The role of phenotypic plasticity for plant functional traits in tropical forests

(1)

The role of phenotypic plasticity for plant functional traits in

tropical forests

EGU2019-2402 – Florian Hofhansl

I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e f o r A p p l i e d S y s t e m s A n a l y s i s – I I A S A

Florian Hofhansl, Eduardo Chacón-Madrigal, Åke Brännström, Ulf Dieckmann and Oskar Franklin

(2)

Source: EUFORGEN:http://www.euforgen.org/distribution_maps.html

100 m ² ↔ 300 000 000 Km ² Range of sizes of species’

geographical distribution

Introduction

Introduction – Geographic range size

Source: EUFORGEN:http://www.euforgen.org/distribution_maps.html

Geographical range size varies greatly between species

Genetic heritability ?

Phenotypic plasticity ?

(3)

“Who can explain why one species ranges widely and is very numerous, and why another allied species has a narrow range and is rare?”

Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species (1856)

Introduction

Charles Darwin c. 1880, by Elliott and Fry.

Source: http://darwin-online.org.uk/life25b.html Papers with keyword:

“range size”

Introduction – Species range size

Source: Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species (1856)

(4)

Why there are striking differences in the geographical range size of close

related tropical plant species?

Introduction

Frecuency of range sizes in Amazonian plants

Introduction – Tropical plant species

Source: Feeley & Silman 2009 PNAS 106: 12382-12387

(Delphine Ramond/AFP/Getty Images)

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Chapter 1: Introduction

Fast strategy Slow strategy

Introduction – Plant economics spectrum

Source: Reich et al. 1997. PNAS 94: 13730-13734

Plants with different forms and from different biomes present a coordination in their traits:

e.g. plants achieving high photosynthetic rates:

à  high leaf N content à high specific leaf area (relation leaf area /mass) à  low leaf lifespan.

Species with slow life history

traits and conservative resource

use should have smaller ranges

than ‘fast living’ pioneers.

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Intraspecific trait variation is related to niche breadth

Chapter 3: Introduction

Functional trait

En vi ro nme nt al V ari ab le

Intra-specific variation Range size

Introduction – Intraspecific variability

Source: Sides et al. 2014. American J. Botany

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Introduction – Interspecific variability

Source: Bruelheide et al.2018. Global trait–environment relationships of plant communities. Nat. ecol. evol. 2, 1–14.

At the species level, trait

combinations exhibit trade-offs representing different

ecological strategies

At the community level trait combinations are expected to be decoupled from trade-offs because different strategies can facilitate co-existence within communities.

under similar macro-

environmental conditions, communities can vary greatly in trait means and variances, consistent with high local

variation in species’ trait values.

à  trait combinations seem to be predominantly à  filtered by local-scale factors such as disturbance,

à  fine-scale soil conditions, niche partitioning and biotic interactions.

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Local study – Plant functional trait data

Source: Chacón-Madrigal, et al., 2018. Journal of PPEES Sources 32:30–37.

Range size/functional traits:

Study sampled 345 trees from 35 species in 14 genera and analysed functional traits specific leaf area (SLA),

leaf thickness (LT),

leaf dry matter (LDMC), leaf nitrogen (N),

leaf phosphorus (P), leaf potassium (K), leaf N:P ratio (NP),

wood specific gravity (WSG)

Compare functional traits

among narrow range

endemic species and

widespread congeners

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Hypothesis – Individual variation

Tropical tree communities &

associated trait components (1) individual trait variation allows a species to adjust to spatial gradients in local environmental conditions.

(2) non-plastic component increases with geographic distance due to local adaption to different environments.

(3) plastic component

increases with environmental distance among sites and thus with the range size of species.

Source: Hofhansl et al., 2019 in prep.

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Functional traits – components

Source: Hofhansl et al., 2019 in prep.

Plastic component

=(T*E)-D Spatial component

=(D*E)-T Distance Matrices:

1)  Geographic distance 2)  Environmental distance 3)  Trait distance (i.e. variation)

Fixed component

=(T*D)-E D .. Distance matrix

D E .. Environment matrix

E T .. Trait matrix

T

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Functional traits – community

Analysis Matrix 1 Matrix 2 Matrix 3 SCALED data

Mantel test x y Z r p

trait distance 0.06 0.006

trait environment -0.03 0.966 distance environment 0.44 0.001

Partial Mantel x y Z r p

HERITABLE trait distance environment 0.08 0.001 PLASTIC trait environment distance -0.06 0.998 SPATIAL distance environment trait 0.44 0.001

Source: Hofhansl et al., 2019 in prep.

