W O R K I N G P A P E R
MINE
A game for the Analysis of Regional Water Policies in Open-Pit Lignite Mining Areas
E. Weigkricht S. Kaden
July 1985 'WP-85-46
I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e for Applied Systems Analysis
NOT FOR QUOTATION WITHOUT THE PERMISSION OF THE AUTHORS
MINE
A Game for t h e Analysis of Regional Water Policies in Open-Pit Lignite Mining Areas
E. Weigkricht S. K a d e n
J u l y 1 9 8 5 wP-85-46
Working P a p e r s a r e interim r e p o r t s on work of t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e f o r Applied Systems Analysis a n d h a v e r e c e i v e d only limited review. Views o r opinions e x p r e s s e d h e r e i n d o n o t n e c e s s a r i l y r e p r e s e n t t h o s e of t h e I n s t i t u t e o r of i t s National Member Organizations.
INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR APPLIED SYSTEMS ANALYSIS 2361 L a x e n b u r g , Austria
PREFACE
The Regional Water Policies p r o j e c t of IIASA focuses on regions with intense socio-economic development where both groundwater and s u r f a c e w a t e r are in- tegrating elements of t h e environment.
Regions with open-pit lignite mining are one of t h e conspicuous examples of complex i n t e r a c t i o n s in socio-economic and environmental systems. The activities of t h e mining industry i n t e r f e r e hardly with t h e i n t e r e s t s of d i f f e r e n t w a t e r u s e r s in such regions, having s e v e r e r e p e r c u s s i o n s on both t h e regional economy and on n a t u r e areas.
T h e r e is a n a p p a r e n t need f o r t h e analysis of long-term regional water poli- c i e s t o reconcile conflicting i n t e r e s t in regions with open-pit lignite mining, taking into account national socio-economical objectives. Within t h e Regional Water Poli- c i e s p r o j e c t in collaboration with r e s e a r c h institutes in t h e GDR and Poland methods and models are under development t o s u p p o r t t h i s analysis. Besides purely mathematical a p p r o a c h e s , e.g. f o r multi-criteria analysis, less formal a p p r o a c h e s are studied, considering behavioral a s p e c t s of t h e decision makers. One of t h e s e a p p r o a c h e s is "gaming".
The p a p e r d e s c r i b e s t h e game MINE as a f i r s t attempt to apply "gaming". This work is done mainly by E. Weigkricht in p a r t i a l fulfillment of h e r Diplom thesis at t h e Vienna University. I t h a s been initiated and s u p p o r t e d by Dennis Meadows within t h e Integrative and Special Studies p r o j e c t at IIASA.
S. Orlovski P r o j e c t Leader
Regional Water Policies P r o j e c t
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The a u t h o r s e x p r e s s t h e i r g r a t i t u d e t o Dennis Meadows f o r t h e initiation of t h i s work and t h e manifold valuable advice during i t s realization.
ABSTRACT
The game MINE h a s b e e n developed f o r t h e analysis of r e g i o n a l water policies in open-pit lignite mining areas. I t i s implemented f o r a GDR test area. The p u r p o s e of t h e game i s a b o v e a l l t o t e a c h decision m a k e r s and t h e i r staff in mining r e g i o n s in o r d e r t o g e t a b e t t e r understanding of t h e complex i n t e r r e l a t e d socio-economic p r o c e s s e s with r e s p e c t t o water management in s u c h r e g i o n s . The game i s designed t o b e played by f i v e g r o u p s of p l a y e r s r e p r e s e n t i n g municipal a n d i n d u s t r i a l water supply, a g r i c u l t u r e , environmental p r o t e c t i o n a n d lignite mining. Two v e r s i o n s are available, o n e in BASIC f o r simple micro-computers as t h e Apple I1 combined with a gaming b o a r d , a n o t h e r o n e in FORTRAN f o r t h e VAX o r ALTOS combined with so- p h i s t i c a t e d c o l o r g r a p h i c s .
The p a p e r d e s c r i b e s t h e game, i t s p r a c t i c a l application a n d f i r s t e x p e r i e n c e s in playing t h e game.
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vii-
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. BACKGROUND
2. P U R P O S E O F T H E GAME MINE 3. I N S T R U C T I O N S F O R T H E GAME 3.1 B a s i c R u l e s
3.2 G o a l s and R o l e s f o r P l a y e r s 3.3 Steps o f t h e G a m e
4 . D I F F E R E N T V E R S I O N S OF T H E GAME
5 . E X P E R I E N C E S
6. CONCLUSIONS
7. R E F E R E N C E S A P P E N D I X A: A n e x a m p l e
A P P E N D I X B: H o w to r u n t h e g a m e
-
v i i i-
MINE
A Game f o r t h e Analysis of Regional Water Policies in Open-Pit Lignite Mining Areas
E.
Weigkricht and S. Kaden1. BACKGROUND
The impact of lignite mining on water r e s o u r c e s c r e a t e s significant conflicts between t h e d i f f e r e n t water u s e r s in mining regions. A detailed analysis is given by Kaden et al. 1985a,b. The most important i n t e r e s t groups consist of mining, municipal and industrial water supply groups in t h e region, and in many c a s e s also down-stream water u s e r s , a s well a s a g r i c u l t u r a l groups and environmental p r o t e c - tion a r e a s . T h e r e i s a n a p p a r e n t need f o r t h e analysis of long-term regional w a t e r policies t o r e c o n c i l e conflicting i n t e r e s t s in regions with open-pit lignite mining.
The I I A S A study "Water Policies: Regions with Open-Pit Lignite Mining" within t h e Regional Water Policies p r o j e c t is d i r e c t e d towards t h e development of methods and models t o s u p p o r t such analysis. This r e s e a r c h is based on a test a r e a in t h e GDR, f o r a description see Kaden et al. 1985a. In Figure 1 a scheme of t h e test a r e a is given, indicating both t h e i n t e r e s t g r o u p s and t h e c o n t r o l actions f o r regional water management.
