Organisation of the presentation

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H.P. Nachtnebel Course unit 9

Integrated Water Resources Planning and Management:

What is Still Missing in Application ?

H.P. Nachtnebel

Dept. of Water-Atmosphere-Environment

Univ. of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences BOKU-Vienna

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Organisation of the presentation

• Objectives and introduction

• What are the main goals of IWRM ?

• Which guidelines are available ?

• Some examples: Nile, Danube

• What is missing ?

• Summary and conclusion

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H.P. Nachtnebel

Objectives

• Review of IWRM concepts

• Identification of useful indicators

• Identification of reasons for deficits in application

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• Characteristic aspects of water management schemes

– Long lifetime of water management structures – Broad range of impacts

– Large uncertainty in impact assessment

Introduction

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Long lifetime of water management structures

• Reservoirs exist which are being operated since more than 2 000 years

(some were operated only a few decades)

Kabar dam (Iran)

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Long lifetime of water management structures

• Navigation channels exist and are used since several centuries

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Long lifetime of water management structures

• Hydropower schemes have a physical lifetime of 50- 100 years

Hydropower station Kaprun Austria

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Long lifetime of water management structures

• Hydropower schemes have a physical lifetime of 50- 100 years

• Dikes are maintained since centuries and are still functioning

Dike along North Sea

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Many failures of water management structures

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Many failures of water management structures

• Irrigation systems failed because of soil salination

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Many failures of water management structures

• Water supply systems failed because of water scarcity

Fatehpur Sikri (UP)

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Many failures of water management structures

• Reservoir are filled up by sediments

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Many failures of water management structures

• Reservoir are filled up by sediments

• Dams collapse because of wrong design and failures during construction

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Water schemes have a broad range of impacts

• Agriculture irrigation and drainage

• Transport navigation

• Energy hydropower, energy storage, cooling water

• Industries water for cooling and for processing

• Societal needs water for health, water supply, waste water treatment, recreation, sports

• Infrastructure land development, flood protection

• Environment water requirements of the nature for itself

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Large uncertainty in impact assessment

• It is difficult (impossible) to predict impacts over 100 years

• Monetary based instruments discount the future

• Changes in social preferences may occur within decades

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How can we design and manage systems soundly in the long term ?

• Some experts recommend small instead of large structures

• Some experts recommend decentralised systems instead of a centralised approach

• Many experts propose Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)

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Elements of IWRM

• Systems should provide benefits in the short and in the long term Dynamic programming

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Elements of IWRM

• Systems should serve economic, social and

environmental goals Multi-objective programming

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Elements of IWRM

• The development, design and management of systems should be based on a participatory approach of all stake holders group decision making process

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Elements of IWRM

• Systems should cope with unforeseen events risk analysis, resilient systems

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Elements of IWRM

• Systems should cope with unforeseen events risk analysis, resilient systems

• Equitable allocation of resources, benefits, impacts

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IWRM Requirements (necessary conditions)

• Clear political objectives

• Adequate legislation and administration

• Trained experts in water management, environmental economy, social sciences, regional planners,….

• Education and training of the public

• Basin wide approach

• Efficient utilisation of financial, enviromental and social resources (Sustainable use of resources)

• Sound governance framework

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Which guidelines are available ?

• Catalyzing Change:

A handbook for developing integrated water resources management (IWRM) and water efficiency strategies

Produced by the Global Water Partnership (GWP) Technical Committee with support from Norway’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs

• Directive 2000/60/EC of EU

establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy

• Common Strategy on Implementation of the Water Framework Directive (EU-2004)

best practice in river basin planning

• Integrated Water Resources Management on a Basin Level

UNESCO, 2003

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Goals of EU-Water Framework Directive

• avoid long-term deterioration of freshwater quality and quantity and aiming at sustainable management and protection of freshwater resources

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Goals of Water Framework Directive

• The ultimate aim of this Directive is to achieve the elimination of priority hazardous substances and

contribute to achieving concentrations in the marine environment near background values for naturally occurring substances

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Goals of Water Framework Directive

• The ultimate aim of this Directive is to achieve the elimination of priority hazardous substances and

contribute to achieving concentrations in the marine environment near background values for naturally occurring substances

• Achieve a good environmental status of water bodies

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Some basic principles

• Member States shall take account of the principle of recovery of the costs of water services, including

environmental and resource costs

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Some basic principles

• water-pricing policies should provide adequate

incentives for users to use water resources efficiently

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Some basic principles

• The basic management unit is the catchment

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Some basic principles

• Water management plans have to be developed for each basin

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Some basic principles

• Common goals, definitions and criteria have to be developed

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Some basic principles

• Common goals, definitions and criteria have to be developed

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Status of Water Framework Directive

