CARTAGENA, CO
Design Studio | Fall ‘18
ETH Zurich | DARCH | NSL
Chair of Architecture and Urban Design Prof. Hubert Klumpner
ONA J25
Neunbrunnenstrasse 50 8050 Zurich
www.u-tt.com +41 (0) 44 633 90 78 Studio Coordinators:
Melanie Fessel fessel@arch.ethz.ch Scott Llyod llyod@arch.ethz.ch Diego Ceresuela Wiesmann ceresuela@arch.ethz.ch
URBAN PROTOTYPE
Urbanization through Architecture Peace in Process
CARTAGENA, COLOMBIA Design Studio | Fall ‘18
Fernando Botero, Peace Process Dove
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Overview Schedule
Task Perimeter
Chair Philosophy Site Context
Site Overview
Resettlement in Colombia and in Ciudad Bicentenario Geographic Overview
Demographic Overview
Social, Political and Economic Overview The Conflict and the Peace Deal Overview
Context and Growth Facts and Figures History
Districts and Land Use Economy
Infrastructure Environment Housing Education
Scales / Organization / Projects Overview South America
Colombia
Caribbean Region Cartagena Site Design Studio
Task Scenario Colombia
Caribbean Region Cartagena
The Urban Dynamic
8 12 14 16
22 30 32 40 44 48 52
56 58
62 64 66 70 74 78 84 90
94 96 97 98 99 199
Operational Tools for the City
Broadacre City, Frank Lloyd Wright PREVI-Lima, Experimental District
Serena del Mar, Safdie Architects, Mario Noriega Asociados, EDSA Inc., Wallace Roberts Todd, Trent Jones,
Leitersdorf Haw
Fun Palace , Cedric Price Habitat 67, Moshe Safdie
Concrete Home, Alejandro Restrepo-Montoya Empower Shack, Urban-Think Tank
Bibliography
Laws of the Indies, Felipe II Urban-Think Tank
Toolbox Case Studies
Readings Impressum
104
114 116 118
120 122 124 126
130 132
141
DESIGN STUDIO
Overview
Schedule
Task Perimeter
Chair Philosophy
Short description:
This design studio will address environmental issues and social inequality by exploring urban resettlement strategies through the developement of an alternative urban design project and new building typologies in the context of Colombia’s emerging Caribbean region in Cartagena.
Learning Objectives:
Students will inquire the current conditions through urban developement analisys and will design an alternative architectural and urban project for a newly planned satellite development
‘Cuidad Bicentenario’ just outside of Cartagena. The task is to create an overall urban scale strategy and a process plan for mobility, housing, and public spaces, including sports and cultural facilities for the next years.
How can we create affordable neighborhoods that combine living and working, while allowing growth and development?
Content:
How can we design alternative urban paradigms that provide qualities in new town developments?
The studio proposes an inclusive urban vision for a new town development for 25.000 migrants on the edge of the city in Cartagena, Colombia. A new settlement strategy and methodology for urbanization will be designed to grow a village into a city. The design will focus on one central space within this development that provides identity, centrality, and safety. Each student will design a prototypical place/ building type of production, addressing mobility and hybrid programming, including work and education. City making in this sense will require the definition of the various elements both public and private that make up a city.
Colombia is an emerging, middle-income country that faces many pressures of today’s’ global urbanization process. The Caribbean port city of Cartagena is characterized by the tourism industry that is growing exponentially. Cartagena exemplifies the most extreme inequality in Colombia. New high-rise developments along the coast in Boca Grande, UNESCO-Heritage sites, a newly planned airport, gated communities, environmental issues, such as flooding and most of the population living in slums, are all ingredients of Cartagena’s contemporary condition.
After 50 years of civil war, Colombia is re-urbanizing and discovering its cities.
Ciudad Bicentenario, a new for social mobility, is an ambitious project in Cartagena that will provide 25.000 housing units on 400ha.
OVERVIEW
DESIGN S TUDIO | O VER VIEW
Script:
Students will undertake research by studying existing international case studies, formulating their design hypothesis, planning urban scenarios, modeling their designs through various formats, and communicating their intentions in a series of critiques and reviews. The goal is the development of an evidence based architectural project on different scales 1:5000, 1:2000, 1:200. The project will be represented in models and drawings. Students will be encouraged to develop an individual and critical position on the potential role of the architect to guide a design process within broader social, political and economic systems.
A series of lectures, screenings, readings, and discussions will accompany the design program.
These will be given by selected experts from the fields of architecture, urbanism, landscape, building technologies and associated disciplines, as well as experts from the Urban-Think Tank Chair. Workshops and in-studio tutorials will be provided to train students in effective methods of representing complex ideas through visual media.
Design Scales:
· Territorial Scale 1:15.000
· Urban Scale 1:5.000 / 1:2.500
· Architectural Scale 1:500 / 1:200 Representation:
Atmospheric images, project process, plans, sections Urban, Mobility and Landscape.
Model:
· Base Model 1: 2.500 (will be provided)
· Individual Model 1:500 / 1:200 (by student) Workshops:
· Graphic Narrative with Integral Ruedi Baur
· Introduction to Graphic Tools with Ph.D. Michael Walczak:
Rhinoceros 3D, V-Ray, Grasshopper, Illustrator, Photoshop, InDesign Expectations
· Students are expected to actively engage in all studio discussions and read suggested studio material in order to build a comprehensive knowledge base and common language within the studio.
· Students are expected to design clear ideas and narratives based on complex, varied, and
potentially conflicting inputs from diverse and multidisciplinary sources or reviewers to form
their own original design. The studio is engaged in very complex research and challenging
design problems, and it is the task of the students to digest multiple inputs to generate a clear
position and framework.
11
OVERVIEW
DESIGN S TUDIO | O VER VIEW
Tasks and Deliverables
· Specific tasks will be handed out to students and uploaded to the server throughout the semester.
· Comprehensive lists of deliverables will be outlined within these tasks.
Grading
· Grading is based on individual participation, contribution, progress, process, as well as any work produced in a group.
· Grades are not only based on final projects. Evaluations assess design process, semester progress, participation in studio discussion, graphic communication through representation, and verbal communication through presentation.