Two principle problems have t o b e solved f o r t h e long-term development of open-pit lignite mining a r e a s (Kadan et al. 1985a):
1. To find "good" long-term s t r a t e g i e s oriented towards achieving a p r o p e r balance between national and regional economic needs, regional social needs and t h e regional p r e s e r v a t i o n of t h e environment.
2. To find and r e a l i z e controlling policies in o r d e r t o d i r e c t t h e regional development according t o t h e estimated "good" long-term s t r a t e g i e s .
Figure 1. G D R Test Area
Based on t h a t t h e f i r s t s t a g e of analysis is d i r e c t e d towards g e n e r a t i n g r a t i o n a l s c e n a r i o s of t h e long-term r e g i o n a l development based on p r e f e r e n c e s of a C e n t r a l Planning Authority. In t h e s e c o n d s t a g e f e a s i b l e r e g u l a t i o n policies are studied in o r d e r t o d i r e c t t h e b e h a v i o r of w a t e r u s e r s a n d consequently t h e r e g i o n a l development along t h e r e f e r e n c e s c e n a r i o s obtained at t h e f i r s t s t a g e .
The fundamental tool f o r both s t a g e s of anaiysis i s a n a p p r o p r i a t e model sys- tem s u i t a b l e f o r analyzing long-term r e g i o n a l water policies. The methodological a p p r o a c h f o r s u c h a system i s d e s c r i b e d by Kaden et a l . 1985a. To summarize, tak- ing i n t o a c c o u n t t h e policy-making r e a l i t y r e l a t e d t o long-term r e g i o n a l water management a n d planning two d i f f e r e n t step-sizes d i s c r e t i z i n g t h e p l a n n i n g h o r - i z o n T (N 50 y e a r s ) are c o n s i d e r e d :
-
t h e p l a n n i n g p e r i o d s between 1 a n d 15 y e a r s as t h e time s t e p f o r prin- c i p a l management/technological decisions (e.g. water allocation from mines, water t r e a t m e n t )-
t h e m a n a g e m e n t p e r i o d s of o n e month f o r management decisions within o n e y e a r r e l a t e d t o s h o r t - t e r m c r i t e r i a as t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n of monthly wa- ter demand.Based on t h a t t h e model system c o n s i s t s of two major components.
-
t h e p l a n n i n g model f o r dynamic multi-criteria analysis f o r a l l planning p e r i o d s in t h e planning horizon,-
t h e m a n a g e m e n t model f o r t h e s t o c h a s t i c simulation of monthly systems b e h a v i o r in t h e planning horizon.Whereas t h e f i r s t s t a g e of a n a l y s i s i s based on t h e application of p u r e l y mathemat- ical tools t h e s e c o n d s t a g e h a s t o c o n s i d e r b e h a v i o r a i a s p e c t s by t h e h e l p of l e s s formal a p p r o a c h e s . One a t t e m p t t h e r e f o r e i s t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of "gaming". I t o p e n s a n e a s y way f o r t h e involvement of t h e decision making p r o c e s s into mathematical modeling a n d improves t h e communication between s c i e n t i s t s a n d decision m a k e r s .
The game MINE being d e s c r i b e d in t h e following is a f i r s t a t t e m p t t o a p p l y gaming f o r t h e problems u n d e r study. In developing t h e game we are following t h e b a s i c f o u r p h a s e s of game design ( G r e e n b l a t t a n d Duke, 1980):
(1) I n i t i a t i o n : t a k e i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h e n a t u r e of t h e c l i e n t , t h e intended use, t h e c o n s t r a i n t s of c o s t s a n d time, etc.
( 2 ) D e s i g n : develop t h e s t y l e a n d f o r m a t of t h e game
(3) C o n s t r u c t i o n : create t h e game, load d a t a , test (4) Use.
2. PURPOSE OF
THE
GAME MINEAccording t o Shubik 1 9 8 3 t h e following f i v e m a j o r subdivisions of gaming con- c e r n i n g i t s u s e may b e distinguished:
(1) T r a i n i n g : t o i l l u s t r a t e some a s p e c t s without going i n t o c o n c e p t u a l de- t a i l s
(2) Teaching : to g e t across c o n c e p t s a n d a b s t r a c t s
(3) O p e r a t i o n a l g a m i n g : (a) policy formulation, (b) d r e s s r e h e a r s a l s , (c) gaming for s e n s i t i v i t y a n a l y s i s a n d commentary o n p l a n s
(4) E x p e r i m e n t a t i o n : (a) t h e o r y validation a n d (b) t h e o r y g e n e r a t i o n ( 5 ) F L t u r e s s t u d i e s : i.e., s t r u c t u r a l b r a i n storming
The game MINE i s designed for decision m a k e r s in open-pit mining areas to minimize pollution of w a t e r r e s o u r c e s d u e t o mining a c t i v i t i e s a n d to s a t i s f y t h e wa- ter demand (using mine d r a i n a g e w a t e r ) with minimal c o s t . I t should b e played by t h e policy m a k e r s o r t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of t h e d i f f e r e n t i n t e r e s t g r o u p s t h a t are c o n c e r n e d . In o r d e r to simplify t h e game, a schematized policy-making p r o c e s s i s assumed, see F i g u r e 2.
The a c t i v i t i e s of e a c h of t h e i n t e r e s t g r o u p s more o r less modify t h e w a t e r r e s o u r c e s s y s t e m , a n d , at t h e same time, modify t h e conditions f o r t h e o t h e r w a t e r u s e r s . MINE should h e l p t o c h o o s e a policy in c o n s i d e r a t i o n of e v e r y i n t e r e s t g r o u p in t h e area, a n d , beyond t h a t , of t h e d e s i r e to p r e s e r v e n a t u r a l e c o s y s t e m s a n d r e c r e a t i o n a l areas.
