

8γ +(a−c)2

4γ +(a−c+ ∆)2

16β ≥ (2a−2c−∆)2 18γ +(a−c+ ∆)2

9γ +(a−c+ 2∆)2

25β +(a−c−2∆)2

9γ +(a−c−3∆)2 25β . +6,

! +6, * β * ! β ≤ gLs1,s2(δ, γ) * ! + ,)

( L ! * * s(

(a−c)2 1 8γ + 1

4γ + 1

9β ≥(2a−2c−∆)2 18γ +(a−c+ ∆)2

9γ +(a−c+ ∆)2

16β +(a−c−2∆)2

9γ +(a−c−3∆)2

16β . +A,

! +A, * β* ! β≤gLs1+s2(δ, γ)* ! + !,) 4 , 5

" * 4 ;

) 3 * 3) 4 , 5

0 . 0 !

)

#3

(23)

( ( s+ , * (

* ( s+ ,) *

( ( L +

, * ( * ( L+ ,) <

! C m+ , n + ,

M+ , N + ,) <

0 ! 0 G2,γ J 0 0 6,(G2,γ))

0

s\L M N

m

(a−c) 8

+(a−c)4 +(a−c) ,

(a−c)

+(a−c) +(a−c)

(a−c) 8

+(a−c)4 +(a−c+∆)16β ,

(2a−2c−∆) 18γ

+(a−c+∆) +(a−c−2∆)

+(a−c+∆) +(a−c−3∆) 16β

n

(2a−2c−∆) 18

+(a−c+∆) +(a−c−2∆) 9

+(a−c+∆) +(a−c−3∆)

16β ,

(a−c)

+(a−c) +(a−c+∆)16β

(2a−2c−∆) 18

+(a−c+∆) +(a−c−2∆) 9

+(a−c+2∆) +(a−c−3∆)

25β ,

(2a−2c−∆) 18γ

+(a−c+∆) +(a−c−2∆)

+(a−c+2∆) +(a−c−3∆) 25β

- . ˆδ(γ) = 549−750γ63−50γ .

" (γ, δ) 0< γ ≤0.466 0.11475 < δ≤ˆδ(γ), gs1,s2L (δ, γ)<

gL1,L2s (δ)< gs1+s2L (δ, γ)< gL1+L2s (δ).

" δ= ˆδ(γ) gLs1,s2(δ, γ)< gsL1,L2(δ) =gLs1+s2(δ, γ)< gsL1+L2(δ).

" (γ, δ) 0< γ≤0.466 ˆδ(γ)≤δ≤0.1991, gs1,s2L (δ, γ)<

gs1+s2L (δ, γ)< gL1,L2s (δ)< gL1+L2s (δ).

" 0.466< γ <1, gs1,s2L (δ, γ)< gL1,L2s (δ)< gs1+s2L (δ, γ)< gsL1+L2(δ).

" γ= 1, gLs1,s2(δ, γ) =gsL1,L2(δ)< gLs1+s2(δ, γ) =gsL1+L2(δ).

- " / ˆδ(γ) 0 0 ! gL1,L2s (δ) =

gs1+s2L (δ, γ)* δ) *% 0< γ ≤ 0.466 0.11475< ˆδ(γ) ≤ 0.1991. % 0 < γ ≤ 0.466 ˆδ(γ) ≤ δ ≤ 0.1991% gs1+s2L (δ, γ) <

gL1,L2s (δ).5 * ! % 0< γ≤0.466 0.11475< δ≤ˆδ(γ), gsL1,L2(δ)<

gs1+s2L (δ, γ)) ( gs1+s2L (δ, γ) gsL1+L2(δ) gLs1+s2(δ, γ)

< gsL1+L2(δ) γ∈(0,1) gs1+s2L (δ, γ) =gL1+L2s (δ)* γ= 1. % ( gs1,s2L (δ, γ) gL1,L2s (δ) gLs1,s2(δ, γ) < gsL1,L2(δ) γ∈(0,1) gs1+s2L (δ, γ) =gL1+L2s (δ)* γ= 1. *

* + , +!,) 4 , 5

##

(24)

!" + , 0.466 ≤ γ ≤ 1 gs1+s2L (δ, γ) < β, 7 + !, gsL1,L2(δ)< gsL1+L2(δ)< β) ) 7 + , + ,

* gsL1,L2(δ)< gsL1+L2(δ)< β m

! s) % ! s n) gLs1+s2(δ, γ)< β,

7 + !, gLs1,s2(δ, γ)< β. ) 7 + ,

* gLs1,s2(δ, γ) < β 0 ! L

n N) % ! L N) % 0.466 ≤ γ ≤ 1

gs1+s2L (δ, γ)< β * ! 6,(G2,γ) = (n, N).

+ , 0.466≤γ≤1 gsL1,L2(δ)< β≤gs1+s2L (δ, γ), 7 + !, gLs1,s2(δ, γ)< gL1,L2s (δ)< β ≤gLs1+s2(δ, γ)< gL1+L2s (δ). gL1,L2s (δ)<

β < gsL1+L2(δ)% ) 7 + , 0

! s N n ) 7 + , 0

! s M m) gs1,s2L (δ, γ)< β≤gs1+s2L (δ, γ)% ) 7

+ , 0 ! L n N

) 7 + !, 0 ! L m

M) % (n, N) (m, M) - G2,γ * 0.466 ≤ γ ≤1 gL1,L2s (δ)< β≤gs1+s2L (δ, γ)) / - * !

s 0 * m n ! L .