Submission of Work
· Pin-ups and reviews will be presented in either digital or print format.
· All work must also be submitted to the server on time in the appropriate folder.
· Standardization naming conventions should be used for each studio submission to the server: YY_MMDD_Surname_DrawingTitle.EXT
Archiving of Material
· Students will be required to maintain an A3 horizontal archive of work throughout the semester, as well as submitting all work to the server immediately after review/pin-up.
Office Hours
· Prof. Hubert Klumpner By Appointment
· Melanie Fessel Thursdays, 10-12:00
· Scott Lloyd Thursdays, 10-12:00
Contact Information
· Prof. Hubert Klumpner klumpner@arch.ethz.ch
· Melanie Fessel fessel@arch.ethz.ch
· Scott Lloyd lloyd@arch.ethz.ch
Information Source:
IDB Emerging Sustainable Cities Initiative, ETHZ / U-TT
SCHEDULE
STUDIO SCHEDULE - AUTUMN ‘18
WEEK 1
17.09 - 23.09 WEEK 2
24.09 - 30.09 WEEK 3
01.10 - 07.10 WEEK 4
08.10 - 14.10 WEEK 5
15.10 - 21.10 WEEK 6
22.10 - 28.10 WEEK 7
29.10 - 04.11 WEEK 8
05.11 - 11.11 WEEK 9
12.11 - 18.11 WEEK 10
19.11 - 25.11 WEEK 11
26.11 - 02.12 WEEK 12
03.12 - 09.12 WEEK 13
10.12 - 16.12 WEEK 14 17.12 - 23.12
INTRO LECTURE
M T W T F S S TIMELINE
STUDIO PRESENTATIONS
TASKS
REVIEWS
DESIGN PROJECT PHASES
STUDIO INTRO 19.09.2018TUE.
DESK CRITSDESK CRITS
DESK CRITS DESK CRITS
DESK CRITS DESK CRITS
SEMINAR WEEK
DESK CRITSDESK CRITS DESK CRITS
DESK CRITS DESK CRITS
DESK CRITS DESK CRITS DESK CRITS DESK CRITS DESK CRITS
DESK CRITS DESK CRITS
REVIEW
REVIEW
1STREVIEW WED.03.10.2018
MIDTERM REVIEW 06.11.2018TUE.
DESK CRITS DESK CRITS
REVIEW
FINAL DELIVERY MON.17.12.2018 PRE-FINAL
REVIEW WED.05.12.2018
FINAL REVIEW
WEEK
< > < > < > < > < > < > < > < > < > E X T R A C T I O N < > < > < > < > < > < > < > < > V I S I O N < > < > < > < > < > < > < > < > P R O D U C T I O N < > < > < > < > < >
- - - G R A P H I C - P R E S E N T A T I O N - - -
ANALYSIS WORKSHOPS +
CONCEPT LECTURES +
DEVELOPMENT ADVISORS +
WORKSHOP | GRAPHIC TOOLS WORKSHOP | GRAPHIC TOOLS WORKSHOP | GRAPHIC TOOLS WORKSHOP | GRAPHIC TOOLS
STUDIO SCHEDULE - AUTUMN ‘18
WEEK 1
17.09 - 23.09 WEEK 2
24.09 - 30.09 WEEK 3
01.10 - 07.10 WEEK 4
08.10 - 14.10 WEEK 5
15.10 - 21.10 WEEK 6
22.10 - 28.10 WEEK 7
29.10 - 04.11 WEEK 8
05.11 - 11.11 WEEK 9
12.11 - 18.11 WEEK 10
19.11 - 25.11 WEEK 11
26.11 - 02.12 WEEK 12
03.12 - 09.12 WEEK 13
10.12 - 16.12 WEEK 14 17.12 - 23.12
INTRO LECTURE
M T W T F S S TIMELINE
STUDIO PRESENTATIONS
TASKS
REVIEWS
DESIGN PROJECT PHASES
STUDIO INTRO 19.09.2018TUE.
DESK CRITSDESK CRITS
DESK CRITS DESK CRITS
DESK CRITS DESK CRITS
SEMINAR WEEK
DESK CRITSDESK CRITS DESK CRITS
DESK CRITS DESK CRITS
DESK CRITS DESK CRITS DESK CRITS DESK CRITS DESK CRITS
DESK CRITS DESK CRITS
REVIEW
REVIEW
1STREVIEW WED.03.10.2018
MIDTERM REVIEW 06.11.2018TUE.
DESK CRITS DESK CRITS
REVIEW
FINAL DELIVERY MON.17.12.2018 PRE-FINAL
REVIEW WED.05.12.2018
FINAL REVIEW
WEEK
< > < > < > < > < > < > < > < > < > E X T R A C T I O N < > < > < > < > < > < > < > < > V I S I O N < > < > < > < > < > < > < > < > P R O D U C T I O N < > < > < > < > < >
- - - G R A P H I C - P R E S E N T A T I O N - - -
ANALYSIS WORKSHOPS +
CONCEPT LECTURES +
DEVELOPMENT ADVISORS +
WORKSHOP | GRAPHIC TOOLS WORKSHOP | GRAPHIC TOOLS WORKSHOP | GRAPHIC TOOLS WORKSHOP | GRAPHIC TOOLS
DESIGN S TUDIO | SCHEDULE
15
TASK PERIMETER
1000 m
SITE OF INTEREST
DESIGN S TUDIO | TASK PERIMETER
Ciudad Bicentenario
Site of Interest Future Development Fundación Santo Domingo 400 ha
De la Virgen Neighborhood
Informal Settlements Conflict between Communities Canals separate Communities Hight Flooding Risk
Ciénaga de la Virgen
Wetland
Pradera
Existing development
Cartagena Center 13 km
Triangulo Social
Serena del Mar
new town developement 1000 ha
City Edge
City Edge
Barranquilla 112 km Future Airport 10km Airport El Tamba 14km
Ciudad Bicentenario
Site of Interest Future Development Fundación Santo Domingo 400 ha
De la Virgen Neighborhood
Informal Settlements Conflict between Communities Canals separate Communities Hight Flooding Risk
Ciénaga de la Virgen
Wetland
Pradera
Existing development
Cartagena Center 13 km
Triangulo Social
Serena del Mar
new town developement 1000 ha
City Edge
City Edge
Barranquilla 112 km Future Airport 10km Airport El Tamba 14km
Map Source:
Google Earth Pro Urban-Think Tank
CHAIR PHILOSOPHY
Recent history has witnessed unprecedented urbanization, and contemporary urban development has responded with increased expansion of urban territory, built form, and population density. Informal settlements account for the highest urban growth rates, a tendency that challenges the capacities, resources, and resilience of the urban footprint. They are simultaneously the product and eventual casualty of the same global processes.
