2014 Demographic and Health Survey Cambodia

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Cambodia

Demographic and

Cambodia 2014 Demographic and Health Survey

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Cambodia

Demographic and Health Survey 2014

National Institute of Statistics Ministry of Planning

Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Directorate General for Health Ministry of Health

Phnom Penh, Cambodia

The DHS Program ICF International Rockville, Maryland, USA

September 2015

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The analysis of the Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey 2014 was achieved through the joint efforts of:

Sok Kosal, NIS/MoP Chhay Satia, NIS/MoP They Kheam, NIS/MoP Phan Chinda, NIS/MoP Loun Mondol, DGH/MoH

Lam Phirun, DGH/MoH Rathavuth Hong, ICF International Bernard Barrère, ICF International

Anne Cross, ICF International Sunita Kishor, ICF International

See Appendix D for a list of contributors to the implementation of the CDHS.

The 2014 Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey (2014 CDHS) is part of The DHS Program, a worldwide project which assists countries in the collection of data to monitor and evaluate population, health, and nutrition programs. Funding was provided by the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC), the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia- DFAT), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), the Korean International Cooperation Agency (KOICA), and the Health Sector Support Program—Second Phase (HSSP-2).

Additional information about the survey can be obtained from the National Institute of Statistics; 386 Monivong Boulevard, Sangkat Beong Keng Kang 1, Chamkar Mon, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Telephone: (855) 23-213650;

E-mail: ssythan@hotmail.com; Internet: www.nis.gov.kh and the Directorate General for Health, Ministry of Health 80 Samdech Penn Nouth Boulevard (289), Sangkat Boeungkak 2, Tuol Kork, Phnom Penh, Cambodia;

Telephone: (855) 23-885970/23-884909; E-mail: webmaster@moh.gov.kh; Internet: www.moh.gov.kh.

Additional information about The DHS Program can be obtained from ICF International, 530 Gaither Road, Suite 500, Rockville, MD 20850 USA; Telephone: 301-572-0200, Fax: 301-572-0999, E-mail:

info@DHSprogram.com, Internet: www.DHSprogram.com.

Suggested citation:

National Institute of Statistics, Directorate General for Health, and ICF International, 2015. Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey 2014. Phnom Penh, Cambodia, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: National Institute of Statistics, Directorate General for Health, and ICF International.

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TABLES AND FIGURES

1 INTRODUCTION ... 1

Table 1.1 Results of the household and individual interviews ... 9

2 HOUSEHOLD POPULATION AND HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS ... 11

Table 2.1 Household population by age, sex, and residence ... 12

Table 2.2 Population by age according to selected sources ... 13

Table 2.3 Household composition ... 13

Table 2.4.1 Educational attainment of the female household population ... 14

Table 2.4.2 Educational attainment of the male household population ... 15

Table 2.5 School attendance ratios ... 16

Table 2.6 Household drinking water ... 19

Table 2.7 Household sanitation facilities ... 20

Table 2.8 Hand washing ... 21

Table 2.9 Household characteristics ... 22

Table 2.10 Household possessions ... 23

Table 2.11 Wealth quintiles ... 24

Table 2.12 Birth registration of children under age 5 ... 25

Table 2.13 Children’s living arrangements and orphanhood ... 26

Table 2.14 School attendance by survivorship of parents ... 27

Figure 2.1 Population pyramid ... 12

Figure 2.2 Age-specific attendance rates ... 17

3 UTILIZATION OF HEALTH SERVICES FOR ACCIDENT, ILLNESS, OR INJURY ... 29

Table 3.1 Injury or death in an accident ... 30

Table 3.2 Injury or death in an accident by type of accident ... 31

Table 3.3 Prevalence and severity of illness or injury in previous 30 days ... 32

Table 3.4 Percentage of ill or injured population who sought treatment ... 33

Table 3.5 Percentage of ill or injured population who sought treatment ... 35

Table 3.6 Distribution of cost for health care ... 36

Table 3.7 Expenditures for health care ... 37

Table 3.8 Source of money (United States dollars) spent by persons who sought treatment for health care ... 39

Figure 3.1 Percentage of ill or injured household members seeking treatment by order of treatment and sector of health care ... 35

4 DISABILITY ... 41

Table 4.1 Disability among the household population ... 42

Table 4.2 Disability among the ill or injured population ... 43

Table 4.3 Disability and employment ... 44

5 RESPONDENT CHARACTERISTICS ... 47

Table 5.1 Background characteristics of respondents ... 48

Table 5.2.1 Educational attainment: Women ... 49

Table 5.2.2 Educational attainment: Men ... 50

Table 5.3.1 Literacy: Women ... 51

Table 5.3.2 Literacy: Men ... 52

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x • Tables and Figures

Table 5.4.1 Exposure to mass media: Women ... 53

Table 5.4.2 Exposure to mass media: Men ... 54

Table 5.5.1 Employment status: Women ... 55

Table 5.5.2 Employment status: Men ... 56

Table 5.6.1 Occupation: Women ... 58

Table 5.6.2 Occupation: Men ... 59

Table 5.7 Type of employment: Women ... 60

Table 5.8.1 Health insurance coverage: Women ... 61

Table 5.8.2 Health insurance coverage: Men ... 62

Table 5.9.1 Use of tobacco: Women ... 63

Table 5.9.2 Use of tobacco: Men ... 64

6 FERTILITY ... 67

Table 6.1 Current fertility ... 68

Table 6.2 Fertility by background characteristics ... 69

Table 6.3.1 Trends in age-specific fertility rates ... 70

Table 6.3.2 Trends in fertility ... 71

Table 6.4 Children ever born and living ... 73

Table 6.5 Birth intervals ... 74

Table 6.6 Age at first birth ... 75

Table 6.7 Median age at first birth ... 76

Table 6.8 Teenage pregnancy and motherhood ... 77

Figure 6.1 Age-specific fertility rates for five-year periods preceding the survey ... 71

Figure 6.2 Trends in age-specific fertility rates, Cambodia 2005, 2010, and 2014 ... 72