0 * M N"

qs(a−c)2 1 8γ+ 1

4γ + 1

9β + (1−qs) (a−c)2

8γ +(a−c)2

4γ +(a−c+ ∆)2 16β

=qs

(2a−2c−∆)2

18γ +(a−c+ ∆)2+ (a−c−2∆)2

+qs

(a−c+ ∆)2+ (a−c−3∆)2

16β + (1−qs)(2a−2c−∆)2 18γ +(1−qs) (a−c+ ∆)2+ (a−c−2∆)2

9γ +(a−c+ 2∆)2+ (a−c−3∆)2

25β ,

* qs 0 0 ! s m) !

J qs* 0 +4,) ! L 0 * M

N ! s . 0 * m n) qL

0 0 ! L M) γ = 1 +4, *

0 +7,) % 0.466≤γ≤1 gsL1,L2(δ)< β≤gLs1+s2(δ, γ), * ! 6,(G2,γ) ={(n, N),(m, M),(qs, m;qL, M)}.

+ , 0.466 ≤ γ ≤ 1 β ≤ gsL1,L2(δ), 7 + !,

β < gsL1,L2(δ) < gsL1+L2(δ)) ) 7 + , + !, * β <

gL1,L2s (δ)< gL1+L2s (δ) n !

s) % ! s m) β ≤ gsL1,L2(δ),

7 + !, β < gs1+s2L (δ, γ). ) 7 + !, * β <

gs1+s2L (δ, γ) 0 ! L m M)

% ! L M) %6,(G2,γ) = (m, M) 0.466≤γ≤1

β≤gsL1,L2(δ). 4 , 5

#4

(25)

#" + , 0< γ <0.466 max{gLs1+s2(δ, γ), gL1,L2s (δ)}

< β, 7 + , + , gLs1,s2(δ, γ) < gLs1+s2(δ, γ) < β) ) 7 + , + !, * gLs1,s2(δ, γ) < gs1+s2L (δ, γ) < β M

! L) gsL1,L2(δ) < β, ) 7

+ , 0 ! s N n) %

6,(G2,γ) = (n, N) 0.466≤γ≤1 max{gLs1+s2(δ, γ), gL1,L2s (δ)}< β.

+ , 0 < γ < 0.466 gLs1+s2(δ, γ) ≤ β ≤ gsL1,L2(δ)% 7 + , gs1,s2L (δ, γ) < gLs1+s2(δ, γ) ≤ β ≤ gL1,L2s (δ) < gL1+L2s (δ). ) 7 + , + !, * gs1,s2L (δ, γ) < gs1+s2L (δ, γ) ≤ β M

! L) ) 7 + , + ,

* β ≤ gL1,L2s (δ) < gL1+L2s (δ) n

! s) % 6,(G2,γ) = (m, N) 0 < γ < 0.466 gs1+s2L (δ, γ)≤β≤gL1,L2s (δ). + , + !,

+ , + , ) ?) 4 , 5

%" . 0.794≤γ≤1.

+ ," 0< β≤fsL1+L2(δ) NE(F2,γ) =N E(G2,γ) = (n, N)#

+ , " max{fLs1,s2(δ, γ), gs1+s2L (δ, γ)} ≤ β ≤ 1 N E(F2,γ) = (m, M) =

(n, N) =N E(G2,γ)#

+ ," 0< β≤min{gsL1,L2(δ),1} N E(F2,γ) =N E(G2,γ) = (m, M)

%" * # ?)4 , 5

'" . 0.466≤γ <0.794.

+ , " 0 < β ≤ min{fsL1+L2(δ), fLs1,s2(δ, γ)} N E(F2,γ) = N E(G2,γ) = (n, N)#

+ , " fLs1,s2(δ, γ) ≤ β ≤ fsL1+L2(δ) NE(F2,γ) = (n, M) = (n, N) =

NE(G2,γ)#

+ ," max {fsL1+L2(δ), fLs1,s2(δ, γ), gLs1+s2(δ, γ)} ≤β≤1 N E(F2,γ) = (m, M) = (n, N) =N E(G2,γ)#

+ ," 0< β≤min{gsL1,L2(δ),1} NE(F2,γ) =NE(G2,γ) = (m, M)

'" * 4 ?)4 , 5

*" . 0< γ <0.466.

+ , " 0 < β ≤ min{fsL1+L2(δ), fLs1,s2(δ, γ)} N E(F2,γ) = N E(G2,γ) = (n, N)#

+ , " fLs1,s2(δ, γ) ≤ β ≤ fsL1+L2(δ) NE(F2,γ) = (n, M) = (n, N) =

NE(G2,γ)#

+ , " max{fsL1+L2(δ), fLs1,s2(δ, γ), gLs1+s2(δ, γ), gL1,L2s (δ)} ≤ β ≤ 1 NE(F2,γ) = (m, M) = (n, N) =NE(G2,γ)#

+ , " gLs1+s2(δ, γ) < β ≤ gL1,L2s (δ) N E(F2,γ) = (m, M) = (m, N) =

NE(G2,γ)#

+ ," 0< β ≤min{gL1,L2s (δ), gLs1+s2(δ, γ),1} NE(F2,γ) =N E(G2,γ) = (m, M)

*" * 4 $)4 , 5

#7

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