The Urban-Think Tank Chair of Architecture and Urban Design at the ETH Zurich provides a unique platform of research and design experimentation from which to investigate global urban challenges through the dual lens of informality and urbanism – to investigate the contemporary city. Three major concerns of the research and design agenda are (1) to generate design solutions for marginalized populations and areas, (2) to frame a new mind-set concerning program, typology, technology, land tenure, finance, and project implementation, and (3) to provide socially and ecologically sustainable design solutions.
These inputs form a model of experimentation that pursues ‘best practice’ typologies that can be replicated in various urban areas and adapted to specific local conditions – immediate responses to the exclusionary practices of local and national governments. The research and design studios critically assess territories of informality, marginalization, and conflict in the contemporary city to construct a unique conceptual framework within which to propose alternative urban prototypes. This methodology fosters a transition toward democratic and socially responsible urban models. We are committed to building consensus and achieving excellence by example through active involvement in both critical research and innovative design for the real world.
To face the challenges of radical asymmetries in the contemporary city, which are the rule, not the exception, it is necessary to expand the fundamental role of the designer into an animator of change – an agent provocateur.
Designers must operate as an interface between bottom-up initiatives and top-down planning, two forces that seldom meet in practice without new forms of moderation. Designers must increase their breadth of political and technical influence and deepen their knowledge in diverse areas to be able to integrate the forces at work in the city. Designers must balance local cultural practices with appropriate technologies to create a supportive
architecture that empowers those at the margins and improves urban life. Designers must form a new, collaborative sensibility and provide the medium for trans-disciplinary practice. This role actively counters the perpetual multiplication of static and destructive typologies in rapidly growing cities: it injects practice with
‘purpose-oriented’ social design strategies by engaging with the overlapping realities on the ground.
The research and design studio focuses on using rigorous analysis to build a robust understanding of the contemporary city and develop intelligent, imaginative, and practical design tools.
By taking stock of what exists (both physicaly and non-physicaly) and engaging urban actors, this deep understanding can translate into effective, multi-scalar urban models that provide novel solutions to local and global issues.
The studio approaches urban design through the lens of architecture, where comprehensive social design strategies expand architectural thinking beyond the facade to address multiple scales. At the same time, the context of design is extended beyond the physical and material to include social, economic, cultural, and historical narratives that surround architectural projects.
As such, architecture and urban design are process-based, providing multidisciplinary tools that have a transformative capacity when implemented in the contemporary city. Both research and design have a stated interest in questioning conventional Western urban development models based on modern principles of isolation (distinct zones of program - housing, leisure, working). The combination of research and design challenges the accepted modes of practice in order to reintroduce social infrastructure and ecology into the design process.
The methodology builds on existing architectural, social, economic, and technical knowledge, along with the expertise within the ETH, so participants generate a strong agency to act as architects and urban designers in the contemporary city. With a strong foundation of advanced knowledge, participants will understand the demands of the contemporary city, engage in critical discourse, effectively communicate complex ideas, fuel future debates, and implement innovative design solutions that foster urban equality.
Studio participants are trained to become the future designers that will face these already unavoidable issues of informality. In an age that finds a staggering one billion people throughout the world housed in sub- standard living conditions and slums, architecture and urban design must address the myriad issues facing the contemporary city. It must reconnect the formal and informal to produce socially, ecologically, and economically viable urban areas, and it must reformulate the role of the designer by greatly expanding his/her sphere of influence. To operate in the city of the 21st century, we must pose provocative questions that continue a critical discourse in the difficult and often elusive territories of informality and conflict.
How can we:
· Share our resources?
· Build inclusive environments?
· Address anticipated growth?
· Transform existing cities?
· Provide sustainable solutions and social infrastructure?
· Redefine urban ecology?
· Connect the formal and informal?
· Transition from experiment to massive distribution of solutions?
The continuous formulation of an Urban Charter on the contemporary city is part of our on-going work at the Urban-Think Tank Chair of Architecture and Urban Design at the ETH Zurich. ●
DESIGN S TUDIO | CHAIR PHIL OSOPHY
Fig 1.
Design Studio Fall 2014 Final ReviewsInformation and Fig 1 Source:
U-TTTASK SCENARIO
Site Context Site Overview Resettlement in Colombia and in
Ciudad Bicentenario
Alfredo Brillembourg & Hubert Klumpner Architecture/Urbanism Bi-City Biennale, Shenzen, China
The city today is perhaps more radical than those operating
within it. It computes unknown possibilities, conducts high-risk experimentation, and telegraphs
previously unknowable futures more
quickly and more completely than the
raft of professionals tasked with its
stewardship, analysis or design.