The p l a y e r s should l e a r n :
-
t h e i n t e r d e p e n d e n c y between t h e d i f f e r e n t elements of t h e area,-
t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s of t h e a c t i o n s a n d d e c i s i o n s of t h e policy m a k e r s a n d t h e i n t e r e s t g r o u p s ,-
all t h e d i f f e r e n t c i r c u m s t a n c e s of a c h o s e n policy,-
t h e n e c e s s a r y c o o r d i n a t i o n of t h e demands a n d a c t i o n s ,I
SOClO - ECONOMIC SUBSYSTEMI
I
II
Planning Authority CentralI 1 .
Regional RegionalI
Environm. Agricultur. +, Mining Water Supply Water Supply Authority Authority Authority Authority AuthorityI
4 9 9 + ?
I I I
-
I
ENVIRONMENTAL SUBSYSTEMI
Figure 2. Schematized policy-making p r o c e s s
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t o pay a t t e n t i o n a l s o t o t h e long-term consequences, t o t h e global goal, t o t h e r e a s o n of a c t i v i t i e s of o t h e r g r o u p s .Consequently, MINE i s f i r s t of a l l a t e a c h i n g game. I t s extension t o a n o p e r a t i o n - al game will b e decided b a s e d on p r a c t i c a l e x p e r i e n c e s playing t h e game with deci- sion makers. O t h e r p u r p o s e s of t h e game, with r e g a r d t o t h e game o p e r a t o r and t h e s c i e n t i s t s are:
-
test, validation, verification of t h e model,-
new a s p e c t s on t h e decision making p r o c e s s : t h e r e may b e elements t h a t a r e not c o n s i d e r e d in t h e model, as well as psychological, s o c i a l a n d sub- jective a s p e c t s t h a t are difficult t o quantify.With t h i s r e s p e c t MINE may b e viewed as a n e z p e r i m e n t a l game.
3. INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE
GAME
The game i s implemented f o r a test area in t h e
GDR.
We assume five p l a y e r s o r playing g r o u p s ( c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e decision mak- ing p r o c e s s d e s c r i b e d in Figure 2), e a c h g r o u p h a s at l e a s t o n e p l a y e r :
[ I ] M u n i c i p a l i t y [Z] I n d u s t r y
[3] A g r i c u l t u r e (irrigation; t h e water demand is increasing depending on mine drainage)
[4] E n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o t e c t i o n a r e a a n d a w n - s t r e a m w a t e r u s e r [5] Mining g r o u p r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g m i n e s :
- Mine a (closes during t h e planning horizon and becomes a remaining pit),
-
Mineb,-
Mine c,-
Mine d i s not working a t t h e beginning of t h e game, water d r a i n a g e h a s t o b e s t a r t e d b e f o r e i t opens.T h e r e may b e a n additional group, r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e c e n t r a l planning authori- t y , who is deciding in conflict situations. An o t h e r possibility is t o make t h e s e deci- sions t o g e t h e r , by vote.
The submodels of t h e game are based on t h e s a m e mathematical models as t h e Decision S u p p o r t Model System under development f o r t h e GDR test a r e a . In Kaden et al. 1985a all models are d e s c r i b e d in detail.
The game is designed f o r 1 0 planning periods (cycles). In Table 1 t h e time s t e p s are given.
Table 1 : Planning periods Planning
period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0
1
y e a r s 1 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 7 25 35 5 0 ,1
TimeI
1 2 2 2 2 7Mine a closes in period 1 0 . Mine drainage f o r mine d may start in period 2, mining of mine d starts in period 4.
The operation of t h e game t a k e s about five h o u r s at maximum f o r t h e whole planning horizon.
To r u n t h e game, p l e a s e r e f e r t o APPENDIX B.
3.1. Basic R u l e s
T h e r e i s a c e r t a i n amount of water a v a i l a b l e in t h e r e g i o n , provided by mine d r a i n a g e , g r o u n d w a t e r , remaining p i t , r i v e r , t r i b u t a r y o r water import. The u s e r s h a v e a c e r t a i n demand of w a t e r , t h a t t h e y should t r y to s a t i s f y with t h e water be- ing available. They h a v e t o d e c i d e how much water t h e y would l i k e t o h a v e from where. The mining p e o p l e d e c i d e a b o u t t h e amount of lime t h e y are adding t o t h e water (which could influence t h e possibilities of water allocation, b e c a u s e t h e u s e r s h a v e t o s a t i s f y c e r t a i n quality r e s t r i c t i o n s ) a n d w h e r e t h e y are r e l e a s i n g t h e water n o t being used ( t h e mines h a v e t o b e "empty" of water at t h e e n d of e a c h period). A f t e r t h i s , if n o c o n s t r a i n t i s violated, t h e r e s u l t s p e r y e a r of t h e l a s t playing p e r i o d , a n d t h e accumulated r e s u l t s of t h e p e r i o d s a l r e a d y being played are p r i n t e d . If some c o n s t r a i n t s are violated ( t h i s h a p p e n s usually, when n o a t t e n - tion i s paid t o t h e decisions of t h e o t h e r p l a y e r s ) , t h e decisions h a v e t o b e t a k e n t o g e t h e r ( t h e majority d e c i d e s ) o r a n o t h e r playing g r o u p , t h e c e n t r a l planning au- t h o r i t y , c a n join t h e game a n d d e c i d e s , what s t r a t e g y would b e t h e b e s t a n d which are t h e p r i o r i t i e s .
3.2. G o a l s and R o l e s f o r the P l a y e r s
The c r i t e r i a f o r t h e quality of t h e decisions are economic c r i t e r i a s ( c o s t , b e n e f i t s ) , t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n of t h e demands, a n d t h e quality of t h e w a t e r . Consider t h a t t h e s e are long t e r m a n d global goals: f o r example t h e decisions in a playing p e r i o d w h e r e o n e h a s h i g h e r c o s t s t h a n n e c e s s a r y , b u t t h e t o t a l c o s t s of t h e whole horizon are quit low, are b e t t e r t h a n decisions, w h e r e a l l t h e i n t e r e s t g r o u p s t r y t o minimize t h e i r own c o s t s . Notice t h a t you should n o t play a g a i n s t e a c h o t h e r , b u t t h a t you h a v e a common goal.