7 PRACTICE OF ABORTION ... 79

Table 7.1 Number of induced abortions ... 80

Table 7.2 Pregnancy duration at the time of abortion ... 82

Table 7.3 Place of abortion ... 82

Table 7.4 Persons who helped with abortion ... 83

Table 7.5 Method used for the abortion ... 84

Figure 7.1 Distribution of women who have had an abortion by number of abortions ... 81

8 FAMILY PLANNING ... 85

Table 8.1 Knowledge of contraceptive methods ... 85

Table 8.2 Knowledge of contraceptive methods by background characteristics ... 86

Table 8.3 Current use of contraception by age ... 87

Table 8.4.1 Current use of contraception by background characteristics ... 88

Table 8.4.2 Trends in current use of contraception ... 89

Table 8.5 Use of social marketing brand pills and condoms ... 90

Table 8.6 Knowledge of fertile period ... 91

Table 8.7 Timing of sterilization ... 91

Table 8.8 Source of modern contraception methods ... 92

Table 8.9 Informed choice ... 93

Table 8.10 Future use of contraception ... 94

Table 8.11 Exposure to family planning messages ... 95

Table 8.12 Contact of nonusers with family planning providers ... 96

9 OTHER PROXIMATE DETERMINANTS OF FERTILITY ... 97

Table 9.1 Current marital status ... 98

Table 9.2 Number of women’s co-wives ... 99

Table 9.3 Age at first marriage ... 100

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Table 9.4.1 Median age at first marriage: Women ... 101

Table 9.4.2 Median age at first marriage: Men ... 102

Table 9.5 Age at first sexual intercourse ... 103

Table 9.6.1 Median age at first intercourse: Women ... 104

Table 9.6.2 Median age at first intercourse: Men ... 105

Table 9.7.1 Recent sexual activity: Women ... 106

Table 9.7.2 Recent sexual activity: Men ... 107

Table 9.8 Postpartum amenorrhea, abstinence, and insusceptibility ... 108

Table 9.9 Median duration of amenorrhea, postpartum abstinence, and postpartum insusceptibility ... 109

Table 9.10 Menopause ... 110

10 FERTILITY PREFERENCES ... 111

Table 10.1 Fertility preferences by number of living children ... 112

Table 10.2.1 Desire to limit childbearing: Women ... 113

Table 10.2.2 Desire to limit childbearing: Men ... 114

Table 10.3 Need and demand for family planning among currently married women ... 116

Table 10.4 Ideal number of children ... 117

Table 10.5 Mean ideal number of children ... 118

Table 10.6 Fertility planning status ... 118

Table 10.7 Wanted fertility rates ... 119

11 ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY ... 121

Table 11.1 Completeness of information on siblings ... 122

Table 11.2 Sibship size and sex ratio of siblings ... 122

Table 11.3 Adult mortality rates ... 123

Table 11.4 Maternal mortality ... 124

Figure 11.1 Confidence intervals for maternal mortality rates, Cambodia 2005, 2010, and 2014 ... 125

12 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY ... 127

Table 12.1 Early childhood mortality rates ... 129

Table 12.2 Early childhood mortality rates by socioeconomic characteristics ... 130

Table 12.3 Early childhood mortality rates by demographic characteristics ... 131

Table 12.4 Perinatal mortality ... 133

Table 12.5 High-risk fertility behavior ... 134

Figure 12.1 Trends in childhood mortality, 2000-2014 ... 129

Figure 12.2 Infant mortality rates by socioeconomic characteristics ... 130

Figure 12.3 Infant mortality rates by demographic characteristics ... 132

13 MATERNAL HEALTH ... 137

Table 13.1 Antenatal care ... 138

Table 13.2 Number of antenatal care visits and timing of first visit ... 139

Table 13.3 Components of antenatal care ... 140

Table 13.4 Tetanus toxoid injections ... 141

Table 13.5 Place of delivery ... 142

Table 13.6 Assistance during delivery ... 144

Table 13.7.1 Timing of first postnatal checkup ... 145

Table 13.7.2 Type of provider of first postnatal checkup for the mother ... 146

Table 13.8.1 Timing of first postnatal checkup for the newborn ... 147

Table 13.8.2 Type of provider of first postnatal checkup for the newborn ... 148

Table 13.9 Problems in accessing health care ... 149

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xii • Tables and Figures

14 CHILD HEALTH ... 151

Table 14.1 Child’s size and weight at birth... 152

Table 14.2 Vaccinations by source of information ... 153

Table 14.3 Vaccinations by background characteristics ... 154

Table 14.4 Prevalence and treatment of symptoms of ARI ... 156

Table 14.5 Prevalence and treatment of fever ... 158

Table 14.6 Prevalence of diarrhea ... 159

Table 14.7 Diarrhea treatment ... 161

Table 14.8 Feeding practices during diarrhea ... 162

Table 14.9 Knowledge of ORS packets or pre-packaged liquids... 163

Table 14.10 Disposal of children’s stools ... 164

Figure 14.1 Trends in vaccination by age 12 months among children age 12-23 months, 2000-2014 ... 155

15 EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT ... 165

Table 15.1 Early childhood education ... 166

Table 15.2 Support for learning ... 167

Table 15.3 Learning materials ... 168

Table 15.4 Inadequate care ... 169

Table 15.5 Early Child Development Index ... 171

16 NUTRITION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN ... 173

Table 16.1 Nutritional status of children ... 176

Table 16.2 Initial breastfeeding ... 179

Table 16.3 Breastfeeding status by age ... 180

Table 16.4 Median duration of breastfeeding ... 182

Table 16.5 Foods and liquids consumed by children in the day or night preceding the interview ... 184

Table 16.6 Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices ... 185

Table 16.7 Prevalence of anemia in children ... 188

Table 16.8 Micronutrient intake among children ... 190

Table 16.9 Presence of iodized salt in household ... 192

Table 16.10 Nutritional status of women ... 193

Table 16.11 Prevalence of anemia in women ... 195

Table 16.12 Micronutrient intake among mothers ... 197

Figure 16.1 Nutritional status of children by age ... 177

Figure 16.2 Trends in nutritional status of children under age 5 ... 178

Figure 16.3 Infant feeding practices by age ... 181

Figure 16.4 IYCF indicators on breastfeeding status ... 182

Figure 16.5 Trends in infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices ... 186

