9.1 Classification Characteristics 9.1 Classification Characteristics 9.2 Servers

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9 GIS Servers and Clients

9.1 Classification Characteristics 9.1 Classification Characteristics 9.2 Servers

9.3 Clients 9.4 Summary 9.4 Summary

http://www.conterra.de/de/

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9 GIS Servers and Clients

• There are many (over 200) "GIS software

• There are many (over 200) "GIS software systems"

• Very different in

– Features

– Performance – Performance – Architecture

Interfaces – Interfaces

– Prerequisites – Prerequisites – Costs

• Selection and comparison is difficult

http://www.town.amherst.ns.ca/

• Selection and comparison is difficult

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9.1 Classification Characteristics

• Unfortunately, there is no universal definition

• Unfortunately, there is no universal definition whether a software system is a geographic information system or it is not

information system or it is not

• In the database field there are at least Codd’s 9

• In the database field there are at least Codd’s 9 rules

1. Integration 6. Authorisation 1. Integration

2. Operations 3. Catalog

6. Authorisation 7. Transactions

8. Synchronisation 3. Catalog

4. Consistency 5. Views

8. Synchronisation 9. Recovery

5. Views

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9.1 Classification Characteristics

• Typical functions that a GIS should provide

– Data acquisition, digitization – Transformations

– Transformations

– Functions for image processing – Basic CAD functions

– Constructing of spatial objects

http://gis.esri.com/

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9.1 Classification Characteristics

– Data reduction, smoothing, generalization – Data reduction, smoothing, generalization – Presentation of data

– Selection of spatial information from – Selection of spatial information from

geographic data base

– Preview of selected spatial data – Preview of selected spatial data

– Conversion of selected spatial data into the appropriate target format

appropriate target format

– Cartographic representation of selected spatial data

of selected spatial data

http://www.center-of-visualization.org/

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9.1 Classification Characteristics

• Classification of GIS

software, grouped by the intended purpose

intended purpose

– GIS viewer

– Component GIS – Web GIS

– Web GIS – Mobile GIS – Desktop GIS – Desktop GIS – Expert GIS

[SX08]

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9.1 Classification Characteristics

• Further, not GIS-specific characteristics

– Licensing policy

• Free

• Chargeable, price level

• Open source

– Operating system – Operating system

• Windows

• MacOS

• Linux

– Implementation language

• Java

• C++

• C

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9.2 Servers

• Selection of some common GIS Server

– ESRI

• ArcGIS

• ArcIMS

• ArcSDE

– GRASS

– Smallworld – Oracle Spatial – Oracle Spatial

– Postgres, PostGIS

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9.2 Servers

• ESRI

– Market leader, founded in 1969 as "Environmental Systems Research Institute"

Research Institute"

– Chargeable, not open source, Windows and Linux – Covers the whole range of GIS functionalities

– Covers the whole range of GIS functionalities – Products

• ArcGIS - desktop GIS, includes ArcView, ArcEditor, ArcInfo

• ArcView - basic GIS functionality

• ArcEditor - interactive changes

• ArcInfo - full analytical capabilities

• ArcIMS - internet mapserver

• ArcSDE - spatial database engine

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9.2 Servers

• ArcGIS

– Complete desktop GIS

• Managing spatial data and metadata

• Editing spatial objects

• Visualizing spatial data

• Selecting spatial objects

• Analyzing of geometric and topological properties

• Import and export of spatial data

• Transformation between coordinate systems

– Interactive interface or callable functions via script language (Python, Perl)

language (Python, Perl)

– Based on an object relational database system

(meanwhile)

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9.2 Servers

• ArcIMS

– Internet mapserver – Server application for – Server application for

producing and

publishing (interactive) maps on the internet maps on the internet (web mapping)

– Created maps can be – Created maps can be

visualized by a web browser

browser

– Internal use of XML for communication

communication

http://www.esri.com/

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9.2 Servers

• ArcSDE

– Server application for the management of spatial data – Middleware as a layer between

– Middleware as a layer between the ArcGIS system and a

database system database system (e.g. Oracle, DB2)

– All functions of a database

system (e.g. ACID transactions) – Spatial access structures

(Grid File) (Grid File)

http://www.gisfusion.com/

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9.2 Servers

• GRASS

– “Geographic Resources Analysis Support System”