[ I ] Municipality
Your o b j e c t i v e i s t o p r o v i d e w a t e r f o r t h e municipal drinking water supply and t o minimize c o s t s (with r e g a r d t o t h e t o t a l c o s t s a n d t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n of a l l w a - ter u s e r s ) .
Your water demand c a n b e s a t i s f i e d by t h e following w a t e r allocations:
g
-
g r o u n d w a t e r e x t r a c t i o n im-
w a t e r import i n t o o n e region b-
d r a i n a g e w a t e r from mine b s-
s t r e a m .The following p i p e c a p a c i t y r e s t r i c t i o n s h a v e t o b e considered:
Table 2: Capacity of pipelines f o r municipal w a t e r supply (m 3 /set.).
P e r i o d
Example : in t h e f i r s t p e r i o d t h e maximum w a t e r allocation f r o m t h e s t r e a m i s 0.5m 3 /sec.
A s t h e drinking w a t e r supply is v e r y important, you h a v e t h e h i g h e s t p r i o r i t y , i.e.
t o decide f i r s t . (It h a s t o b e p r o v e n w h e t h e r t h i s i s a r e a l i s t i c assumption!).
[ Z ] I n d u s t r y
Your o b j e c t i v e i s t o s a t i s f y t h e i n d u s t r i a l w a t e r demand and t o minimize c o s t s (with r e g a r d t o t h e t o t a l c o s t s a n d t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n of a l l w a t e r u s e r s ) .
Your water demand c a n b e s a t i s f i e d by t h e following w a t e r allocations:
s
-
streamc
-
d r a i n a g e w a t e r from mine c d-
d r a i n a g e w a t e r from mine d.You h a v e t o c o n s i d e r t h e following p i p e c a p a c i t y r e s t r i c t i o n s : Table 3: Capacity of pipelines f o r i n d u s t r i a l w a t e r supply (m 3 /set.)
P e r i o d
, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0
Example : in t h e l a s t p e r i o d t h e maximal water allocation from mine d is 0.3 m 3 /sec.
You h a v e second p r i o r i t y a f t e r drinking water supply. Notice t h a t y o u r used w a t e r is of a bad quality a n d i s r e l e a s e d into t h e t r i b u t a r y .
[ 3 ] A g r i c u l t u r e
Your o b j e c t i v e i s to s a t i s f y t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l water demand (depending o n t h e g r o u n d w a t e r t a b l e , itself depending o n t h e d r a i n a g e a c t i v i t i e s of t h e mines) a n d t o minimize costs (with r e g a r d to t h e t o t a l costs a n d t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n of all water u s e r s ) .
Your w a t e r demand c a n b e s a t i s f i e d by t h e following water allocations:
s
-
s t r e a mc
-
d r a i n a g e w a t e r from mine c d-
d r a i n a g e water f r o m mine d .The following p i p e c a p a c i t y r e s t r i c t i o n s a r e valid:
Table 4: Capacity of pipelines for a g r i c u l t u r a l water supply (m 3 /set.).
P e r i o d
I
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
I
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
0 1 :::
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 d 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1You h a v e p r i o r i t y 3. You d o n ' t h a v e a n y demand at t h e beginning, b u t b e c a u s e of t h e mining a c t i v i t i e s , y o u r demand i s i n c r e a s i n g (especially when mine d i s going into o p e r a t i o n ) .
[ 4 ] E n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o t e c t i o n a r e a a n d D o w n - s t r e a m w a t e r u s e r
Your o b j e c t i v e i s to s a t i s f y t h e water demand of t h e environmental p r o t e c t i o n area ( t a k e c a r e of t h e quality). The down-stream water u s e r are g e t t i n g t h e water l e f t in t h e s t r e a m ( t h e quality d e p e n d s o n t h e quality of t h e w a t e r r e l e a s e d from mines a n d i n d u s t r y ) . T r y a l s o t o minimize total c o s t s .
Your water demand c a n b e s a t i s f i e d by t h e following water allocations:
p
-
remaining p i t ( a f t e r closing of mine a ) c-
d r a i n a g e water from mine cYou h a v e to c o n s i d e r t h e following p i p e c a p a c i t y r e s t r i c t i o n s :
Table 5: Capacity of pipelines f o r environmental p r o t e c t i o n (mJ/sec.).
P e r i o d
' 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Notice t h a t you h a v e no p r i o r i t y at a l l . If you o r d e r more water t h a n l e f t , t h e con- s t r a i n t s are not s a t i s f i e d and t h e decisions h a v e t o b e made a second time a l l to- g e t h e r .
[5] M i n i n g group
You h a v e t o a l l o c a t e t h e mine d r a i n a g e water with r e g a r d t o t h e minimum of t o t a l c o s t s f o r mine water d r a i n a g e and allocation. You c a n s e l l y o u r water, if a n o t h e r u s e r r e q u i r e s i t , a n d if t h e quality i s good enough. You c a n add lime h y d r a t e f o r water t r e a t m e n t s o t h a t t h e quality becomes b e t t e r . The water t h a t you could n o t s e l l t o t h e u s e r s h a s t o b e r e l e a s e d i n t o t h e r i v e r ; if i t i s of bad quality, you h a v e t o p a y a f i n e f o r t h a t .
You h a v e t o a l l o c a t e t h e amount of lime t h a t h a s t o b e added. F o r t h e possibilities of water allocation see Table 6 below.
Table 6: Capacity of pipelines f o r mine water allocation (m 3 /set.).
P e r i o d
*
a,@ means from a t o8.
Example : t h e maximum amount of water from mine b t o e x p o r t in t h e f i r s t p e r i o d i s 1 . 2 m 3 /sec.
3.3. Steps of the 'Game
For each planning period t h e following s t e p s have t o b e done:
(1) Calculation and output of water allocation, i.e. quantity and quality of water being available in t h e c u r r e n t playing period.
(2) Calculation and output of t h e water demand f o r e a c h u s e r .