(D*E)-T

(T*E)-D

(T*D)-E þ

ý

þ

(12)

−1

−0.9

−0.8

−0.7

−0.6

−0.5

−0.4

−0.3

−0.2

−0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

WSG Height SLA LA LT LDMC N P

ARCOM

ARDUN

CHGLA

CHSKU

COCYM

COLIE

DEARB

DERAV

FAOCC

FAPER

GAAGU

GAMAG

GUAMP

GUCHI

GUPUD

GUROS

INSKU

INSPE

MIDIS

MIDON

MIOSA

MITRI

OCMOL

OCRIV

POLEC

POSUB

POTOR

POTRI

PRPAN

PRPEC

SAALL

SAGLA

UNOSA

UNTHE

heritable component

−0.13

−0.01

0.29

0.1

0.14

−0.01

−0.02

0.47

0.3

0.05

0.21

−0.17

0.01

0.31

0.14

0.08

0.21

−0.18

−0.15

0.19

0.51

0.07

−0.02

−0.21

−0.01

0.09

−0.15

−0.2

0.65

0.18

0

0.1

−0.09

−0.02 0.11

−0.03

−0.22

−0.03

0.6

−0.08

0.42

−0.18

0.2

−0.07

−0.2

0.15

−0.01

−0.19

0.03

0.18

−0.19

0.08

−0.1

0.12

0.07

−0.18

0.12

0.25

−0.07

0.28

0.01

−0.28

−0.08

−0.06

0.17

0.12

0.13

−0.09 0.21

0.24

−0.06

0.37

−0.19

0.05

0.12

0.04

0.03

−0.02

−0.2

0.25

−0.11

0.04

0.21

0.08

0.48

−0.01

−0.12

−0.04

−0.09

0.07

−0.29

0.05

0.15

0.45

−0.19

−0.04

0.15

0.02

0.47

−0.13

0 0.18

−0.05

−0.08

0.39

0.17

−0.13

−0.32

−0.14

−0.03

0.01

−0.2

0.21

−0.01

0.14

0.28

0.07

0.16

−0.06

−0.2

−0.12

0.11

−0.16

−0.08

0.07

−0.03

0.24

−0.37

0.18

−0.05

−0.12

−0.26

0.55

−0.24 0.2

0.12

0.51

0.52

0.06

0.22

−0.03

−0.04

0.48

0.03

−0.23

0.75

−0.19

−0.06

0.1

0.05

0.03

−0.09

−0.03

0.3

0.11

−0.02

0.07

−0.22

−0.06

0.36

0.1

0.56

−0.12

0.37

0.23

0.41

0.16

0.13 0.19

0.08

−0.15

−0.12

−0.17

−0.06

0.05

0.21

−0.07

0.36

−0.22

−0.12

0.07

0.13

−0.16

0.08

0.04

0

−0.03

0.29

0.21

−0.07

−0.16

−0.1

0.14

−0.18

−0.02

−0.13

0.05

0.06

−0.01

0.14

−0.03

0

−0.44

−0.09

0.27

0.03

−0.15

0.41

0.02

−0.16

0.07

−0.08

0.23

0

−0.21

0.05

−0.26

0.16

0.26

−0.31

−0.01

−0.16

0.01

−0.08

0.54

0.37

0.31

0.61

0.01

−0.23

0.5

−0.17

−0.19

−0.01

0.18 0.09

−0.03

0.28

0.02

−0.07

0.27

−0.11

−0.14

−0.18

0.21

−0.12

−0.13

0.3

0.08

−0.02

−0.07

0.74

−0.35

−0.32

0.08

−0.02

−0.05

−0.09

0.48

0.38

−0.13

0.78

−0.29

0.06

−0.06

−0.18

0.22

−0.13

0.32

−1

−0.9

−0.8

−0.7

−0.6

−0.5

−0.4

−0.3

−0.2

−0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

ARCOM

ARDUN

CHGLA

CHSKU

COCYM

COLIE

DEARB

DERAV

FAOCC

FAPER

GAAGU

GAMAG

GUAMP

GUCHI

GUPUD

GUROS

INSKU

INSPE

MIDIS

MIDON

MIOSA

MITRI

OCMOL

OCRIV

POLEC

POSUB

POTOR

POTRI

PRPAN

PRPEC

SAALL

SAGLA

UNOSA

UNTHE

plastic component

0.2

−0.16

0.11

−0.21

−0.2

0.25

−0.01

−0.39

0.14

0.16

0.28

0

−0.07

−0.25

−0.06

0

0.28

0.04

−0.01

−0.23

−0.39

−0.23

−0.03

0.25

0.01

−0.2

0.42

−0.01

0.55

−0.15

0.02

−0.06

0.23

−0.06

−0.11

−0.24

−0.28

0.23

−0.01

0.26

−0.12

0.12

−0.2

0.23

0.46

0.14

−0.12

0.03

0

0.13

0.15

0.07

0.06

−0.01

0.41

0.15

−0.12

−0.13

0.17

−0.01

0.4

0.14

−0.2

0.31

−0.21

−0.13

0.12

0.21

−0.26

−0.21

0.1

−0.18

0.53

0.08

−0.1

0

−0.16

0.24

−0.07

0.14

0.13

−0.09

0.08

−0.27

−0.18

0.54

−0.01

0.15

−0.04

0.01

0

0.29

−0.07

−0.1

−0.08

0.28

0.54

−0.07

−0.06

0.44

0.17

−0.18

−0.22

0.22

−0.11

0.4

−0.28

−0.01

0.4

0.05

0.09

0.02

−0.17

−0.02

−0.18

0.12

0.15

−0.08

−0.22

−0.07

0.17

0.41

−0.1

0.49

−0.04

0.24

−0.15

0.19