23
Primary Road Network Plan 2012
Plan 2015
Secondary Road Network Proposed Primary Road Network Proposed Secondary Road Network Area of Interest
Ciudad Bicentenario
Existing Buildings Road Network
Geography
Transport Systems Housing Services
Existing Water Proposed Water Proposed Green Spaces
New Coastal Railways line (Findeter project) Transcaribe Bus Line
Extension Via Perimetral (Municipality)
Primary Road Network Secondary Road Network
‘Fundation Social’ working area Priority Canals for ‘Primero La Gente’
Plan of Development System of Canals Area of Interest
‘Ciudad Bicentenario’
New waterways (Municipality)
New Coastal Railways line (Findeter project) Transcaribe Bus Line
Transcaribe Extension and HUB (Municipality) Via Perimetral
Extension Via Perimetral (Municipality)
Primary Road Network Secondary Road Network System of Canals Area of Interest Barrio De La Virgen Expansiveness Liquefaction Landslides Rain Flooding Sea Level Raising - Low Sea Level Raising - High
Current Municipal Developement Plans
“PLAN 4C”:
Cartagena Competitiva y Compatible con el Clima
New Railway Line
Map Legend:
MOBILITY INTERVENTIONS Extension of Transcaribe Extension of Via Perimetral TRIANGULO SOCIAL New Future Centrality
Relocation of the Public Market CANAL UPGRADING
Prioritized Canal for Intervention
Project: Model Neighborhood Adapted to Climate Change
Diamante Caribe y Santanderes (Findeter)
SITE CONTEXT
Information Source: ESC Emerging Sustainable Cities / ETH, D-Arch, U-TT / SECO / IDB / FINDETER
TASK SCENARIO | SITE CONTEX T
90
90
90B 90A
TRIANGULO SOCIAL
200 500 1000 2000 5000
Transcaribe Depot
Proposed Railway Station Bus Terminal
Future CentralityNew Bazurto
Market Relocation
El Pozón
Bocagrande High-rise Buildings Resorts Tourism
Future Airport
De la Virgen Neighborhood Informal Settlements (most vulnerable population)
Ciudad Bicentenario Site of Interest Future Development
Cartagena Center 13 km Serena del Mar
New Town Development
Caribbean Sea
Ciénaga de la Virgen
Barranquilla 112 km
Pradera Port of Cartagena
Port of Ecopetrol Port of La Candelaria Port of Contecar
International Airport Rafael Nuñez
Airport El Tamba
Santa Rosa
Tubaco
0 2o00 m
MAIN OPPORTUNITIES
Map source
:ETH, U-TT 2018
Based on: ESC Emerging Sustainable Cities/
ETH, D-Arch, U-TT / SECO / IDB / FINDETER
FLOODING RISK
Sea Level Rise
Insufficient Rainwater Management
SOLID WASTE MANAGMENT
Environmental Education Illegal Dumping
Water Contamination, Disease and Pests
SOCIO-ECO VULNERABILITY
Unemployment
Poor Connectivity to Center
LACK AND POOR QUALITY OF PUBLIC SPACE
Inexistent Policies and Investement
INSECURITY
Affects all Income Sectors
INSUFFICIENT HOUSING
Uncontrollable City Growth Due to Displacement in Rural Areas Majority of Housing is Informal
MAIN CHALLENGES
SITE CONTEXT
TASK SCENARIO | SITE CONTEX T
27 Flooding Risk Most of Cartagena is extremely susceptible to flooding. The city
contains about 192km of canals, which are tasked with draining the rainwater to the sea but do not do so adequately. The canals become less effective with rising sea levels and are often blocked by refuse.
Predictions indicate that, by 2040, there will be a severe increase in flooding along the coast- line, particularly along the southern strip of La Ciénaga, and the De la Virgen neighborhoods.
Currently, there are at least two large floods annually that inflict vast physical and economic damages to already vulnerable communities.
NATURAL DISASTER RISKS AND POPULATION IN POVERTY
Primary Road Network Secondary Road Network Canals System
Area of Interest
‘Ciudad Bicentenario’
Amount of People in Poverty Landslide
Rain Flooding Sea Level Raising - Low Sea Level Raising - High Primary Road Network Secondary Road Network Canals System
Area of Interest
‘Ciudad Bicentenario’
Amount of People in Poverty Landslide
Rain Flooding Sea Level Raising - Low Sea Level Raising - High
Bocagrande High-rise Buildings Resorts Tourism
De la Virgen Neighborhood Informal Settlements (most vulnerable population)
Ciudad Bicentenario Site of Interest Future Development Serena del Mar
New Town Development
Caribbean Sea
Ciénaga de la Virgen
Map Source: ETH, U-TT 2018
Based on: Documento de Trabajo Sobre Economía Regional: Cartagena Libre de Pobreza extrema 2013, Banco de la República
0 2o00 m
SITE CONTEXT
TASK SCENARIO | SITE CONTEX T
Map Legend:
Information Source: ESC Emerging Sustainable Cities /
ETH, D-Arch, U-TT / SECO / IDB / FINDETER
Socio Economic
Vulnerability Poverty and social inequality are severe problems in Cartagena, with about 600.000 residents designated as poor. The population of Cartagena is also expected to grow to approximately to one and a half million by 2040, and most of this growth will happen in the poor and flood prone peripheral areas along the canals. Unstable housing, inadequate infrastructure, disaster risk management, and access to livelihood opportunities will become ever more very pressing. The poor connectivity between the barrios de la Virgen and the rest of Cartagena is further affecting the accessibility to job opportunities concentrated in the city’s center.