(3) Input of t h e decision of t h e water u s e r s about t h e water allocation through t h e different pipelines according t o t h e i r p r i o r i t y (MINE version 1 : fill out t h e corresponding form, s e e APPENDIX A);
(4) Check of t h e c o n s t r a i n t s 1 :
-
water demand l e s s o r equal pipeline capacities,-
sum of demand from different mines l e s s o r equal t h a n water in mine,-
water t a b l e in remaining pit g r e a t e r o r equal 110 m,-
water quality of municipality ok?(5) If t h e constraints 1 were not ok, go back t o point 3 and make a coordinated de- cision.
(6) Output of t h e amount of water l e f t in t h e mines (the mines have t o b e "empty" a t t h e end of each playing period).
(7) Input of t h e decisions of t h e mining group:
-
t h e amount of lime t h a t has t o b e added,-
allocation of t h e rest of water in t h e mines (possible allocations a r e ex- p o r t , r e l e a s e t o t h e stream o r t o t h e remaining pit).(8) Check of t h e c o n s t r a i n t s 1 : if not ok, go back t o point 3 and make a coordinat- ed decision.
(9) Check of t h e c o n s t r a i n t s 2:
-
a r e t h e water quality f o r t h e different u s e r , of t h e exported water and of t h e water discharged into t h e stream within t h e limits,-
a r e t h e mines "empty" (water balance),-
is t h e water t r e a t m e n t o v e r t h e limit?(10) If t h e constraints 2 a r e not ok, go back t o point 3 and make a coordinated de- cision.
(11) Calculation and output of t h e qualities of all water allocations (mines, stream, groundwater).
(12) Calculation and output of t h e r e s u l t s p e r y e a r of t h e last playing period:
-
t h e c o s t s for a l l u s e r s and t h e d i f f e r e n t mines,-
t h e d e g r e e of satisfaction of t h e u s e r s ,-
t h e quality satisfaction of remaining pit, stream and environmental pro- tection a r e a .(13) Calculation and output of t h e t o t a l r e s u l t s of t h e periods played up to now:
c o s t s and satisfaction of t h e demand.
(14) Next playing period.
4. DIFFERENT VERSIONS OF THE GAW3
The f i r s t version of t h e game
-
MINE 1-
w a s implemented in BASIC on a n AP- PLE IIe, s o t h a t i t c a n b e used on a wide v a r i e t y of small microcomputers. For ex- ample i t h a s also been implemented on a NEC/PC 8201A, easily p o r t a b l e because of i t s small size. A playing board with a p p r o p r i a t e pieces is associated t o t h e c o m - p u t e r . During t h e game, t h e p l a y e r s a r e sitting around t h e b o a r d , filling out dif- f e r e n t forms with t h e i r decisions. The computer with t h e model is running in t h e background, t h e input of t h e decisions is made by t h e game o p e r a t o r . The commun- ication between model and decision makers is realized by pieces moved on t h e board. All model outputs as allocation and quality of water, r e s u l t s , etc. are print- e d on a n additional p r i n t e r .The second version
-
MINE 2-
i s implemented in FORTRAN 77 on t h e VAX and t h e ALTOS. A g r a p h i c terminal can b e associated, t h a t c o r r e s p o n d s to t h e b o a r d in MINE 1. The input of t h e decisions i s made by t h e p l a y e r s or by t h e game o p e r a t o r on t h e computer.The gaming b o a r d f o r MINE 1 and t h e g r a p h i c schema f o r MINE 2 r e p r e s e n t a schematical map of t h e test a r e a (see Figure 3). They also show t h e s t r e a m , t h e two t r i b u t a r i e s , t h e groundwater e x t r a c t i o n possibility, t h e possibility of import and e x p o r t . The lines between t h e s e items r e p r e s e n t t h e pipelines f o r water allo- cation.
On t h e b o a r d , water is r e p r e s e n t e d by coins with d i f f e r e n t amounts, t h e quali- t y is r e p r e s e n t e d by icons of d i f f e r e n t colors. Those pieces are moved a r o u n d by t h e p l a y e r s and r e p l a c e d by t h e game o p e r a t o r a f t e r e a c h playing period.
Dn t h e g r a p h i c , t h e lines r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e p i p e s are more o r l e s s t h i c k , depending on t h e amount of water. The c o l o r of t h e items on t h e s c r e e n r e p r e s e n t s t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g water quality. The input of t h e decisions i s made on a n addition- a l terminal. The c o s t s a n d t h e amount of lime added i s shown n e x t t o t h e items con- c e r n e d . All t h i s information c a n b e updated a f t e r e a c h playing p e r i o d . The o t h e r r e s u l t s p e r p e r i o d , as well as t h e accumulated r e s u l t s are shown on t h e additional terminal, from w h e r e t h e game a n d t h e g r a p h i c terminal are o p e r a t e d as well.
5. EXPERIENCES
Beside t h e tests, t h e game was running t h r e e times u n d e r t h e f i r s t v e r s i o n MINE 1 a n d o n c e u n d e r t h e second v e r s i o n MINE 2. Both v e r s i o n s a r e built a f t e r t h e same model, h a v e t h e same decisions a n d s t e p s . However, a f t e r t h o s e f o u r r u n s we noticed, t h a t we h a v e t w o d i f f e r e n t games. The implementation with g r a p h i c s on t h e VAX w a s a l s o intended t o give t h e game a more p r o f e s s i o n a l a n d s e r i o u s touch b e c a u s e t h e word "gaming" h a s a wide meaning, including a c t i v i t i e s t h a t are n o t t a k e n t o o s e r i o u s . We c a n define "
...
a 'game' a s a c e r t a i n t y p e of 'model', i t i s a p p r o p r i a t e to r e g a r d t h e p l a y i n g of a game as a k i n d of ' h u m a n m a n i p u l a - t i o n ' of t h i s model" (Stah1,1983). A b o a r d with p i e c e s t h a t h a v e t o b e moved a r o u n d s u g g e s t s leisure-time occupation.C o n t r a r y t o a l l e x p e c t a t i o n s , t h e b o a r d game MINE 1 w a s a b i g g e r s u c c e s s . Only t o make p e o p l e s i t a r o u n d a t h a t b o a r d b r o u g h t a l r e a d y a f e e d b a c k . The f a c t , t h a t t h e y had t o move t h o s e p i e c e s , visible a n d obvious f o r a l l p l a y e r s , i n c r e a s e d t h e communication between t h e p l a y e r s , t h i s kind of 'language' being much b e t t e r t h a n t h e numbers on t h e s c r e e n . The r e s u l t s were discussed in t h e g r o u p , what in- tensified t h e motivation. The game w a s running almost o n i t s own.