Figure 16.6 Trends in anemia status among children under age 5 ... 189

Figure 16.7 Trends in nutritional status among women age 15-49 ... 194

Figure 16.8 Trends in anemia status among women age 15-49 ... 196

17 MICRONUTRIENTS ... 199

Table 17.1 Coverage of micronutrient testing by residence ... 200

Table 17.2 Anemia, iron status, and soluble transferrin receptors among mothers ... 201

Table 17.3 Type of hemoglobin among mothers by residence ... 201

Table 17.4 Anemia, iron status, and soluble transferrin receptors (sTfRs) among children born since January 2009 ... 202

Table 17.5 Iron status among children by age ... 202

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Table 17.6 Type of hemoglobin among children born since January 2009 by residence .... 202

Table 17.7 Intestinal parasitic infection in women and children ... 203

Table 17.8 Blood level of vitamins A, B12, B9, and D and calcium in mothers ... 203

Table 17.9.1 Blood level of vitamins A, B12, B9, and D and calcium in children ... 204

Table 17.9.2 Blood level of vitamins A, B12, B9, and D and calcium in children by age ... 204

Table 17.10 Urinary iodine excretion in mothers and children by residence ... 205

18 HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND BEHAVIOR ... 207

Table 18.1 Knowledge of AIDS ... 208

Table 18.2 Knowledge of HIV prevention methods ... 209

Table 18.3.1 Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS: Women ... 211

Table 18.3.2 Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS: Men ... 212

Table 18.4 Knowledge of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV ... 214

Table 18.5.1 Accepting attitudes toward those living with HIV/AIDS: Women ... 215

Table 18.5.2 Accepting attitudes toward those living with HIV/AIDS: Men ... 216

Table 18.6 Attitudes toward negotiating safer sexual relations with husband ... 218

Table 18.7.1 Multiple sexual partners: Women ... 219

Table 18.7.2 Multiple sexual partners: Men ... 221

Table 18.8 Payment for sexual intercourse and condom use at last paid sexual intercourse ... 222

Table 18.9.1 Coverage of prior HIV testing: Women ... 224

Table 18.9.2 Coverage of prior HIV testing: Men ... 225

Table 18.10 Pregnant women counseled and tested for HIV ... 226

Table 18.11 Self-reported prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and STI symptoms ... 228

Table 18.12 Prevalence of medical injections ... 230

Table 18.13 Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS and of a source of condoms among youth ... 232

Table 18.14 Age at first sexual intercourse among young people ... 233

Table 18.15 Premarital sexual intercourse and condom use during premarital sexual intercourse among youth ... 235

Table 18.16 Multiple sexual partners in the past 12 months among youth ... 236

Table 18.17 Recent HIV tests among youth ... 237

19 WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH OUTCOMES ... 239

Table 19.1 Employment and cash earnings of currently married women and men ... 240

Table 19.2.1 Control over women’s cash earnings and relative magnitude of women’s cash earnings ... 241

Table 19.2.2 Control over men’s cash earnings ... 242

Table 19.3 Women’s control over their own earnings and over those of their husbands .... 243

Table 19.4 Participation in decision making ... 244

Table 19.5.1 Women’s participation in decision making by background characteristics ... 245

Table 19.5.2 Men’s participation in decision making by background characteristics ... 246

Table 19.6.1 Ownership of assets: Women ... 248

Table 19.6.2 Ownership of assets: Men ... 249

Table 19.7.1 Attitude toward wife beating: Women ... 250

Table 19.7.2 Attitude toward wife beating: Men ... 252

Table 19.8 Indicators of women’s empowerment ... 253

Table 19.9 Current use of contraception by women’s empowerment ... 254

Table 19.10 Ideal number of children and unmet need for family planning by women’s empowerment ... 254

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xiv • Tables and Figures

20 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ... 257

Table 20.1 Experience of physical violence ... 260

Table 20.2 Persons committing physical violence ... 261

Table 20.3 Experience of sexual violence... 262

Table 20.4 Persons committing sexual violence ... 263

Table 20.5 Age at first experience of sexual violence ... 263

Table 20.6 Experience of different forms of violence ... 264

Table 20.7 Experience of violence during pregnancy ... 265

Table 20.8 Marital control exercised by husbands ... 267

Table 20.9 Forms of spousal violence ... 268

Table 20.10 Spousal violence by background characteristics ... 270

Table 20.11 Spousal violence by husband’s characteristics and empowerment indicators ... 272

Table 20.12 Physical or sexual violence in the past 12 months by any husband/partner ... 273

Table 20.13 Experience of spousal violence by duration of marriage ... 274

Table 20.14 Injuries to women due to spousal violence ... 274

Table 20.15 Women’s violence against their spouse ... 275

Table 20.16 Help seeking to stop violence ... 276

Table 20.17 Sources for help to stop the violence ... 277

APPENDIX A: SAMPLE IMPLEMENTATION ... 281

Table A.1 Distribution of households in the sampling frame (2008 GPC, updated) by survey domain and by residence, Cambodia 2014 ... 282

Table A.2 Distribution of enumeration areas in the sampling frame (2008 GPC, updated) and average size of EAs by survey domain and by residence, Cambodia 2014 ... 282

Table A.3 Sample allocation of EAs and households by domain and by type of residence, Cambodia 2014 ... 283

Table A.4 Sample allocation of expected number of interviews of women and men by domain and by type of residence, Cambodia 2014 ... 284