Primary Road Network Secondary Road Network
Fundation Social working area Priority Canals from Plan Maestro de Drenaje pluvial Canals System Area of Interes
‘Ciudad Bicentenario’
Case Study El Pozón
High Medium Low Rain Flooding Sea Level Raising - Low Sea Level Raising - High
New waterways (Municipality) New Coastal Railways line (Findeter project) Transcaribe Bus Line
Transcaribe Extension (Municipality)
>29 Dengue Cases 21 - 29 Dengue Cases Area of Intervention New Canal Chia Maria Currently under construction
Via Perimetral
Extension Via Perimetral (Municipality)
Bocagrande High-rise Buildings Resorts Tourism Primary Road Network
Secondary Road Network
Fundation Social working area Priority Canals from Plan Maestro de Drenaje pluvial Canals System Area of Interes
‘Ciudad Bicentenario’
Case Study El Pozón
High Medium Low Rain Flooding Sea Level Raising - Low Sea Level Raising - High
New waterways (Municipality) New Coastal Railways line (Findeter project) Transcaribe Bus Line
Transcaribe Extension (Municipality)
>29 Dengue Cases 21 - 29 Dengue Cases Area of Intervention New Canal Chia Maria Currently under construction
Via Perimetral
Extension Via Perimetral (Municipality)
Bocagrande High-rise Buildings Resorts Tourism
SOCIO ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY
Communting to th e Cen
ter to w ork
Bocagrande High-rise Buildings Resorts Tourism
De la Virgen Neighborhood Informal Settlements (most vulnerable population)
Ciudad Bicentenario Site of Interest Future Development Serena del Mar
New Town Development
Caribbean Sea
Ciénaga de la Virgen
0 2o00 m
SITE CONTEXT
TASK SCENARIO | SITE CONTEX T
Map Legend:
Information Source: ESC Emerging Sustainable Cities / ETH, D-Arch, U-TT / SECO / IDB / FINDETER
Map source
:ETH, U-TT 2018
Based on: ESC Emerging Sustainable Cities/
ETH, D-Arch, U-TT / SECO / IDB / FINDETER
31
SITE OVERVIEW
Primary Road Network Plan 2012
Plan 2015
Secondary Road Network Proposed Primary Road Network Proposed Secondary Road Network Area of Interest
Ciudad Bicentenario
Existing Buildings Road Network
Geography
Transport Systems Housing Services
Existing Water Proposed Water Proposed Green Spaces
New Coastal Railways line (Findeter project) Transcaribe Bus Line
Extension Via Perimetral (Municipality)
Primary Road Network Secondary Road Network
‘Fundation Social’ working area Priority Canals for ‘Primero La Gente’
Plan of Development System of Canals Area of Interest
‘Ciudad Bicentenario’
New waterways (Municipality)
New Coastal Railways line (Findeter project) Transcaribe Bus Line
Transcaribe Extension and HUB (Municipality) Via Perimetral
Extension Via Perimetral (Municipality)
Primary Road Network Secondary Road Network System of Canals Area of Interest Barrio De La Virgen Expansiveness Liquefaction Landslides Rain Flooding Sea Level Raising - Low Sea Level Raising - High Primary Road Network
Plan 2012 Plan 2015
Secondary Road Network Proposed Primary Road Network Proposed Secondary Road Network Area of Interest
Ciudad Bicentenario
Existing Buildings Road Network
Geography
Transport Systems Housing Services
Existing Water Proposed Water Proposed Green Spaces
New Coastal Railways line (Findeter project) Transcaribe Bus Line
Extension Via Perimetral (Municipality)
Primary Road Network Secondary Road Network
‘Fundation Social’ working area Priority Canals for ‘Primero La Gente’
Plan of Development System of Canals Area of Interest
‘Ciudad Bicentenario’
New waterways (Municipality)
New Coastal Railways line (Findeter project) Transcaribe Bus Line
Transcaribe Extension and HUB (Municipality) Via Perimetral
Extension Via Perimetral (Municipality)
Primary Road Network Secondary Road Network System of Canals Area of Interest Barrio De La Virgen Expansiveness Liquefaction Landslides Rain Flooding Sea Level Raising - Low Sea Level Raising - High Primary Road Network
Plan 2012 Plan 2015
Secondary Road Network Proposed Primary Road Network Proposed Secondary Road Network Area of Interest
Ciudad Bicentenario
Existing Buildings Road Network
Geography
Transport Systems Housing Services
Existing Water Proposed Water Proposed Green Spaces
New Coastal Railways line (Findeter project) Transcaribe Bus Line
Extension Via Perimetral (Municipality)
Primary Road Network Secondary Road Network
‘Fundation Social’ working area Priority Canals for ‘Primero La Gente’
Plan of Development System of Canals Area of Interest
‘Ciudad Bicentenario’
New waterways (Municipality)
New Coastal Railways line (Findeter project) Transcaribe Bus Line
Transcaribe Extension and HUB (Municipality) Via Perimetral
Extension Via Perimetral (Municipality)
Primary Road Network Secondary Road Network System of Canals Area of Interest Barrio De La Virgen Expansiveness Liquefaction Landslides Rain Flooding Sea Level Raising - Low Sea Level Raising - High Primary Road Network
Plan 2012 Plan 2015
Secondary Road Network Proposed Primary Road Network Proposed Secondary Road Network Area of Interest
Ciudad Bicentenario
Existing Buildings Road Network
Geography
Transport Systems Housing Services
Existing Water Proposed Water Proposed Green Spaces
New Coastal Railways line (Findeter project) Transcaribe Bus Line
Extension Via Perimetral (Municipality)
Primary Road Network Secondary Road Network
‘Fundation Social’ working area Priority Canals for ‘Primero La Gente’
Plan of Development System of Canals Area of Interest
‘Ciudad Bicentenario’
New waterways (Municipality)
New Coastal Railways line (Findeter project) Transcaribe Bus Line
Transcaribe Extension and HUB (Municipality) Via Perimetral
Extension Via Perimetral (Municipality)
Primary Road Network Secondary Road Network System of Canals Area of Interest Barrio De La Virgen Expansiveness Liquefaction Landslides Rain Flooding Sea Level Raising - Low Sea Level Raising - High
Manager:
Gross Area Adoption:
Potential Housing Solutions:
Urban Structure Solutions:
Status:
Other resources of the Nation:
Mario Santo Domingo Foundation 388.04 hectares
65,138 Housing Units
6 Units of Execution
Urban planning completed for 4,219 housing solutions
Construction works completed for 4,169 homes and 9 homes under construction.
Delivered 3,771 homes. 1,283 assigned Family Housing Subsidies, linked to Macroprojects
MISN resources contributed by the Nation: $ 29,000 Million Vigencias 2008-2009-2010.
Of the 2010 period, $ 2,664 million for the care of displaced population and $ 17,336 million for the construction and provision of public facilities.
$ 50,916.02 Million, allocating 1,235 SFV in the 2013-2014-2016 period under the PVG-1 Free Housing Program.
SITE PERIMETER
TASK SCENARIO | SITE O VER VIEW
TRIANGULO SOCIAL Flor del Campo School Institución Educativa
Ciudad Bicentenario
One Story Houses Two Story Houses Four Story Houses New Waterway Stop
Transcaribe Dep Bus Terminal ot
Proposed Railway Station Pardera
Existing Development
Bazurto Market Relocation
One Story Houses
Cartagena Center 13 km
Barranquilla 112km Future Airport 10km Airport El Tamba 14km
0 500 m
Map Legend:
Map source
:ETH, U-TT 2018
Based on: ESC Emerging Sustainable Cities/
ETH, D-Arch, U-TT / SECO / IDB / FINDETER Information Source: ESC Emerging Sustainable Cities /
ETH, D-Arch, U-TT / SECO / IDB / FINDETER
Information and Fig 1-2 Source:
What Happens When Resettlements Focus on the Physical Environment:
The Aftermath of the Resettlement Process in a Displaced Community in Cartagena, Colombia, Andr6s Achury Garcia, MIT
Colombia Over three million people were affected by the rain season associated with “La Nifia” phenomenon between April 2010 and June 2011. Likewise, Colombia has the second largest number of internally displaced persons in the world: 6.3 million, only trailing Syria with 7.6 millions victims, and followed by Iraq with 3.3 million (IDMC 2015b). Given the magnitude of displacement, this problem contributes the largest number of human rights violations in the country (HRW 2005). This research studies the dilemmas that accompany resettlement processes; the involuntary physical and social isolation of residents from access to services and public facilities; the consequences for economic wellbeing and quality of life, and the improvement of the personal security from crime and violence.