Running t h e s e c o n d v e r s i o n , i t was much more difficult to make t h e people p l a y , t h e y had t o b e motivated by t h e game o p e r a t o r t o k e e p t h e game going on.
Each g r o u p made i t s decisions a l o n e , n o r e a l discussion came up.
Running t h e f i r s t v e r s i o n of MINE t h r e e times, w e noticed t h e following d i f f e r - e n c e s in r e s u l t s a n d b e h a v i o r : The f i r s t a n d second time, MINE was played at t h e Working S e s s i o n o n Mathematical Modeling of t h e E n v i r o n m e n t a l S u b s y s t e m s f o r the A n a l y s i s of Regional Water PoLicies i n N e u n z e h n h a i n , E r z g e b i r g e , GDR, J u n e 25-30, 3984. Some of t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s were t h e s c i e n t i s t s , t h a t built p a r t s of t h e model. They played t h e second r u n . The f i r s t r u n w a s played by o t h e r p a r t i c i - p a n t s of t h e c o n f e r e n c e , t h a t are familiar with environmental problems a n d region-
f i g u r e 3. B o a r d of t h e g a m e
a1 water policies. Already h e r e we found a d i f f e r e n t b e h a v i o r : t h e y t r i e d t o work t o g e t h e r a good as possible, t h e i r s t r a t e g y w a s t o minimize t h e sum of a l l c o s t s . They had q u i e t good r e s u l t s after t h e second playing p e r i o d , when t h e y found o u t a b o u t t h e mechanism of t h e game and t h e b e h a v i o r of t h e model on s p e c i f i c actions.
Playing with t h e g r o u p of " e x p e r t s " t h a t built t h e model, i t was difficult t o g e t t h e game going on: t h e y s t a r t e d t o discuss some of t h e submodels, a r g u i n g on t h e p a r a m e t e r s , e t c . E a c h playing g r o u p consisted of t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g e x p e r t s . They t r i e d t o minimize t h e i r own c o s t s , playing a g a i n s t e a c h o t h e r , what made t h e con- s t r a i n t s fail q u i e t o f t e n . A t t h e e n d , t h e y had t h e b e s t t o t a l r e s u l t s , b e c a u s e of o n e of t h e b a s i c decisions of t h e game, t h e s t a r t i n g p e r i o d of t h e d r a i n a g e of mine d.
The p l a y e r s of t h e mining g r o u p took t h e optimal choice. Finally t h e r e w a s a gen- e r a l discussion, where some points of t h e model were questioned. The importance of communication was emphasized.
The t h i r d time, MINE r u n at t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e of Applied Systems Analysis with a n a r b i t r a r y g r o u p of people. I t came o u t , t h a t t h e d e g r e e of infor- mation was t o o low f o r p e o p l e from o t h e r areas. To play t h e f i r s t p e r i o d took a long time, many questions had t o b e answered by t h e game o p e r a t o r . A f t e r some r o u n d s t h e b a s i c a s p e c t s of t h e problem came out. A s MINE i s designed f o r decision m a k e r s in open p i t mining areas, i t should b e played with people familiar with t h i s problem.
.The second v e r s i o n of t h e game was o p e r a t e d on a Task F o r c e Meeting on t h e Analysis of Regional Water Policies, November 27-29, 1 9 8 4 , at t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l In- s t i t u t e f o r Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria. S e v e r a l g r a p h i c termi- nals a n d usual t e r m i n a l s were placed in t h e room, visible f o r t h e p l a y e r s . E a c h playing g r o u p consisted of two p l a y e r s and had h i s own terminals. C o n t r a r y t o t h e b o a r d , which i n c r e a s e d t h e communication, t h e terminals d e c r e a s e d i t . No discus- sions came u p , i t was difficult t o k e e p t h e game going and t o motivate t h e p l a y e r s .
6. CONCLUSIONS
The game MINE o f f e r s a supplementary tool f o r t h e analysis of r e g i o n a l water policies in open-pit lignite mining areas. In t h e p r e s e n t form t h e game i s a n e x p e r - imental and a b o v e a l l t e a c h i n g game. The f i r s t gaming sessions indicate t h a t i t i s v e r y useful in o r d e r t o g e t a b e t t e r understanding of t h e complex i n t e r r e l a t e d socio-economic p r o c e s s e s in lignite mining r e g i o n s f o r decision m a k e r s a n d t h e i r s t a f f . In analyzing such gaming s e s s i o n s b e h a v i o r a l a s p e c t s become obvious which
h a r d i y c a n b e formalized.
F o r t e a c h i n g p u r p o s e s t h e simpler v e r s i o n MINE 1 with a gaming b o a r d i s f a v o r a b l e d u e t o i t s communication c h a r a c t e r . The game MINE 1 should b e im- p r o v e d f o r t h i s p u r p o s e by modification of t h e d a t a in o r d e r t o emphasize t h e sig- nificant p r o c e s s e s within t h e system. The s o p h i s t i c a t e d computerized game MINE 2 seems t o b e only useful if i t is e x t e n d e d t o a n o p e r a t i o n a l game f o r p r a c t i c a l p r o b - lem solutions. By combination of t h e game with algorithms f o r multi-criteria analysis a v e r y powerful s u p p o r t tool would b e a v a i l a b l e . But t h e r e i s o n e bottleneck
-
t h e availability of decision m a k e r s f o r gaming s e s s i o n s . I t is doubtful w h e t h e r d e c i s i o n m a k e r s r e p r e s e n t i n g the i n t e r e s t g r o u p s c a n be i d e n t i f i e d a n d , 2 . th i s i s d o n e , c a n b e stimulated t o play t h e game t o g e t h e r . This question i s n o t t o b e solved academatically at IIASA, i t r e q u i r e s p r a c t i c a l a t t e m p t s in t h e re- gion of i n t e r e s t .7.