−0.07

0.07

−0.28

0

0.29

0.14

0

0.52

−0.26

0.06

0.23

0.11

0.08

−0.19

−0.01

0.33

−0.27

0.17

−0.1

0.32

0.26

0.04

−0.04

−0.16

−0.2

0.52

0.05

−0.16

0.13

−0.07

0.03

0.3

0.1

−0.02

−0.07

0.19

0.32

−0.3

−0.1

0.5

−0.13

0.09

−0.21

0.09

−0.19

−0.1

0.44

0.02

−0.12

−0.1

0.7

0

−0.2

−0.07

−0.3

−0.12

0.09

0.01

0.16

0.13

0.07

−0.11

−0.12

0.07

0.1

0.41

−0.18

0.04

−0.16

0.09

0.07

0.16

0.08

0.13

0.04

−0.2 0.49

−0.17

0.29

−0.04

0.37

0.23

−0.06

0.33

0.38

−0.03

0.01

−0.02

0.08

0.05

0.01

−0.35

−0.23

0.68

0.15

0.58

0.05

−0.03

0.03

0.21

−0.3

−0.19

−0.57

0.39

0.16

−0.13

0.21

0.05

−0.05

−0.25 0.03

0.14

0.23

−0.1

0.51

−0.29

0.19

0

0.15

−0.08

−0.1

−0.24

−0.03

0

−0.09

−0.28

0.4

0.31

−0.11

0.1

0.06

0.01

0.04

−0.31

0

−0.71

0.59

0.51

0.03

0.24

−0.18

0.01

−0.26

−1

−0.9

−0.8

−0.7

−0.6

−0.5

−0.4

−0.3

−0.2

−0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

ARCOM

ARDUN

CHGLA

CHSKU

COCYM

COLIE

DEARB

DERAV

FAOCC

FAPER

GAAGU

GAMAG

GUAMP

GUCHI

GUPUD

GUROS

INSKU

INSPE

MIDIS

MIDON

MIOSA

MITRI

OCMOL

OCRIV

POLEC

POSUB

POTOR

POTRI

PRPAN

PRPEC

SAALL

SAGLA

UNOSA

UNTHE

plastic component

0.87

0.14

−0.28

0.43

0.57

0.5

0.79

0.04

0.8

−0.01

0.45

0.8

0.67

0.47

0.44

0.27

0.44

0.61

0.6

0.66

0.71

0.66

0.85

0.83

0.75

0.55

0.79

−0.25

0.85

0.58

0.62

0.48

0.69 0.87

0.14

−0.31

0.42

0.45

0.6

0.77

0.75

0.12

0.81

0.14

0.43

0.8

0.63

0.46

0.41

0.37

0.43

0.62

0.57

0.44

0.72

0.66

0.84

0.83

0.72

0.49

0.81

0.15

0.82

0.6

0.62

0.45

0.7 0.87

0.19

−0.25

0.45

0.57

0.6

0.8

0.74

0.09

0.8

0.04

0.4

0.81

0.64

0.44

0.45

0.39

0.37

0.61

0.58

0.52

0.71

0.66

0.85

0.83

0.75

0.52

0.82

0.16

0.84

0.58

0.28

0.48

0.68 0.87

0.16

−0.27

0.2

0.57

0.6

0.82

0.74

0.09

0.82

0.01

0.45

0.79

0.61

0.39

0.45

0.38

0.43

0.63

0.57

0.52

0.7

0.65

0.83

0.74

0.54

0.78

0.21

0.84

0.59

0.63

0.39

0.7 0.87

0.14

−0.34

0.3

0.55

0.62

0.79

0.71

0.2

0.8

0.03

0.05

0.81

0.64

0.46

0.45

0.35

0.42

0.62

0.59

0.5

0.71

0.65

0.85

0.83

0.71

0.55

0.2

0.86

0.59

0.29

0.48

0.68 0.87

0.14

−0.28

0.4

0.57

0.61

0.79

0.74

0.11

0.76

0

0.45

0.79

0.65

0.47

0.44

0.34

0.44

0.62

0.58

0.53

0.72

0.66

0.81

0.83

0.74

0.53

0.81

0.17

0.82

0.58

0.59

0.47

0.68 0.89

0.13

−0.32

0.29

0.57

0.45

0.79

0.74

0.2

0.86

0.05

0.46

0.8

0.64

0.29

0.44

0.39

0.47

0.58

0.56

0.52

0.72

0.66

0.58

0.85

0.76

0.7

0.75

0.2

0.79

0.63

0.62

0.47

0.71 0.86

0.15

−0.31

0.29

0.52

0.64

0.8

0.73

0.26

0.86

0.04

0.44

0.82

0.64

0.3

0.4

0.44

0.46

0.62

0.58

0.52

0.72

0.66

0.72

0.85

0.74

0.79

0.8

0.12

0.84

0.64

0.63

0.47

0.72

Functional traits – species

Analysis Matrix 1 Matrix 2 Matrix 3 SCALED data

Mantel test x y Z r p

trait distance 0.06 0.006

trait environment -0.03 0.966 distance environment 0.44 0.001

Partial Mantel x y Z r p

HERITABLE trait distance environment 0.08 0.001 PLASTIC trait environment distance -0.06 0.998 SPATIAL distance environment trait 0.44 0.001

Fixed component Plastic component Spatial component

Source: Hofhansl et al., 2019 in prep.

(D*E)-T

(T*E)-D

(T*D)-E

(13)