Like many other countries in Latin America, Colombia is suffering the impacts of climate change. Over the past 40 years, natural disasters have caused losses that rise to US$7.1 billion, that is, an average annual loss of US$177 million1 (Campos Garcia et al.
2011) and displaced more than 3 million people between 2008 to 2015 alone (IDMC 2015b). Additionally, during 2010 and 2011, in just 15 months, a total of 3,149,000 people were affected in Colombia by the rainy season. With this framework, forced displacement in Colombia has established itself as the primarily humanitarian crisis of the country.
RESETTLEMENT IN COLOMBIA
TERMS MISN - Macro Projects of National Social Interest (large Scale
affordable housing projects)
RESETTLEMENT IN COLOMBIA AND IN CIUDAD BICENTENARIO
Fig 1. Top 10 Countries With Highest number of IDPs
Bolivar
Cartagena
Ciudad Bicentenario
According the RUD2 (Single Registration of Victims) 3,219,239 people were dis- rupted and 568,438 housing units presented partial or total damages. In the estate of Bolivar alone the number of victims reached 405,604 (13% of the total victims) and 80,710 of the housing units (14% of the total houses). Thus, Bolivar reported the highest number of victims by natural disaster in the country between 2010 and 2011 and the population affected by this catastrophe, in relation to the total amount of people living in the state, is around 20%.
In 2015, Cartagena had a housing deficit of 58,870 units. The government, through the MISN and the Housing Ministry, provided 3,862 housing units (6.56%) (Cartagena Como Vamos 2015). However, those houses were also meant to attend IDPs from violence, natural disasters and population in extreme poverty.
The selection process for the housing recipients was managed by the Ministry of housing (MVCT) and the local government that determined the demographic composition (mix) of the affordable housing project (i.e. how many displaced households, how many families affected by natural disasters and how many household in extreme poverty conditions).
In 2011 a landslide destroyed 2,400 houses (ONU, CEPAL, and BID 2013) located in 30 blocks of a neighborhood in Cartagena.
This fragmented the social fabric of the community, meaning that the connections between neighbors, the support networks they created, and the economic livelihood they constructed, were destroyed along with their houses. In response to that event, the government provided housing, relocating some of the affected families into a large-scale affordable housing project called
“Ciudad Bicentenario,” developed by the Fundaci6n Mario Santo Domingo (FMSD).
TASK SCENARIO | RE SE TT LE M EN T I N C O LO M BI A AN D IN C IU D AD B IC EN TE NARI O
Fig 2. Affected People by “La Niña” Phenomenon 2010 by State
35 TERMS
DP - Internally Displaced Persons
CB - Neighborhood of Ciudad Bicentenario in Cartagena city SF - Neighborhood of San Francisco in Cartagena cityEconomic
opportunities
Basic social infrastructure
The following points are the conclusions based on the investigation of resettlement from the neighbourhood San Francisco (Cartagena) to Ciudad Bicentenario.
Like Yolanda, other interviewees are uneasy about sharing a workspace within their house spaces. They are willing to pay a small rent for some kind of space or for access to commercial areas within the neighborhood. However, the regulations on land uses in CB prohibit the development of commercial activities within the neighborhood (e.g., local grocery stores, shops etc.) and local stores are considered illegal. Likewise, the lack of formal commercial spaces in the design of the projects force the residents of CB to adapt commercial uses within the houses. Therefore, around 70% of the respondents report that it is more difficult to find jobs in CB and that there are even fewer job opportunities than in SF. One reason this exacerbates the situation is the long and expensive commuting that impedes job-seeking, making them less competitive or desirable in comparison with their counterparts in SF. A second reason is that security concerns have damaged the domestic economy. Shops located within houses are threats to home safety, and street vendors and clients are frequently assaulted by gangs. Because of the levels of insecurity, neither street vendors nor residents frequent public spaces at night. Although the FMSD provides job training, residents find several challenges to becoming entrepreneurs or to translate those trainings into actual jobs due to the lack of financial support, adequate spaces, logistical resources, and low consumer buying capacity (from people living in CB).
Although residents in CB have access to all public utilities, they have to deal with frequent power cuts. People from the towers suffer from both power and water cuts, because the hydraulic system of the towers need water pumps to circulate the water.
According to the interviewees, living costs are a huge concern.
Food and transportation costs increases are related to the neighborhood’s isolation from the city. Additionally, the lack of commercial areas make access to food sources difficult.
Although CB has some bus routes, public transportation is limited, particularly at night when the bus services stop service at 10:00PM. Residents are forced to use taxis to get in and out of the neighborhood. Insufficient amount of public facilities, such as health care centers and schools also force people to travel outside of CB to attend their needs.
RESETTLEMENT CHALLENGES IN CIUDAD BICENTENARIO
Displacement and tenure
Violence and security
Isolation
Community relations
Displaced populations that relocated to CB do not feel threatened for natural or armed-conflict-based reasons; however urban insecurity, such as robberies and gang fights, are major concerns, and two main reasons why people would leave CB. Ownership is perceived as one of the main improvements in the quality of life for residents; however, many fear not having property rights titles and feel it as an unfair condition, perceiving it as a threat to their stability in the neighborhood.
Because of weather conditions, insecurity and poor design, people feel displaced from public spaces. Children do not go out, and to being in the streets is considered “bad behavior”. To stay at home is a signal of good behavior and public space is perceived as dangerous. Many families pay for private security in order to feel safer. Likewise, rampant insecurity and lack of secure public spaces forces people lock themselves within their houses.