Table A.5 Sample implementation: Women ... 286

Table A.6 Sample implementation: Men ... 288

APPENDIX B: ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS ... 291

Table B.1 List of selected variables for sampling errors, Cambodia 2014 ... 293

Table B.2 Sampling errors: Total sample, Cambodia 2014 ... 294

Table B.3 Sampling errors: Urban sample, Cambodia 2014 ... 295

Table B.4 Sampling errors: Rural sample, Cambodia 2014 ... 296

Table B.5 Sampling errors: Banteay Meanchey sample, Cambodia 2014 ... 297

Table B.6 Sampling errors: Kampong Cham sample, Cambodia 2014 ... 298

Table B.7 Sampling errors: Kampong Chhnang sample, Cambodia 2014 ... 299

Table B.8 Sampling errors: Kampong Speu sample, Cambodia 2014 ... 300

Table B.9 Sampling errors: Kampong Thom sample, Cambodia 2014 ... 301

Table B.10 Sampling errors: Kandal sample, Cambodia 2014 ... 302

Table B.11 Sampling errors: Kratie sample, Cambodia 2014 ... 303

Table B.12 Sampling errors: Phnom Penh sample, Cambodia 2014 ... 304

Table B.13 Sampling errors: Prey Veng sample, Cambodia 2014 ... 305

Table B.14 Sampling errors: Pursat sample, Cambodia 2014 ... 306

Table B.15 Sampling errors: Siem Reap sample, Cambodia 2014 ... 307

Table B.16 Sampling errors: Svay Rieng sample, Cambodia 2014 ... 308

Table B.17 Sampling errors: Takeo sample, Cambodia 2014 ... 309

Table B.18 Sampling errors: Otdar Meanchey sample, Cambodia 2014 ... 310

Table B.19 Sampling errors: Battambang and Pailin sample, Cambodia 2014 ... 311

Table B.20 Sampling errors: Kampot and Kep sample, Cambodia 2014 ... 312

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Table B.21 Sampling errors: Preah Sihanouk and Koh Kong sample, Cambodia 2014 ... 313

Table B.22 Sampling errors: Preah Vihear and Stung Treng sample, Cambodia 2014 ... 314

Table B.23 Sampling errors: Mondul Kiri and Ratanak Kiri sample, Cambodia 2014 ... 315

APPENDIX C: DATA QUALITY TABLES ... 317

Table C.1 Household age distribution ... 317

Table C.2.1 Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women ... 318

Table C.2.2 Age distribution of eligible and interviewed men ... 318

Table C.3 Completeness of reporting ... 318

Table C.4 Births by calendar years ... 319

Table C.5 Reporting of age at death in days ... 319

Table C.6 Reporting of age at death in months ... 320

Table C.7 Nutritional status of children based on the NCHS/CDC/WHO International Reference Population ... 321

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FOREWORD

he 2014 Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey (2014 CDHS) is the fourth survey of its kind to be conducted successfully in Cambodia. Sponsors are the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia-DFAT), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Korean International Cooperation Agency (KOICA) and the Health Sector Support Program-Second Phase (HSSP-2). Technical assistance is provided by ICF International. The Directorate General for Health (DGH) of the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Statistics (NIS) of the Ministry of Planning are the project implementation agencies.

This report includes information on demography, family planning, maternal mortality, infant and child mortality, and women’s health care status, including related information, such as breastfeeding, antenatal care, children’s immunization, childhood diseases, HIV/AIDS, and domestic violence. The questionnaires (Household, Man’s, and Woman’s questionnaires) are designed to evaluate the nutritional status of mothers and children and to measure the prevalence of anemia.

The 2014 CDHS findings are expected to be used by policymakers and program managers to evaluate Cambodia’s demographic and health status and then to formulate appropriate population and health policies and programs. The programs of reproductive health and child health and health facilities need to be expanded and improved based on the survey findings.

We would like to thank USAID, Australia-DFAT, UNFPA, UNICEF, JICA, KOICA, and HSSP2 for sponsoring this survey project and ICF International for providing technical assistance. We gratefully acknowledge the support and encouragement extended by the Minister of Health and Minister of Planning; and other members of the 2014 CDHS Executive Committee and Technical Committee who contributed to the survey activities.

We express our sincere thanks to all persons involved in the implementation, analysis, and writing of the 2014 CDHS and especially thank the survey respondents, whose contributions made the survey a success.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

he 2014 Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey (2014 CDHS) represents the continuing commitment and efforts in Cambodia to obtain data on population and health. The survey also reflects interest in obtaining information on maternal health, child health, and anemia prevalence.

The 2014 CDHS was sponsored by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia-OF AT), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Korean International Cooperation Agency (KOICA) and the Health Sector Support Program-Second Phase (HSSP-2). The survey was implemented by the Directorate General for Health (DGH) of the Ministry of Health (MOH) and by the National Institute of Statistics (NIS) of the Ministry of Planning (MOP). This survey could not have been completed without the active support and the efforts of many institutions and individuals. The active support and guidance of the Excellencies Secretaries of State; H.E. Prof. Eng Huot, Ministry of Health, and H.E. San Sy Than, Ministry of Planning, are acknowledged with deep gratitude. We also gratefully acknowledge the representatives of USAID, Australia-OF AT, UNFPA, UNICEF, JICA, KOICA, and HSSP-2 and their staff for their support and valuable comments throughout the survey activities.

Our deep appreciation also goes to the ICF International team led by Mr. Bernard Barrère, Dr. Rathavuth Hong, and others. They are acknowledged with gratitude for their support as they facilitated the survey and ensured its success.

We would like to express our appreciation for all team leaders, field editors, and interviewers from NIS, DGH, and the central and local offices of the Ministry of Planning and Ministry of Health, whose dedicated efforts ensured the quality and timeliness of the survey, and to all respondents for contributing their time and for giving the required information, enabling us to produce high-quality data for the country.

Finally, we would like to thank members of the 2014 CDHS Executive Committee and Technical Committee who contributed to the survey activities.

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xx • Map of Cambodia

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INTRODUCTION 1

Key Findings

• The 2014 Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey (CDHS) is a nationally representative survey of 15,825 households with 17,578 women age 15-49 and 5,190 men age 15-49.

• The 2014 CDHS is the fourth Demographic and Health Survey conducted in Cambodia as part of the worldwide Demographic and Health Surveys project.

• The primary purpose of the CDHS is to furnish policymakers and planners with detailed information on fertility and family planning; infant, child, adult, and maternal mortality; maternal and child health; nutrition; and knowledge of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections.

• In all selected households, women age 15-49 and children age 6-59 months were tested for anemia.

1.1 G

EODEMOGRAPHY

, H

ISTORY

,

AND

E

CONOMY 1.1.1 Geodemography

ambodia is an agricultural country located in Southeast Asia. It borders with Thailand to the west, Laos and Thailand to the north, the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest, and Vietnam to the east and the south. It has a total land area of 181,035 square kilometers.