−1

−0.9

−0.8

−0.7

−0.6

−0.5

−0.4

−0.3

−0.2

−0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

LA LT LDMC SLA N P NP WSG

ARDUN

CHSKU

COLIE

DERAV

FAPER

GAAGU

GUCHI

GUPUD

INSKU

MIDIS

MIOSA

OCRIV

POLEC

POTRI

PRPEC

SAALL

UNOSA

Endemics

−0.05

0.39

−0.13

−0.14

0.01

−0.2

0.14

0.28

0.16

−0.2

0.11

−0.08

0.07

−0.37

−0.05

−0.12

0.55 0.12

0.52

0.22

−0.04

0.03

−0.23

−0.06

0.1

0.03

−0.03

0.11

−0.22

−0.06

0.56

0.37

0.23

0.16 0.08

−0.12

−0.06

0.21

0.36

−0.22

0.13

−0.16

0.04

−0.03

0.21

−0.1

0.14

−0.13

0.06

−0.01

−0.03 0.24

0.37

0.05

0.04

−0.02

−0.2

0.04

0.21

0.48

−0.12

−0.04

−0.29

0.05

−0.19

0.15

0.02

−0.13

−0.09

0.03

0.41

−0.16

−0.08

0.23

0.05

−0.26

0.26

−0.01

−0.16

0.54

0.37

0.01

0.5

−0.17

−0.01

−0.03

0.02

0.27

−0.14

0.21

−0.12

0.08

−0.02

0.74

−0.32

−0.02

0.48

0.38

−0.29

−0.06

−0.18

−0.13 0.06

0.19

0.02

0.12

0.24

−0.1

0.01

0.11

0.58

−0.14

−0.17

−0.05

0.37

−0.42

−0.06

−0.09

−0.06

−0.01

0.1

−0.01

0.47

0.05

0.21

0.31

0.14

0.21

−0.15

0.51

−0.21

−0.01

−0.2

0.18

0

−0.09

−1

−0.9

−0.8

−0.7

−0.6

−0.5

−0.4

−0.3

−0.2

−0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

ARCOM

CHGLA

COCYM

DEARB

FAOCC

GAMAG

GUAMP

GUROS

INSPE

MIDON

MITRI

OCMOL

POSUB

POTOR

PRPAN

SAGLA

UNTHE

Widespread

0.18

−0.08

0.17

−0.32

−0.03

0.21

−0.01

0.07

−0.06

−0.12

−0.16

−0.08

−0.03

0.24

0.18

−0.26

−0.24 0.2

0.51

0.06

−0.03

0.48

0.75

−0.19

0.05

−0.09

0.3

−0.02

0.07

0.36

0.1

−0.12

0.41

0.13 0.19

−0.15

−0.17

0.05

−0.07

−0.12

0.07

0.08

0

0.29

−0.07

−0.16

−0.18

−0.02

0.05

0.14

0 0.21

−0.06

−0.19

0.12

0.03

0.25

−0.11

0.08

−0.01

−0.04

−0.09

0.07

0.15

0.45

−0.04

0.47

0

−0.44

0.27

−0.15

0.02

0.07

0

−0.21

0.16

−0.31

−0.16

0.01

−0.08

0.31

0.61

−0.23

−0.19

0.18 0.09

0.28

−0.07

−0.11

−0.18

−0.13

0.3

−0.07

−0.35

0.08

−0.05

−0.09

−0.13

0.78

0.06

0.22

0.32 0.34

−0.07

0.02

0.26

0.32

0.09

0.13

−0.25

−0.12

0

−0.2

0.06

0.45

−0.09

0.02

0.4

−0.13

0.29

0.14

−0.02

0.3

−0.17

0.01

0.08

−0.18

0.19

0.07

−0.02

0.09

−0.15

0.65

0.1

−0.02

−1

−0.9

−0.8

−0.7

−0.6

−0.5