Residents of CB perceived the neighborhood as a separate town from Cartagena, because of long distances to public facilities, precarious transportation and job opportunities. Distances from downtown Cartagena increase the sense of living in a different town. This situation forces residents to commute constantly outside CB to satisfy their basic needs. Likewise, the distance between CB and downtown Cartagena weakens family and friendship ties. Therefore, for most families, maintaining these ties becomes an economic burden that they cannot afford.
Relationships among neighborhoods seems to improve on the micro scales but people perceive that the future in CB will lead to more problems. Segregation be- tween sectors cause tensions between neighbors, and particular groups are discriminated against because of their origin or the place they live. People that came from SF are considered dangerous or foreign. Likewise, there is another type of discrimination within CB related to the place people live. Residents in CB associate all the problems of the neighborhood with the people who live in the towers. For example, the gangs originitate there, conflict between neighbors are more common there too. People from the towers are perceived as violent or without manners.
Neighbors have organized “private” security systems - weekly or monthly payments, but high rates of violent crimes also threaten
“local security people”.
TASK SCENARIO | RE SE TT LE M EN T I N C O LO M BI A AN D IN C IU D AD B IC EN TE NARI O
RESETTLEMENT IN COLOMBIA AND IN CIUDAD BICENTENARIO
Information Source:
What Happens When Resettlements Focus on the Physical Environment: The Aftermath of the Resettlement Process in a Displaced Community in Cartagena, Colombia, Andr6s Achury Garcia, MITLeadership
Housing conditions
People in CB have different perceptions of the leaders, but the general sense is that the leaders have a positive but inappropriately discretionary sharing of benefits. The new development areas are settings for conflicting politics around money issues. There are particular difficulties in the administration of the towers, regarding service payments, electricity and water management.
People view FMSD as the actor that should solve all the problems of the neighborhood because of the lack of government presence in the area. Yet many norms and regulations set by FMSD are perceived as unfair. This perception is based on a contradictory double standard; the FMSD claims to support the autonomy of the community, yet places restrictions on what residents can do to build commercial spaces, improve their houses etc.
Like residents in SF, people renovate, expand, and change the structure of their houses. In general, residents are aware of lighting and ventilation problems, but trade-off health for basic privacy and space needs. Many families live in overcrowded conditions from the time they move in. This is one of the main causes of unrest. Water maintenance and administration problems in the towers section leads to significant service backlogs. Likewise, people “stockpile” water inside of their houses because of high costs in the public utilities. Lack of privacy between units and within the same unit is a source of psychological stress. None of the typologies in CB comes with doors for the rooms.
Information Source:
What Happens When Resettlements Focus on the Physical Environment: The Aftermath of the Resettlement Process in a Displaced Community in Cartagena, Colombia, Andr6s Achury Garcia, MITFig 1: El Universal
TERMS DP - Internally Displaced Persons
CB - Neighborhood of Ciudad Bicentenario in Cartagena city SF - Neighborhood of San Francisco in Cartagena cityRESETTLEMENT CHALLENGES IN CIUDAD BICENTENARIO
Fig 1. Two Story Houses in CB
Source:
Fig 2: El Universal Fig 3: U-TTTASK SCENARIO | RE SE TT LE M EN T I N C O LO M BI A AN D IN C IU D AD B IC EN TE NARI O
Fig 3. Public Space in CB Fig 2. One Story Houses in CB
RESETTLEMENT IN COLOMBIA AND IN CIUDAD BICENTENARIO
COLOMBIA
Geographic Overview
Demographic Overview
Social, Political and Economic Overview
The Conflict and the Peace Process
GEOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW
Capital Major Cities
Size
Principal Rivers
Climate
Natural Resources
Land Use
Environmental Issues
B ogotá
According to the 2005 census, the four cities with more than 1 million population are: Bogotá (4,300,000; Greater Bogotá, 6,776, 009), Medellín (2,223,078), Cali (2,068,386), and Barranquilla (1,380,437). These cities are also the four major industrial centers.
The fourth-largest country in South America, Colombia measures 1,138,910 square kilometers.
Colombia has 20,000 kilometers of rivers. Its principal rivers are the Magdalena, 1,540 kilometers; the Putumayo, 1,500 kilometers; and the Cauca, 1,014 kilometers.
Climate: Mainly as a result of differences in elevation, Colombia has a striking variety in temperatures, with little seasonal variation. The habitable areas of the country are divided into three climatic zones: hot (tierra caliente; below 900 meters in elevation), temperate (tierra temblada; 900–
2,000 meters), and cold (tierra fría; 2,000 meters to about 3,500 meters).
Colombia is well endowed with agricultural export products, energy resources, and minerals. These resources include coal, coffee, copper, emeralds, flowers, fruits, gas, gold, hydropower, iron ore, natural nickel (also known as Millerite, a compound that is a natural nickel sulphide), petroleum, platinum, and silver. Colombia ranks first in Latin America for its coal reserves, fourth for natural gas and sixth for oil. In addition, the country is second only to Brazil in hydroelectric potential.
Colombia’s arable land is located mostly in patches on the Andean mountainsides. In 2005 an estimated 2.01 percent of the total land area was arable (approximately 21,000–23,000 square kilometers). The amount of arable land has declined.
The 1991 constitution codifies new environmental protection legislation, including the creation of specially protected zones, of which Colombia had 443 in 2003, mostly in forest areas and national parks. Colombia has an extraordinarily high percentage of its total land area designated as a protected area (72.3 percent in 2003). As a result of soil erosion, 65 percent of the country’s municipalities are facing water shortages.
Only about one-third of Colombia’s 1,098 municipalities have adequate Treatment systems for contaminated waters.