Cambodia has a tropical climate with two distinct seasons that set the rhythm of rural life. From November to February, the cool, dry northeastern monsoon brings little rain, whereas from May to October the southwestern monsoon carries strong winds, high humidity, and heavy rains. The mean annual temperature for Phnom Penh, the capital city, is 27°C.

The 1962 population census was the last official census to be conducted prior to 1998; it revealed a population of 5.7 million. The population census in 1998 recorded a population of 11.4 million with an annual growth rate of 2.5 percent (National Institute of Statistics, 1999). The 2004 Inter-Censal Population Survey showed that the annual growth rate had declined to 1.8 percent, with a total population of 13.1 million (National Institute of Statistics, 2004). The 2008 General Population Census (GPC) showed a further decrease in the annual growth rate to 1.54, with a total population of 13.4 million (National Institute of Statistics, 2009).

The proportion of the population living in rural areas is 80.5 percent; only 19.5 percent of the country’s residents live in urban areas. The population density in the country as a whole is 75 per square kilometer, with approximately 1.3 million inhabitants living in Phnom Penh. The average size of the Cambodian household is 4.7. The total male to female sex ratio is 94.7. The literacy rate among adult males is 84 percent, considerably higher than the rate among females (76 percent). Currently, it is estimated that the percentage of the total population living below the poverty line fell to 21.1 percent in 2010 and decreased further to 19.8 percent in 2011 (MOP, 2012).

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2 • Introduction

1.1.2 History

Cambodia gained complete independence from France under the leadership of Prince Norodom Sihanouk on November 9, 1953. In March 1970, a military coup led by General Lon Nol overthrew Prince Sihanouk.

On April 17, 1975, the Khmer Rouge ousted the Lon Nol regime and took control of the country.

Under the new regime, the country was renamed Democratic Kampuchea. Nearly 2 million Cambodian people died during the Khmer Rouge’s radical and genocidal regime.

On January 7, 1979, the revolutionary army of the National Front for Solidarity and Liberation of Cambodia defeated the Khmer Rouge regime and proclaimed the country the People’s Republic of Kampuchea and later, in 1989, the State of Cambodia.

The country’s most important political event was the free elections held in May 1993 under the close supervision of the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC). At that time Cambodia was proclaimed the Kingdom of Cambodia, and it is a constitutional monarchy. Four additional free and fair elections took place in 1998, 2003, 2008, and 2013. Now Cambodia is stable and well on its way to democracy and a promising future.

1.1.3 Economy

Since the 1991 Paris Peace Accord, Cambodia’s economy has made significant progress after more than two decades of political unrest. However, Cambodia still remains one of the poorest and least developed countries in Asia, with the gross domestic product per capita estimated at approximately 4.4 million Riel or $1,088 in 2014 (US$1 = 4,087 Riel) (International Monetary Fund, 2011). Agriculture, mainly rice production, is still the main economic activity in Cambodia. Small-scale subsistence agriculture, such as fisheries, forestry, and livestock, is another important sector. Garment factories and tourism services are also important components of foreign direct investments.

1.2 H

EALTH

S

TATUS AND

P

OLICY

Health outcomes have improved recently. The infant mortality rate has decreased from 45 per 1,000 live births in 2010 to 27 per 1,000 live births in 2014. The under-5 mortality rate decreased from 54 per 1,000 live births to 35 per 1,000 live births in the same period. Life expectancy at birth is 67.1 years for males and 70.1 years for females (NIS, 2013). General government expenditures on health per capita increased from US$8 in 2008 to US$11 in 2010, US$13 in 2012, and US$16 in 2014 (MOH, 2015). The health status of the Cambodian people has steadily improved in a number of key areas. Nonetheless, challenges remain in many other areas.

To improve the health status of the Cambodian people, the Ministry of Health developed the Health Sector Strategic Plan for 2008-2015 (Ministry of Health, 2008). Its policy direction is as follows:

• Make services more responsive and closer to the public through implementation of a decentralized service delivery function and a management function guided by the national

“Policy on Service Delivery” and the policy on “Decentralization and Deconcentration.”

• Strengthen sector-wide governance through implementation of a sector-wide approach, focusing on increased national ownership and accountability to improved health outcomes, harmonization and alignment, greater coordination, and effective partnerships among all stakeholders.

• Scale up access to and coverage of health services, especially comprehensive reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health services, both demand and supply side, through

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mechanisms such as institutionalization and expansion of contracting through Special Operating Agencies, exemptions for the poor, health equity funds, and health insurance.

• Implement pro-poor health financing systems, including exemptions for the poor and expansion of health equity funds, in combination with other forms of social assistance mechanisms.

• Reinforce health legislation, professional ethics, and codes of conduct and strengthen regulatory mechanisms, including for the production and distribution of pharmaceuticals, drug quality control, cosmetics, and food safety and hygiene, to protect providers and consumers’

rights and their health.

• Improve quality in service delivery and management through establishment of and compliance with national protocols, clinical practice guidelines, and quality standards, in particular establishment of accreditation systems.

• Increase the competency and skills of the health workforce to deal with increased demands for accountability and high-quality care, including through strengthening allied technical skills and advanced technology through increased quality of training, career development, appropriate incentives, and a good working environment.

• Strengthen and invest in health information systems and health research for evidence-based policy-making, planning, performance monitoring, and evaluation.

• Increase investments in physical infrastructures, medical care equipment, and advanced technology, as well as in improvement of non-medical support services including management, maintenance, blood safety, and supply systems for drugs and commodities.

• Promote quality of life and healthy lifestyles by raising health awareness and creating supportive environments, including through strengthening institutional structures, financial and human resources, and IEC (information, education, and communication) materials for health promotion, behavior change communication, and appropriate health-seeking practices.

• Prevent and control communicable and selected chronic and noncommunicable diseases and strengthen disease surveillance systems for an effective response to emerging and reemerging diseases.

• Strengthen public health interventions to deal with cross-cutting challenges, especially those related to gender, health of minorities, hygiene and sanitation, school health, environmental health risks, substance abuse/mental health, injury, occupational health, and disaster, through timely responses and effective collaboration and coordination with other sectors.

• Promote effective public and private partnerships in service provision based on policy, regulation, legislation, and technical standards.