−0.4

−0.3

−0.2

−0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

ARDUN

CHSKU

COLIE

DERAV

FAPER

GAAGU

GUCHI

GUPUD

INSKU

MIDIS

MIOSA

OCRIV

POLEC

POTRI

PRPEC

SAALL

UNOSA

Endemics

−0.05

0.39

−0.13

−0.14

0.01

−0.2

0.14

0.28

0.16

−0.2

0.11

−0.08

0.07

−0.37

−0.05

−0.12

0.55 0.12

0.52

0.22

−0.04

0.03

−0.23

−0.06

0.1

0.03

−0.03

0.11

−0.22

−0.06

0.56

0.37

0.23

0.16 0.08

−0.12

−0.06

0.21

0.36

−0.22

0.13

−0.16

0.04

−0.03

0.21

−0.1

0.14

−0.13

0.06

−0.01

−0.03 0.24

0.37

0.05

0.04

−0.02

−0.2

0.04

0.21

0.48

−0.12

−0.04

−0.29

0.05

−0.19

0.15

0.02

−0.13

−0.09

0.03

0.41

−0.16

−0.08

0.23

0.05

−0.26

0.26

−0.01

−0.16

0.54

0.37

0.01

0.5

−0.17

−0.01

−0.03

0.02

0.27

−0.14

0.21

−0.12

0.08

−0.02

0.74

−0.32

−0.02

0.48

0.38

−0.29

−0.06

−0.18

−0.13 0.06

0.19

0.02

0.12

0.24

−0.1

0.01

0.11

0.58

−0.14

−0.17

−0.05

0.37

−0.42

−0.06

−0.09

−0.06

−0.01

0.1

−0.01

0.47

0.05

0.21

0.31

0.14

0.21

−0.15

0.51

−0.21

−0.01

−0.2

0.18

0

−0.09

−1

−0.9

−0.8

−0.7

−0.6

−0.5

−0.4

−0.3

−0.2

−0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

ARCOM

CHGLA

COCYM

DEARB

FAOCC

GAMAG

GUAMP

GUROS

INSPE

MIDON

MITRI

OCMOL

POSUB

POTOR

PRPAN

SAGLA

UNTHE

Widespread

0.18

−0.08

0.17

−0.32

−0.03

0.21

−0.01

0.07

−0.06

−0.12

−0.16

−0.08

−0.03

0.24

0.18

−0.26

−0.24 0.2

0.51

0.06

−0.03

0.48

0.75

−0.19

0.05

−0.09

0.3

−0.02

0.07

0.36

0.1

−0.12

0.41

0.13 0.19

−0.15

−0.17

0.05

−0.07

−0.12

0.07

0.08

0

0.29

−0.07

−0.16

−0.18

−0.02

0.05

0.14

0 0.21

−0.06

−0.19

0.12

0.03

0.25

−0.11

0.08

−0.01

−0.04

−0.09

0.07

0.15

0.45

−0.04

0.47

0

−0.44

0.27

−0.15

0.02

0.07

0

−0.21

0.16

−0.31

−0.16

0.01

−0.08

0.31

0.61

−0.23

−0.19

0.18 0.09

0.28

−0.07

−0.11

−0.18

−0.13

0.3

−0.07

−0.35

0.08

−0.05

−0.09

−0.13

0.78

0.06

0.22

0.32 0.34

−0.07

0.02

0.26

0.32

0.09

0.13

−0.25

−0.12

0

−0.2

0.06

0.45

−0.09

0.02

0.4

−0.13

0.29

0.14

−0.02

0.3

−0.17

0.01

0.08

−0.18

0.19

0.07

−0.02

0.09

−0.15

0.65

0.1

−0.02

Functional traits – fixed component

Widespread <<< Endemic

Source: Hofhansl et al., 2019 in prep.