REFERENCES
G r e e n b l a t t , C.S., a n d Duke, R.D. 1980. P r i n c i p l e s a n d P r a c t i c e s of Gaming- Simulation. S a g e Publications. p . 49
Kaden, S., J . Hummel, L. L u c k n e r , D. P e u k e r t , and K. Tiemer. 1985a. Water Poli- cies: Region with Open P i t Lignite Mining (Introduction t o t h e IIASA Study).
IIASA, WP-85-04, L a x e n b u r g , Austria, p. 67.
Kaden, S . , J . Hummel, L. Luckner, D. P e u k e r t , and K . Tiemer. 1985b. Decision Sup- p o r t Model Systems f o r t h e Analysis of Regional Water Policies in Open-Pit Lignite Mining Areas. I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o u r n a l of Mine Water, June 1985.
Shubik, M. 1983. Gaming: A State-of-the-Art S u r v e y . In: Operational Gaming: An I n t e r n a t i o n a l A p p r o a c h , I. S t a h l (Ed.). Pergamon P r e s s , Oxford, ISBN 0-08- 030836-8, ISBN 0-08-030870-8, pp.75-79
S t a h l , I. 1983. What is Operational Gaming?. In: Operational Gaming: An I n t e r n a - tional Approach, I. S t a h l (Ed.) Pergamon P r e s s , Oxford, ISBN 0-08-030836-8, ISBN 0-08-030870-8, pp. 25-40.
- 17 -
APPENDIX A
E x a m p l e of M I N E 1
Information f o r t h e o p e r a t o r on t h e situation at t h e beginning of t h e c u r r e n t play- ing p e r i o d : This information h a s t o b e visible on t h e b o a r d ( Q S a r e t h e c o r r e s p o n d - ing balance points along t h e s t r e a m ) .
P E R I O D 1
WATER AVAILABLE MINE a MINE b MINE c MINE d Q S l Q S 5 Q S 7 QS6 Q S 2 Q S 3 Q S 4
DEMAND :
MUNICIPALITY .2
I N D U S T R Y 3
A G R I C U L T U R E 0
E N V I R O N M E N T . P R O T E C T . A R E A .02
DOWN-STREAM WATER U S E R 25
Now t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g f o r m 1 f o r t h e u s e r s h a s to be f i l l e d o u t . After d a t a input by t h e o p e r a t o r t h e c o n s t r a i n t s a r e c h e c k e d :
C H E C K O F T H E C O N S T R A I N T S T H E CONSTRAINTS 1 A R E OK
AMOUNT OF WATER T H A T H A S TO B E D I S T R I B U T E D : MINE a : 4 . 1
MINE b: 2.95
MINE c : 2.03
Now Form 2 has to be filled o u t b y t h e m i n i n g p l a y e r s . After d a t a i n p u t t h e c o n s t r a i n t s a r e c h e c k e d a n d t h e r e s u l t s a r e p r i n t e d : ( C S i s t h e q u a l i t y i n t h e b a l a n c e p o i n t s of t h e s t r e a m ]
C H E C K O F T H E C O N S T R A I N T S C O N S T R A I N T S 1 A R E OK ALL C O N S T R A I N T S A R E OK WATER QUALITY
a
=
2b = 2
C
=
2C S 1 = 1 C S 5
=
1 C S 7=
3 C S 6=
1RESULTS OF PERIOD 1=1981 (Mill. M a r k / y e a r ) COSTS:
COSTS FOR MINE a COSTS FOR MINE b COSTS FOR MINE c
SUM OF COSTS FOR MINING
COSTS FOR MUNICIPAL WATER S U P P L Y COSTS FOR INDUSTRIAL WATER S U P P L Y COSTS FOR AGRICULTURAL WATER S U P P L Y COSTS FOR DOWN STREAM WATER U S E R COSTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECT. AREA NOT SATISFIED DEMAND:
MUNICIPALITY INDUSTRY AGRICULTURE
DOWN STREAM WATER U S E R ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECT. AREA WATER QUALITY:
STREAM
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECT. AREA
PERIOD:
User
Stream
Groundwater reservoir l mport
Mines Remaining pit Municipality l ndustry Agriculture Env. protect. area Down-stream water user
DEMAND: m :
F o r m 1: W a t e r aLLocation f o r w a t e r u s e r s
-
20-
PERIOD:
Quantity of lime: a : b :
C : d : P :
Distribution of water left in mines:
Form 2: Mine w a t e r a l l o c a t i o n a n d t r e a t m e n t
APPENDIX B
How to
Run
the Game VERSION 1To r u n t h e game, see a l s o Appendix A f o r t h e playing s t e p s . You need a n AP- PLE I1 e (and a floppy disk with t h e game MINE) o r a n NEC/PC (and a c a s s e t t e with t h e game), a b o a r d a n d t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g p i e c e s a n d coins, two kinds of forms at l e a s t f o r e a c h playing p e r i o d a n d a s h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e r o l e with t h e pipeline r e s t r i c t i o n s f o r e a c h p l a y e r . This r o l e d e s c r i p t i o n h a s t o b e r e a d from t h e p l a y e r s b e f o r e t h e r u n . The information on t h e amount of c a p a c i t y r e s t r i c t i o n i s needed d u r i n g t h e whole game. The information of water a v a i l a b l e a n d water quali- t i e s h a s t o b e p u t on t h e b o a r d at t h e beginning of e a c h playing p e r i o d , using t h e coins a n d t h e p i e c e s . The demand p r i n t e d o u t f o r e a c h p e r i o d h a s t o b e p u t o n form 1. Making a decision means t o move t h e coins on t h e b o a r d : in t h e s e q u e n c e of t h e i r p r i o r i t y , t h e p l a y e r s of t h e water u s e r s h a v e t o make t h e s e decisions a n d t o fill o u t t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g row in form 1. A t t h e beginning of p e r i o d 2, t h e decision on t h e s t a r t i n g time f o r t h e d r a i n a g e of mine d h a s t o b e made. These decisions h a v e