• Encourage community engagement in health service delivery activities, management of health facilities, and continuous quality improvement.

• Systematically strengthen institutions at all levels of the health system to implement the policy agenda listed under the previous 14 elements.

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1.3 O

BJECTIVE AND

S

URVEY

O

RGANIZATION

The 2014 Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey (CDHS) is the fourth nationally representative survey conducted in Cambodia on population and health issues. It uses the same methodology as its predecessors, the 2000, 2005, and 2010 Cambodia Demographic and Health Surveys, allowing policymakers to use these surveys to assess trends over time.

The primary objective of the CDHS is to provide the Ministry of Health (MOH), Ministry of Planning (MOP), and other relevant institutions and users with updated and reliable data on infant and child mortality, fertility preferences, family planning behavior, maternal mortality, utilization of maternal and child health services, health expenditures, women’s status, and knowledge and behavior regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections. This information contributes to policy decisions, planning, monitoring, and program evaluation for the development of Cambodia at both the national and local government levels.

The long-term objectives of the survey are to build the capacity of the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Statistics (NIS) of the Ministry of Planning for planning, conducting, and analyzing the results of further surveys.

The 2014 CDHS survey was conducted by the Directorate General for Health (DGH) of the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Statistics of the Ministry of Planning. The CDHS executive committee and technical committee were established to oversee all technical aspects of implementation.

They consisted of representatives from the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Planning, the National Institute of Statistics, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia-DFAT), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), and the Korean International Cooperation Agency (KOICA). Funding for the survey came from USAID, Australia-DFAT, UNFPA, UNICEF, JICA, KOICA, and the Health Sector Support Program–Second Phase (HSSP-2).

Technical assistance was provided by ICF International.

1.4 S

AMPLE

D

ESIGN

The 2014 CDHS sample is a nationally representative sample of women and men between age 15 and 49 who completed interviews. To achieve a balance between the ability to provide estimates at the subnational level and limiting the sample size, 19 sampling domains were defined, 14 of which correspond to individual provinces and 5 of which correspond to grouped provinces:

• Fourteen individual provinces: Banteay Meanchey, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Speu, Kampong Thom, Kandal, Kratie, Phnom Penh, Prey Veng, Pursat, Siem Reap, Svay Rieng, Takeo, and Otdar Meanchey

• Five groups of provinces: Battambang and Pailin, Kampot and Kep, Preah Sihanouk and Koh Kong, Preah Vihear and Stung Treng, and Mondul Kiri and Ratanak Kiri

The sample of households was allocated to the sampling domains in such a way that estimates of indicators could be produced with precision at the national level, as well as separately for urban and rural areas of the country and for each of the 19 sampling domains.

The sampling frame used for the 2014 CDHS was derived from the list of all enumeration areas (EAs) created for the 2008 Cambodia General Population Census (GPC), provided by NIS. The list had been updated in 2012, and it excluded 241 EAs that are special settlement areas and not ordinary residential areas. It included 28,455 EAs for the entire country. The GPC also created maps that delimited the boundaries of each EA. Overall, 4,245 EAs were designated as urban and 24,210 as rural, with an average size of 99 households per EA.

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The survey used a stratified sample selected in two stages. Stratification was achieved by separating every reporting domain into urban and rural areas. Thus, the 19 domains were stratified into a total of 38 sampling strata. Samples were selected independently in every stratum through a two-stage selection process. Implicit stratifications were achieved at each of the lower geographical or administrative levels by sorting the sampling frame according to geographical/administrative order before sample selection and by using a probability proportional to size selection strategy at the first stage of selection.

In the first stage, 611 EAs (188 in urban areas and 423 in rural areas) were selected with probability proportional to size. The size of an EA was defined as the number of households residing in the EA. Some of the largest EAs (more than 200 households) were divided into segments; only one segment was selected randomly to be included in the survey. Thus, the 611 CDHS clusters were either an EA or a segment of an EA. A listing of all households was carried out in each of the 611 clusters during the months of February through April 2014. Listing teams also drew fresh maps delineating EA boundaries and identifying all households. These maps and lists were used by field teams during data collection. The household listings provided the frame from which households were selected in the second stage. In the second stage selection, a fixed number of 24 households were selected from every urban cluster, and a fixed number of 28 households were selected from every rural cluster, through equal probability systematic sampling. Small areas and urban areas were oversampled, and this oversampling was corrected in the analysis using sampling weights to ensure the natural representation of the sample for all 38 strata (19 domains by urban or rural area). Appendix A provides a complete description of the sample design and weighting procedures.

All women age 15-49 who were either usual residents of the selected households or visitors present in the household on the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed. In addition, in a subsample of one-third of the households selected for the survey, all men age 15-49 were eligible to be interviewed (if they were either usual residents of the selected households or visitors present in the household on the night before the survey). This was a cost-effective strategy given that the minimum sample size required for the women’s survey was larger than that for the men’s survey because complex indicators (such as total fertility and infant and child mortality rates) require larger sample sizes to achieve a reasonable level of precision, and these data are derived from interviews with women.

In the subsample of households chosen for the male interviews (one-third of the total sample), all women eligible for interviews and all children under age 5 were eligible for anemia testing. These same women and children were also eligible for height and weight measurements to determine their nutritional status.

In a subsample consisting of one in every six of the selected clusters, a survey component focusing on micronutrient indicators was implemented among all eligible women age 15-49 who had children under age born since January 2009, as well as among the children themselves. Since data on micronutrient indicators are reported only at the national level and for urban and rural areas, a subsample of clusters was cost-effective, producing a sample size large enough to provide estimations with adequate precision.

1.5 Q

UESTIONNAIRES

Four questionnaires were used in the 2014 CDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Woman’s Questionnaire, the Man’s Questionnaire, and the Micronutrient Questionnaire. These questionnaires are based on the questionnaires developed by the worldwide Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Program and on the questionnaires used during the 2010 CDHS survey. To reflect relevant population and health issues in Cambodia, the questionnaires were adapted during a series of technical meetings with various stakeholders from government ministries and agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and international donors. The final drafts of the questionnaires were discussed at a stakeholders’ meeting

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organized by the National Institute of Statistics. The adapted questionnaires were translated from English into Khmer and pretested in February and March 2014.