(14)

−1

−0.9

−0.8

−0.7

−0.6

−0.5

−0.4

−0.3

−0.2

−0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

ARDUN

CHSKU

COLIE

DERAV

FAPER

GAAGU

GUCHI

GUPUD

INSKU

MIDIS

MIOSA

OCRIV

POLEC

POTRI

PRPEC

SAALL

UNOSA

Endemics

0.22

0.4

−0.01

0.05

0.02

−0.17

0.12

0.15

−0.22

0.17

−0.1

0.24

−0.15

0.07

0

0.29

0 0.06

0.11

−0.19

0.33

0.17

−0.1

0.04

−0.04

−0.2

0.05

0.13

0.3

0.1

0.19

−0.3

−0.1

−0.13 0.09

−0.1

0.02

−0.1

0

−0.2

−0.12

0.09

0.16

0.07

−0.12

0.41

−0.18

0.09

0.16

0.08

0.04

−0.21

−0.18

0.08

0

0.24

−0.07

−0.09

0.08

−0.18

−0.01

−0.04

0.29

−0.07

0.28

−0.07

−0.06

0.17

−0.17

−0.04

0.23

0.33

−0.03

0.01

0.05

0.01

−0.23

0.15

0.05

0.21

−0.3

0.39

−0.13

0.21

−0.05 0.14

−0.1

−0.29

0

−0.08

−0.03

0

−0.28

0.31

0.1

0.04

−0.31

0.59

0.03

0.24

0.01

−0.05

−0.08

−0.18

−0.16

−0.08

0.02

0.1

−0.32

0.04

0.12

−0.03

−0.35

0.15

0.01

0.33

−0.1

−0.16

−0.21

0.25

−0.39

0.16

0.28

−0.25

−0.06

0.28

−0.01

−0.39

0.25

0.01

−0.01

−0.15

0.02

0.23

−1

−0.9

−0.8

−0.7

−0.6

−0.5

−0.4

−0.3

−0.2

−0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

ARCOM

CHGLA

COCYM

DEARB

FAOCC

GAMAG

GUAMP

GUROS

INSPE

MIDON

MITRI

OCMOL

POSUB

POTOR

PRPAN

SAGLA

UNTHE

Widespread

−0.22

−0.11

−0.28

0.4

0.09

−0.02

−0.18

−0.08

−0.07

0.41

0.49

−0.04

0.19

−0.07

−0.28

0.14

0.52

−0.26

0.23

0.08

−0.01

−0.27

0.32

0.26

−0.16

0.52

−0.16

−0.07

0.03

−0.02

−0.07

0.32

0.5

0.09

−0.21

−0.19

0.44

−0.12

0.7

−0.07

−0.3

0.01

0.13

−0.11

0.07

0.1

0.04

−0.16

0.07

0.13

−0.2

−0.26

0.1

0.53

−0.1

−0.16

0.14

0.13

−0.27

0.54

0.15

0.01

0

−0.1

−0.08

0.54

0.44

−0.18 0.49

0.29

0.37

−0.06

0.38

−0.02

0.08

−0.35

0.68

0.58

−0.03

0.03

−0.19

−0.57

0.16

0.05

−0.25 0.03

0.23

0.51

0.19

0.15

−0.1

−0.24

−0.09

0.4

−0.11

0.06

0.01

0

−0.71

0.51

−0.18

−0.26

−0.19

0.24

0.29

0.04

0.02

−0.14

−0.1

0.37

0

−0.22

0.11

0.1

−0.14

−0.46

0.3

−0.08

−0.28 0.2

0.11

−0.2

−0.01

0.14

0

−0.07

0

0.04

−0.23

−0.03

−0.2

0.42

0.55

−0.06

−1

−0.9

−0.8

−0.7

−0.6

−0.5

−0.4

−0.3

−0.2

−0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

ARDUN

CHSKU

COLIE

DERAV

FAPER

GAAGU

GUCHI

GUPUD

INSKU

MIDIS

MIOSA

OCRIV

POLEC

POTRI

PRPEC

SAALL

UNOSA

Endemics

0.22

0.4

−0.01

0.05

0.02

−0.17

0.12

0.15

−0.22

0.17

−0.1

0.24

−0.15

0.07

0

0.29

0 0.06

0.11

−0.19

0.33

0.17

−0.1

0.04

−0.04

−0.2

0.05

0.13

0.3

0.1

0.19

−0.3

−0.1

−0.13 0.09

−0.1

0.02

−0.1

0

−0.2

−0.12

0.09

0.16

0.07

−0.12

0.41

−0.18

0.09

0.16

0.08

0.04

−0.21

−0.18

0.08

0

0.24

−0.07

−0.09

0.08

−0.18

−0.01

−0.04

0.29

−0.07

0.28

−0.07

−0.06

0.17

−0.17

−0.04

0.23

0.33

−0.03

0.01

0.05

0.01

−0.23

0.15

0.05

0.21

−0.3

0.39

−0.13

0.21

−0.05 0.14

−0.1

−0.29

0

−0.08

−0.03

0

−0.28

0.31

0.1

0.04

−0.31

0.59

0.03

0.24

0.01

−0.05

−0.08

−0.18

−0.16

−0.08

0.02

0.1

−0.32

0.04

0.12

−0.03

−0.35

0.15