t o b e p u t by t h e o p e r a t o r on t h e computer. The c o n s t r a i n t s 1 are c h e c k e d , if t h e y a r e not o k , a n information on t h e r e a s o n f o r t h e f a i l u r e i s p r i n t e d out. A new form h a s t o b e filled o u t by t h e p l a y e r s (decisions made by a n additional playing g r o u p f o r t h e c e n t r a l planning a u t h o r i t y o r by a l l p l a y e r s t o g e t h e r ) . Now t h e p l a y e r s of t h e mining g r o u p h a v e t o make t h e i r decisions on t h e amount of lime t h e y h a v e t o a d d a n d t h e allocation of t h e rest of t h e water l e f t in t h e mines. They h a v e t o fill o u t t h e form 2, t h e decisions a r e p u t o n t h e computer by t h e o p e r a t o r . The c o n s t r a i n t s 1 a r e c h e c k e d f i r s t , t h e n t h e c o n s t r a i n t s 2. If o n e of them is not o k , additional information on t h e r e a s o n i s p r i n t e d o u t a n d t h e whole p e r i o d h a s t o b e played again. If a l l c o n s t r a i n t s are o k , t h e r e s u l t s a r e p r i n t e d o u t a n d c a n b e shown t o t h e p l a y e r s . Give them enough time f o r discussion, but at t h e same time, k e e p t h e game going. P u t in, which p e r i o d you want t o play n e x t a n d continue. In Figure 4 a flow diagram of t h i s v e r s i o n i s given.
FLOW DIAGRAM
?, Back to the situation of TW
1
T = T W+
start 1
w N N
-
Ilnput of next playing INITIALIZING
-
Dimensioning of the parameters-
Definition of existing pipes- Reading of the different time- functions and factors
+
%Input of the N n m g period T (240)
1
period TW4
Calculation + output of the TOTAL RESULTS from period 1 to actual
- Costs
- Satisfied demand Calculation
4
+ Output of the 0 ANNUAL RESULTS in period T- Costs
- Satisfied demand
- Quality satisfaction for remaining pit, stream, env. protect, area
4
Calculation + Output of QUALITIES of all water allocations
- Miner, meam, groundwater
'
w m m ,N I I
f.N N w
N N
w
g
ur
Calculation + output of the allocetion and quantities of water in period T.
decision about mine D
f
Calculation and output of the required quantities of water for each user INPUT of the decisions
+
of the users about the
I
2
V,
0
8 I
4 N
N
5;
\.
f.
A
1 water quantitites through
<water in mines
- water table in remaining pit 2 110
- Qual~ties for municipality
All decisions
V,
g
!? g
d
-
the different pipes 5
b
made by the
N f.
m I
W N
m w N
m
8
, ,
E -
LO. m ,
D
A
+
Check of the CONSTRAINTS 2 on:
- Qualities for -+
Industry Agriculture Env. Protect. Area Expon
of discharged water (mines)
- Balana in the Output of the
mner left in the mines, that has to be distributed
$I
v,
F1
V,
0
g
7
m 0
GROUP w
I
8
w
-
5; I
V,
mines (+ empty?)
I
- Constraints on waterInput of the 7
quantities o f lime treatment
that are added
m
-
+
N lnput of the decisions of the mining peopleabout the rest of water 2
in the mines N VI
a
m Check of theCONSTRAINTS 1 :
- DEM < pipe capacities
- DEM from different mines
::
1E F i g u r e 4. Flow diagram of MINE, VERSION 1
VERSION 2
Beside t h e a d e q u a t e c o m p u t e r (VAX o r ALTOS), you may u s e a n AED g r a p h i c terminal with t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g software. The s e q u e n c e of t h e game s t e p s i s t h e same t h a n in v e r s i o n 1. The water a v a i l a b l e as well as t h e water quality are shown on t h e computer g r a p h i c , t h e demand of t h e u s e r s o n t h e terminal, as well as t h e menu f o r t h e following s t e p s : you c a n a s k f o r additional information b e f o r e you h a v e t o d e c i d e , o r g o on with t h e water demand. The s c r e e n shows a matrix with t h e pipeline r e s t r i c t i o n s and t h e amount of water a l r e a d y o r d e r e d , t h a t you h a v e t o fill o u t with y o u r decisions ( a t t h e same time, some b a s i c c o n s t r a i n t s , l i k e pipe- line c a p a c i t i e s , are c h e c k e d ) . A t e v e r y time, you h a v e t h e possibility t o go b a c k t o t h e l a s t s t e p , t o see y o u r demand o r t o apply f o r additional information. A t t h e be- ginning of p e r i o d 2, t h e decision on t h e beginning of t h e d r a i n a g e of mine d h a s t o b e made. The n e x t s t e p would b e t h a t t h e p l a y e r s f o r t h e mining g r o u p h a v e t o fill o u t a similar matrix with t h e amounts of lime a n d t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e rest of wa- t e r . The c o n s t r a i n t s are c h e c k e d , if t h e y are n o t o k , you go back t o t h e beginning of t h i s p e r i o d ; if t h e y are o k , you c a n u p d a t e t h e g r a p h i c a n d see t h e r e s u l t s (qual- ity a n d annual c o s t s on t h e g r a p h i c , accumulated r e s u l t s and s a t i s f a c t i o n of t h e demand on t h e s c r e e n ) . Go on with t h e n e x t playing p e r i o d .
Plan enough time f o r a l a t e r discussion o n t h e whole game!