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all of the usual members and visitors in the selected households. Basic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including age, sex, education, and relationship to the head of the household. For children under age 18, parents’ survival status was determined. The Household Questionnaire also collected information on the following topics:

• Dwelling characteristics

• Accidental death and injury

• Physical impairment

• Utilization of health services and health expenditures for recent illness and injury

• Disability

• Possession of iodized salt

• Height and weight of women and children

• Hemoglobin measurements among women and children for diagnosing anemia

The Household Questionnaire was used to identify women and men eligible for an individual interview. The Woman’s Questionnaire was used to collect information from all women age 15-49 and was organized into the following sections:

• Respondent background characteristics

• Reproduction, including a complete birth and death history of respondents’ live births and information on abortion

• Contraception

• Pregnancy, postnatal care, and women’s nutrition

• Immunization, health, children’s nutrition, and early childhood development

• Marriage and sexual activity

• Fertility preferences

• Husbands’ background and women’s work

• Domestic violence

• HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections

• Maternal mortality

The Man’s Questionnaire was administered to all men age 15-49 living in one-third of the households in the CDHS sample. The Man’s Questionnaire was organized into the following sections:

• Respondent background characteristics

• Reproduction

• Marriage and sexual activity

• HIV/AIDS

• Other health issues

The Micronutrient Questionnaire was implemented in a subsample of one-sixth of the sampled clusters for the collection of micronutrient specimens among eligible women and children. Specimens collected included venous blood, urine, and stool samples.

The CDHS underwent a full pretest before commencement of the main data collection. All aspects of data collection were pretested in February and March 2014. Forty-four women and men were trained from February 27 to March 17, 2014, in the administration of the CDHS survey instruments, taking of anthropometric measurements, and hemoglobin testing. Five days of fieldwork were followed by three days of interviewer debriefing and correction of questionnaires. Pretest fieldwork was conducted in 79

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households in two rural and two urban villages. Constructive input from interviewers was used to refine the survey instruments and survey logistics. These pretest activities were used to finalize the questionnaires. The majority of pretest participants also attended the training for the main survey, with many of them serving as field editors and team leaders for the survey.

1.6 T

RAINING AND

F

IELDWORK

The goal of training was to create 19 field teams capable of collecting data for the 2014 CDHS.

Each team was responsible for data collection in one of the 19 survey domains (comprising the 23 provinces and the capital city of Phnom Penh). Field teams were composed of five people (5 teams) or six people (14 teams): a team leader, a field editor, two or three female interviewers, and one male interviewer. Nineteen fully staffed field teams would require 114 field personnel, and at the end of training 109 field personnel were retained. Twenty-six days of training included four days of field practice in Kandal province. Data processing personnel (3 data processing supervisors, 10 office editors/coders, 19 data entry operators, and 5 reserves) also attended classroom training.

Training began with the Household Questionnaire and was followed by the Woman’s Questionnaire. Additional time was spent reviewing the Household Questionnaire, including consent statements for hemoglobin testing, and conversion of ages and dates of birth from the Khmer calendar to the Gregorian calendar. One week was devoted to additional activities, including the Man’s Questionnaire, measurement of women’s and children’s height and weight, sample implementation and household selection, testing of household salt for iodine, and organization of documents and materials for return to the head office. After completion of training, including field practice, fieldwork was launched and teams disbursed to their assigned provinces.

During the training period, the 19 CDHS team leaders were provided with the cluster information for the provinces in which they would be working so that they could devise a data collection sequence for their sample points. Team leaders were best equipped to perform this task because they hailed from their own provinces. They also conducted the CDHS household listing operation (described in Appendix A) and therefore were well acquainted with the areas in which they would be working. The progression of fieldwork by geographic location had to take into account weather conditions during the rainy season.

Fieldwork supervision was carried out regularly by three CDHS survey coordinators from NIS and MOH along with an ICF Macro consultant. Supervision visits were conducted throughout the six months of data collection and included retrieval of questionnaires from the field. In addition, a quality control program was run by the data processing team to detect key data collection errors for each team. These data checks were used to provide regular feedback to each team based on its specific performance. Data collection was conducted from June 2 to December 12, 2014.

The training and fieldwork for collection of stool, urine, and venous blood samples were conducted separately by UNICEF in collaboration with the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (France) and Cambodia’s Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries. Details are provided in the micronutrient chapter.

1.7 B

IOMARKER

T

ESTING

1.7.1 Anthropometric Measurement

The 2014 CDHS included an anthropometric component in which children under age 5 in a subsample of two-thirds of the households were measured for height and weight. Weight measurements were taken using a lightweight, electronic SECA scale designed and manufactured under the guidance of UNICEF. The scale allowed for the weighing of very young children through an automatic mother-child adjustment that eliminates the mother’s weight while she is standing on the scale with her baby. Height measurements were carried out using a SECA measuring board, also produced under the guidance of

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UNICEF. Children younger than age 24 months were measured lying down (recumbent length) on the board, whereas standing height was measured for older children. Three nutritional indices were calculated using children’s age, height, and weight: height-for-age (stunting), weight-for-height (wasting), and weight-for-age (underweight). The height and weight of women age 15-49 were also measured among the two-thirds subsample of households selected in the 2014 CDHS.

1.7.2 Hemoglobin Testing

Hemoglobin testing is the primary method for anemia diagnosis. The 2014 CDHS included anemia testing of children age 6 to 59 months and women age 15-49 in the two-thirds of CDHS households that were not selected for the men’s interview. A consent statement was read to the eligible respondent or, in the case of children and young unmarried women age 15-17, the parent or responsible adult. This statement explained the purpose of the test, informed the individual that the results would be made available as soon as the test was completed, and requested permission for the test to be carried out. Anemia levels were determined by measuring the level of hemoglobin in the blood; a decreased concentration characterizes anemia. The concentration of hemoglobin in the blood was measured in the field using the HemoCue system. The HemoCue instrument is a special purpose photometer designed specifically for the determination of hemoglobin levels. A capillary blood sample was taken from the palm side of the end of a finger, by puncturing with a sterile, non-reusable, self-retractable lancet. The blood drop was collected in a HemoCue microcuvette, which serves as a measuring tool, and placed in the HemoCue photometer to determine the level of hemoglobin in the blood. A pamphlet was given to each respondent explaining symptoms of anemia, prevention methods, and the individual results of the hemoglobin measurement of the respondent and any children for whom she gave permission to be measured. Each person whose hemoglobin level was lower than the recommended cutoff point (testing severely anemic) was advised to visit a health facility for follow-up with a health professional.