0.01

0.33

−0.1

−0.16

−0.21

0.25

−0.39

0.16

0.28

−0.25

−0.06

0.28

−0.01

−0.39

0.25

0.01

−0.01

−0.15

0.02

0.23

−1

−0.9

−0.8

−0.7

−0.6

−0.5

−0.4

−0.3

−0.2

−0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

ARCOM

CHGLA

COCYM

DEARB

FAOCC

GAMAG

GUAMP

GUROS

INSPE

MIDON

MITRI

OCMOL

POSUB

POTOR

PRPAN

SAGLA

UNTHE

Widespread

−0.22

−0.11

−0.28

0.4

0.09

−0.02

−0.18

−0.08

−0.07

0.41

0.49

−0.04

0.19

−0.07

−0.28

0.14

0.52

−0.26

0.23

0.08

−0.01

−0.27

0.32

0.26

−0.16

0.52

−0.16

−0.07

0.03

−0.02

−0.07

0.32

0.5

0.09

−0.21

−0.19

0.44

−0.12

0.7

−0.07

−0.3

0.01

0.13

−0.11

0.07

0.1

0.04

−0.16

0.07

0.13

−0.2

−0.26

0.1

0.53

−0.1

−0.16

0.14

0.13

−0.27

0.54

0.15

0.01

0

−0.1

−0.08

0.54

0.44

−0.18 0.49

0.29

0.37

−0.06

0.38

−0.02

0.08

−0.35

0.68

0.58

−0.03

0.03

−0.19

−0.57

0.16

0.05

−0.25 0.03

0.23

0.51

0.19

0.15

−0.1

−0.24

−0.09

0.4

−0.11

0.06

0.01

0

−0.71

0.51

−0.18

−0.26

−0.19

0.24

0.29

0.04

0.02

−0.14

−0.1

0.37

0

−0.22

0.11

0.1

−0.14

−0.46

0.3

−0.08

−0.28 0.2

0.11

−0.2

−0.01

0.14

0

−0.07

0

0.04

−0.23

−0.03

−0.2

0.42

0.55

−0.06

Functional traits – plastic component

Source: Hofhansl et al., 2019 in prep.

Widespread >>> Endemic

(15)

0 100 200 300

0 10 20 30

Ardisia compressa

0 100 200 300

0 10 20 30

Ardisia dunlapiana

0 100 200 300

0 10 20 30

Chrysochlamys glauca

0 100 200 300

0 10 20 30

Chrysochlamys skutchii

0 100 200 300

0 10 20 30

Cordia cymosa

0 100 200 300

0 10 20 30

Cordia liesneri

0 100 200 300

0 10 20 30

Dendropanax arboreus

0 100 200 300

0 10 20 30

Dendropanax ravenii

0 100 200 300

0 10 20 30

Faramea occidentalis

0 100 200 300

0 10 20 30

Faramea permagnifolia

0 100 200 300

0 10 20 30

Garcinia aguilarii

0 100 200 300

0 10 20 30

Garcinia madruno

0 100 200 300

0 10 20 30

Garcinia magnifolia

0 100 200 300

0 10 20 30

Guatteria amplifolia

0 100 200 300

0 10 20 30

Guatteria chiriquiensis

0 100 200 300

0 10 20 30

Guatteria pudica

0 100 200 300

0 10 20 30

Guatteria rostrata

0 100 200 300

0 10 20 30

Inga skutchii

0 100 200 300

0 10 20 30

Inga spectabilis

0 100 200 300

0 10 20 30

Miconia dissitinervia

0 100 200 300

0 10 20 30

Miconia donaeana

0 100 200 300

0 10 20 30

Miconia osaensis

0 100 200 300

0 10 20 30

Miconia trinervia

0 100 200 300

0 10 20 30

Ocotea mollifolia

0 100 200 300

0 10 20 30

Ocotea rivularis

0 100 200 300

0 10 20 30

Pouteria lecytidicarpa

0 100 200 300

0 10 20 30

Pouteria subrotata

0 100 200 300

0 10 20 30

Pouteria torta

0 100 200 300

0 10 20 30

Pouteria triplarifolia

0 100 200 300

0 10 20 30

Protium panamense

0 100 200 300

0 10 20 30

Protium pecuniosum

0 100 200 300

0 10 20 30

Sapium allenii

0 100 200 300

0 10 20 30

Sapium glandulosum

0 100 200 300

0 10 20 30

Unonopsis osae

0 100 200 300

0 10 20 30

Unonopsis theobromifolia

Outlook – multidimensional trait space

Functional traits and environmental niche space differs among tropical tree species:

Ø  Differences in niche space

Ø  Distinct plasticity among tree species Ø  Account for multi-

dimensional trait- space in models Ø  Project response of

ecosystem function

Source: Carmona et al., 2016 1. Traits Without Borders: Integrating Functional Diversity Across Scales. Trends in Ecol & Evol 31, 382–394 (2016).

(16)

Species range size and trait space

Chapter 1: Methodology

Endemic species

Functional traits – niche space

Source: Chacón-Madrigal, et al., 2018. Journal of PPEES Sources 32:30–37.

Ø  Need to account for trait plasticity and species composition to project ecosystem responses under future scenarios

Widespread species

(17)

Databases – data availability

Ø  Data: https://www.forest-observation-system.net

1)  TRY – Plant Trait Database https://www.try-db.org/TryWeb/Home.php

2)  BIEN – Botanical Information and Ecology Network http://bien.nceas.ucsb.edu/bien/

3)  FOS – Forest Observation System https://forest-observation-system.net/

(18)

Results – Trait variation

Source: Carmona et al. (2016).

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0 5 10 15 20

WSG region

N = 345 Bandwidth = 0.0437

Density

0 10 20 30

0 1 2 3 4

Height region

N = 345 Bandwidth = 1.19

Density

0 100 200 300 400

0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08

SLA region

N = 345 Bandwidth = 11.1

Density

1 2 3 4

0 1 2 3 4 5

N region

N = 345 Bandwidth = 0.1273

Density

Community mean distribution Species specific trait distribution

Trait variation (Specific leaf area)

(19)

100 200 300

Ardisia compressa Ardisia dunlapiana Chrysochlamys glauca Chrysochlamys skutchii Cordia cymosa Dendropanax arboreus Cordia liesneri Dendropanax ravenii Faramea occidentalis Faramea permagnifolia Garcinia aguilarii Garcinia madruno Garcinia magnifolia Guatteria amplifolia Guatteria chiriquiensis Guatteria pudica Guatteria rostrata Inga skutchii Inga spectabilis Miconia dissitinervia Miconia donaeana Miconia osaensis Miconia trinervia Ocotea mollifolia Ocotea rivularis Pouteria lecytidicarpa Pouteria subrotata Pouteria torta Pouteria triplarifolia Protium panamense Protium pecuniosum Sapium allenii Sapium glandulosum Unonopsis theobromifolia Unonopsis osae Species

SLA

Species

Ardisia compressa Ardisia dunlapiana Chrysochlamys glauca Chrysochlamys skutchii Cordia cymosa Cordia liesneri Dendropanax arboreus Dendropanax ravenii Faramea occidentalis Faramea permagnifolia Garcinia aguilarii Garcinia madruno Garcinia magnifolia Guatteria amplifolia Guatteria chiriquiensis Guatteria pudica Guatteria rostrata Inga skutchii

Inga spectabilis Miconia dissitinervia Miconia donaeana Miconia osaensis Miconia trinervia Ocotea mollifolia Ocotea rivularis Pouteria lecytidicarpa Pouteria subrotata Pouteria torta Pouteria triplarifolia Protium panamense Protium pecuniosum Sapium allenii Sapium glandulosum Unonopsis osae Unonopsis theobromifolia

Results – Trait variation among species

Source: Carmona et al. (2016).

(20)

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

pred

resp

dat$Species Ardisia compressa Ardisia dunlapiana Chrysochlamys glauca Chrysochlamys skutchii Cordia cymosa Cordia liesneri Dendropanax arboreus Dendropanax ravenii Faramea occidentalis Faramea permagnifolia Garcinia aguilarii Garcinia madruno Garcinia magnifolia Guatteria amplifolia Guatteria chiriquiensis Guatteria pudica Guatteria rostrata Inga skutchii

Inga spectabilis Miconia dissitinervia Miconia donaeana Miconia osaensis Miconia trinervia Ocotea mollifolia Ocotea rivularis Pouteria lecytidicarpa Pouteria subrotata Pouteria torta Pouteria triplarifolia Protium panamense Protium pecuniosum Sapium allenii Sapium glandulosum Unonopsis osae Unonopsis theobromifolia

Results – Trait reaction norm - species

Source: Hofhansl et al., 2019 in prep.

(21)

The role of phenotypic plasticity for plant functional traits in tropical forests