• Many catchments extend over administrative/political boundaries

• Management units for each catchment have to be established

• Water resources assesment has been completed

• Environmental status report has been completed

• Water management plans were published 2009/10

• Involvement of the public: information is provided

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Some examples

• Danube River Basin

• Nile Basin Initiative (NBI)

• Aral Sea Catchment

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Danube example:

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A legal frame for co-operation to assure the protection of water and ecological resources and their sustainable use in the Danube River Basin

signed: 29 June 1994, Sofia

entered into force: 22 October 1998

Permanent Secretariat: since 1 October 1999

The Danube River Protection Convention

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Objectives of the DRPC

 Ensure sustainable and equitable water management;

 Ensure conservation, improvement and rational use of surface and groundwater;

 Control discharge of waste waters, inputs of nutrients and hazardous substances from point and diffuse sources of emissions;

 Control flood and ice hazards;

 Control hazards originating from accidents (warning and preventive measures);

 Reduce pollution loads of the Black Sea from sources in the Danube catchment area;

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Implementation

• Elaboration of a legal basis

• Exchange of information

• Elaboration of joint definitions

• Elaboration of joint principles

• Establishment of a secretariat

• Elaboration of a Strategic Action Plan

• A participatory approach involving the public (NGOs)

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The Nile Basin example

The Nile Basin is home to over 160 million people and it is expected that the

population will double in the next 25 years, increasing the demand on water use.

There is a serious deficit of electric power generation in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Agricultural demand on water is also increasing.

Environmental degradation, such as soil erosion and water pollution, are growing problems throughout the region.

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The Nile Basin example

Two major tributaries:

the White Nile, with its sources on the

Equatorial Lake Plateau (Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania, Kenya, Zaire and Uganda),

the Blue Nile, with its sources in the Ethiopian highlands.

Upstream part is „rich“ in water resources (>1200 mm/a)

Middle plains (fertile soils and 400-800 mm/a) lower part: Sudan and Egypt 20-40 mm/a

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From unilateral decisions to an integrated view (NBI intiative)

There has never existed a basin-wide analytical system which countries could access to openly and

transparently share information and to understand broader impacts.

Transboundary cooperation on the Nile can increase the range and magnitude of direct benefits to riparian states, and serve as a catalyst for greater regional

integration, both economic and political, with potential benefits far exceeding those derived from the river itself.

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NBI activities

• The NBI started with a participatory process of

dialogue among the riparians that resulted in their agreeing on a shared vision:

• to “achieve sustainable socio-economic development through the equitable utilization of, and benefit from, the common Nile Basin water resources,” and a

Strategic Action Program to translate this vision into concrete activities and projects.

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H.P. Nachtnebel Symposium Damascus April 2009

NBI activities

• The Nile Basin DSS is based on the concepts of IWRM:

• *meet society’s long-term needs for water and coastal resources

• *maintaining essential ecological services

• *and economic benefits”

• Priority areas of concern (2008) Water resources development

Optimal water resources utilization Coping with floods

Coping with droughts

Energy development (hydropower) Rainfed and irrigated agriculture

Watershed and Sediment Management Navigation

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The Aral Sea example

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Deficits

• Problems are due to inefficient water use and a lack of cooperation

• deficit in a catchment wide approach

• Riparian states act independently from each other

• No agreed principles and objectives

• No long term vision

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Where do we have deficits ?

• From a scientific view point most of the tools are available

• Until now we dont have powerful river basin authorities

• The administrative structure does not conform with the physical catchment structure

• Lack of experience in involving all stake holders

• How to harmonise stake holder interests ? (e.g.

Upstream-downstream)

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Summary and conclusion

• IWRM is the state of the art approach

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Summary and conclusion

• Experiences are available from different countries

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Summary and conclusion

• Numerous tools (GIS, modelling and simulation tools, decision making techniques, negotiation

techniques,…) are available

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Summary and conclusion

techniques,…) are available BUT

• How to integrate all the stake holders ?

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Summary and conclusion

• How to allocate properly benefits and costs among the people ?

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Summary and conclusion

• How to allocate properly benefits and costs among the people ?

• Enforcement instruments are needed

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H.P. Nachtnebel

Thank you very much for your attention

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