1.7.3 Micronutrient Testing

The 2014 CDHS included a micronutrient component that was implemented in one out of six clusters selected for the main survey. In these clusters, blood, urine, and stool samples were collected by separate data collection teams from women who had had children born since January 2009 and from the children themselves. The blood/urine/stool samples were sent to several laboratories inside and outside of Cambodia.

1.8 D

ATA

P

ROCESSING

Completed questionnaires were returned from the field to NIS headquarters, where they were entered and edited by data processing personnel who were specially trained for this task and had also attended questionnaire training of field staff. Data processing personnel included a data processing chief, two assistants, four secondary editors and coordinators, 25 entry operators, and eight office editors.

Data processing for the 2014 CDHS began on 25 personal computers on July 6, 2014, five weeks after the first interviews were conducted. Processing the data concurrently with data collection allowed for regular monitoring of team performance and data quality. Field check tables were generated regularly during the data processing to check various data quality parameters. As a result, feedback was given on a regular basis, encouraging teams to continue in areas of high quality and to correct areas of needed improvement. Feedback was individually tailored to each team. Data entry, which included 100 percent double entry to minimize keying errors, and data editing were completed on January 8, 2015. Data cleaning and finalization were completed on January 23, 2015.

1.9 S

AMPLE

C

OVERAGE

All of the 611 clusters selected for the sample were surveyed in the 2014 CDHS. A total of 16,356 households were selected, of which 15,937 were found to be occupied during data collection. Among these

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households, 15,825 completed the Household Questionnaire, yielding a response rate of 99 percent (Table 1.1).

In these interviewed households, 18,012 women were identified as eligible for the individual interview. Interviews were completed with 98 percent of these women. Of the 5,484 eligible men identified in every third household, 95 percent were successfully interviewed. There was little variation in response rates by urban-rural residence.

Table 1.1 Results of the household and individual interviews

Number of households, number of interviews, and response rates, according to residence (unweighted), Cambodia 2014

Residence Total

Result Urban Rural

Household interviews

Households selected 4,512 11,844 16,356 Households occupied 4,399 11,538 15,937 Households interviewed 4,366 11,459 15,825

Household response rate¹ 99.2 99.3 99.3 Interviews with women age 15-49

Number of eligible women 5,842 12,170 18,012 Number of eligible women interviewed 5,667 11,911 17,578

Eligible women response rate² 97.0 97.9 97.6 Interviews with men age 15-49

Number of eligible men 1,641 3,843 5,484 Number of eligible men interviewed 1,540 3,650 5,190

Eligible men response rate² 93.8 95.0 94.6

1 Households interviewed/households occupied

2 Respondents interviewed/eligible respondents

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HOUSEHOLD POPULATION AND HOUSING

CHARACTERISTICS 2

Key Findings

• Forty-three percent of the population in Cambodia is age 19 or younger.

• Twenty-seven percent of household heads are women.

• Sixty-five percent of households use an improved source of drinking water during the dry season and 84 percent during the rainy season.

• Two in three households (67 percent) use an appropriate method of treating their drinking water, primarily boiling it (55 percent).

• Forty-six percent of households have an improved, not shared sanitation facility.

• Slightly more than half of households (56 percent) have electricity.

• Nine in 10 Cambodians own a mobile phone.

• Nearly three-quarters of children (73 percent) under age 5 have their birth registered.

his chapter summarizes the socioeconomic characteristics of households and respondents surveyed, including age, sex, residence (urban-rural), educational status, household facilities, and household characteristics. The profile of the households provided in this chapter will help in understanding the results of the 2014 CDHS in the following chapters. In addition, it may provide useful information for social and economic development planning.

Throughout this report, numbers in the tables reflect weighted numbers. Due to the way the sample was designed, the number of weighted cases in some regions appears small, because they are weighted to make the regional distribution nationally representative. However, roughly the same number of households and women and men were interviewed in each province or group of provinces, and the number of unweighted cases is always large enough to calculate the presented estimates. Estimates based on an insufficient number of cases are shown in parentheses or not shown at all.

The 2014 CDHS collected information from all usual residents of a selected household (de jure population) and persons who had stayed in the selected household the night before the interview (de facto population). Although the difference between these two populations is small, to avoid double counting all tables in this report refer to the de facto population unless otherwise specified. The CDHS used the same definition of households as the 2008 census conducted by the National Institute of Statistics. A household was defined as a person or group of related and unrelated persons who live together in the same dwelling unit(s) or in connected premises, who acknowledge one adult member as the head of the household, and who have common arrangements for cooking and eating meals.

2.1 C

HARACTERISTICS OF THE

H

OUSEHOLD

P

OPULATION 2.1.1 Age and Sex Composition

Age and sex are important demographic variables and are the primary basis of demographic classification in vital statistics, censuses, and surveys. They are also important variables in the study of mortality, fertility, and nuptiality. The effect of variations in sex composition from one population group to another should be taken into account in comparative studies of mortality. In general, a cross-classification with sex is useful for the effective analysis of all forms of data obtained in surveys.

2014 Demographic and Health Survey Cambodia

Cambodia

Demographic and

Cambodia 2014 Demographic and Health Survey

Cambodia

Demographic and Health Survey 2014

National Institute of Statistics Ministry of Planning

Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Directorate General for Health Ministry of Health

Phnom Penh, Cambodia

The DHS Program ICF International Rockville, Maryland, USA

September 2015

CONTENTS

TABLES AND FIGURES

FOREWORD

T

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

T

INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 G

, H

,

E

C

1.2 H

S

P

1.3 O

S

O

1.4 S

D

1.5 Q

1.6 T

F

1.7 B

T

1.8 D

P

1.9 S

C

HOUSEHOLD POPULATION AND HOUSING

CHARACTERISTICS 2

2.1 C

H

P

T