Information Source: Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Country Profile: Colombia, February 2007
MAJOR CITIES OF COLOMBIA
Map Source: Rodriguez Vitta 2011
COL OMBIA | GE OGRAPHIC O VER VIEW
Cartagena
0 200 km
43 Map Source: Data sources: Köppen types calculated
from data from WorldClim.org https://commons.
wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Colombia_koppen.svg
CLIMATIC TYPES
0 200 km
GEOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW
Map Source: https://www.populationdata.net/cartes/
colombie-utilisation-des-terres/
COL OMBIA | GE OGRAPHIC O VER VIEW
LAND USE
0 200 km
Cartagena
Cartagena
Population
Population Density
Migration and Displacement
Demographics
Birth Rate/Life Expectancy Ethnic Groups
Education and Literacy
4.3 million. Colombia has a largely urban population. In 2005, the urban population reached 75 percent. About 35 percent of the total population is concentrated in four major cities.
Estimates of population density (inhabitants per square kilometer) have varied, ranging from 37 in 2000 to 44 in 2005.
The net migration rate in 2006 was –0.3 migrant(s) per 1,000 population. Migration from rural to urban areas has been prevalent. The move to urban areas reflects not only a shift away from agriculture but also a flight from guerrilla and paramilitary violence. According to the 2005 census, 1,542,915 Colombians were victims of forced displacement between 1995 and 2005, but the actual number may be between 2 and 3 million, according to NGO’s
Colombia has a relatively young population, with about 30.3 percent in the 0–14 age-group and about 80 percent of the population under age 45.
20.48 per 1,000 population. / 71.99 years (males, 68.15 years;
females, 75.96 years).
The 2005 census defines ethnic groups as being the Afro- Colombian, indigenous, and gypsy populations. It defines the Afro-Colombian population as including blacks, mulattoes (mixed black and white ancestry), and zambos (mixed Indian and black ancestry) who account for 14% of the population.
The “nonethnic population” (whites and mestizos—those of mixed white and Amerindian ancestry) constituted 86 percent of the national population.
Class Factor: The upper class, constituting 5 percent of the population, is overwhelmingly white; the middle class, 20 percent, is mostly mestizo; and the lower class, 75 percent, is proportionately mestizo, Afro-Colombian, and indigenous who live in both urban and rural areas.
Urban-Rural Factor: The populations of major cities are primarily white and mestizo. Most indigenous people and Afro-Colombians live in rural areas.
The census data also indicated that 37.2 percent of the population had attained basic primary education; 31.7 percent, secondary; 7 percent, professional; and 1.3 percent, specialized studies (master’s or doctorate). The percentage of the population without any education was 10.5 percent.
Information Source: Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Country Profile: Colombia, February 2007
DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW
URBAN DENSITY BY MUNICIPALITY IN COLUMBIA
Map Source: Rodriguez Vitta 2011
COL OMBIA | DEMOGRAPHIC O VER VIEW
0 200 km
47 Map Source: Sistema de las Ciudades, Una
aproximación visual al caso colombiano- World Bank, DNP, 2012
Map Source: Sistema de las Ciudades, Una
aproximación visual al caso colombiano- World Bank, DNP, 2012
PRINCIPAL COMMERCIAL CORRIDORS
0 200 km
DEMOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW
COL OMBIA | DEMOGRAPHIC O VER VIEW
QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX
0 200 km
Cartagena Cartagena
Social Issues
Poverty
Economy
GDP
Labor
Unemployment rate
Government
Administrative Divisions
Serious social problems include high rates of criminal violence, extensive societal discrimination against women, child abuse, and child prostitution; widespread child labor;
extensive societal discrimination against indigenous people and minorities; drug addiction; poverty; and displacement of the rural population.
After having reached a low of 50 percent in 1997, the proportion of the population living below the poverty line exceeded 60 percent in 2005. The percentage of the population living in extreme poverty in 2005 was 15 percent, down from 26 percent in 2002, although in rural areas the incidence of extreme poverty could be as high as 40 percent.
In 2006 Colombia had the fifth-largest economy in Latin America, a status that is expected to continue.
The GDP totaled an estimated US$133.7 billion in 2006. The estimated origins of GDP by sector in 2006 were agriculture, 12 percent; industry, 35.2 percent (including manufacturing, about 15 percent); and services, 52.7 %.
During 2001–5, the working-age population grew by 1.9 percent and the labor force by 1.4 percent. Colombia has a generally well-educated and trained workforce, which totaled an estimated 20.5 million people in 2005.
The national unemployment rate has declined since 2000, when it reached a high of 19.7 percent. By 2005 it had dropped to an estimated 11.8 percent, but it rose to 12.7 percent in the third quarter of 2006.
The Republic of Colombia is a constitutional, multiparty democracy under the constitution of July 1991. A unitary republic with a strong presidential regime, the national government has executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
The 1991 constitution converted Colombia’s four intendancies (intendencias) and five commisaryships (comisarías) into administrative departments (departamentos administrativos). These departments are divided into municipalities (municipios), each headed by a mayor (alcalde).
Colombia had 1,061 municipalities in the 1993 census, but by 2005 that number had grown to 1,098. The charter also allows the creation of indigenous territories as self-governing territorial entities. The country’s capital, Bogotá, is a separate capital district.
Information Source: Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Country Profile: Colombia, February 2007
SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC OVERVIEW
MAP - GROWTH RATE OF GDP 2000-2009
COL OMBIA | SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND E CONOMICAL O VER VIEW
0 200 km
Cartagena
Map Source: Sistema de las Ciudades, Una
aproximación visual al caso colombiano- World Bank,
DNP, 2012
51
IMPACT OF URBAN MULTI-DIMENSIONAL POVERTY
0 200 km
SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC OVERVIEW
IMPACT OF TOTAL MULTI-DIMENSIONAL POVERTY
COL OMBIA | SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND E CONOMICAL O VER VIEW
0 200 km
Cartagena Cartagena
Map Source: Sistema de las Ciudades, Una
aproximación visual al caso colombiano- World Bank, DNP, 2012
Map Source: Sistema de las Ciudades, Una
aproximación visual al caso colombiano- World Bank,
DNP, 2012
Information Source:
council onforeign relations, cfr.org
Data Source:
http://www.unhcr.org
Map Source:
ETH, U-TTTHE CONFLICT AND THE PEACE DEAL
COLOMBIA IN SEARCH FOR PEACE
Cartagena
Medellin
Bogotá
Areas of influence of FARC and ELN External Displacement
Internal Displacement Cartagena
Medellin
Bogotá
Areas of influence of FARC and ELN External Displacement
Internal Displacement