– Free of charge, open source, Linux, Mac OS, Windows – Free of charge, open source, Linux, Mac OS, Windows – Offers a variety of GIS functions

• Spatial analysis

• Integrated simulation models

• Geostatistics

• Several projections with transformations

• Map production

• Database connection (Postgres, MySql, Oracle)

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9.2 Servers

– Functions are encapsulated in Functions are encapsulated in individual modules

• Approx. 10 modules just

• Approx. 10 modules just for handling vector

geometry, e.g. for adding or deleting individual or deleting individual points in polylines

– Grass consists of more – Grass consists of more than 400 programs and tools

– Grown system – Grown system – Somewhat

uncomfortable to use uncomfortable to use

http://linuxgazette.net/

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9.2 Servers

• Smallworld ^– Focus on user interface,

• Smallworld

– Product of General Electric (now)

– Focus on user interface, easy in training, scalability – Various specialized

Electric (now)

– Market leader in the area of network information

– Various specialized application modules

available from third party developers

of network information systems

– Chargeable, not open

developers

• Pipeline

• ALKIS, zoning map, land

– Chargeable, not open source, Windows and Linux

– Professional system for

• ALKIS, zoning map, land development plan

• Environmental atlas

– Professional system for companies and authorities

• Environmental atlas

• District heating, supply line network

• Electricity, gas, water

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9.2 Servers

• Smallworld, system overview

GE Power Systems – Vortrag B. Becker, 2003

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9.2 Servers

• Oracle Spatial

– Spatial extension of the Oracle database system (see sections 4.5, 7.3)

(see sections 4.5, 7.3)

– Chargeable, not open source, Windows, MacOS, Linux – Set of functions for handling spatial data

– Set of functions for handling spatial data

• Insert, update, delete, select

• Spatial access

• Spatial access structures

– Specific geometric – Specific geometric

data type

SDO_GEOMETRY

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9.2 Servers

• MapViewer

– Additional component component for rendering spatial data spatial data

http://www.oracle.com/

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9.2 Servers

• Postgres

– Relational database system with spatial data types and corresponding SQL extensions (see sections 4.5, 7.2) corresponding SQL extensions (see sections 4.5, 7.2) – Free, open source, Linux, MacOS, Windows

– Following data types are offered – Following data types are offered

• point (float, float)

• box (point, point)

• lseg (point, point)

• line (point1, point2, ..., pointn)

• polygon (point1, point2, ..., pointn)

• circle (point, float)

– Numerous geometric predicates and functions

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9.2 Servers

• PostGIS is an extension of Postgres (Postgres is

• PostGIS is an extension of Postgres (Postgres is designed to be extensible)

– Additional data types: MultiPoint, MultiLinestring, – Additional data types: MultiPoint, MultiLinestring,

MultiPolygon, GeometryCollection

– Syntactic embedding of the new data types is different – Syntactic embedding of the new data types is different

because they are realized as user-defined types – First a table is defined

CREATE TABLE ...

then a column with a new data type is added

SELECT AddGeometryColumn (...)

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9.2 Servers

• OpenJUMP is a “unified mapping platform” fitting

• OpenJUMP is a “unified mapping platform” fitting to PostGIS

– Editor – Editor

– SVG export

– Layer concept

concept

http://jump-project.org/

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9.3 Clients

• GIS clients are primarily visualisation tools (map viewer, gis viewer)

• Usually they display spatial data or maps via a web browser

• E.g. the OGC Web Map Services are realised

Services are realised

– OGC WMS Viewer company:

Intergraph Intergraph

– mapClient company:

con terra con terra

– ArcExplorer Web ESRI

http://www.cardogis.com/

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9.3 Clients

• Intergraph OGC WMS Viewer

– “Thin Client”, web application

– Can connect to web servers which provide the OGC – Can connect to web servers which provide the OGC

Web Map Services

– Loads maps and – Loads maps and

displays them

– Can combine – Can combine

different maps

– Contains configurable – Contains configurable

GUI

– Requires local database – Requires local database

server to store and loaded maps

http://www.demis.nl/

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9.3 Clients

• con terra mapClient

– Configurable web application

– Display, navigation, – Display, navigation,

selection, management of

of

• OGC WMS and WFS services

• ArcIMS and ArcGIS

• ArcIMS and ArcGIS services

– Measurement of distances and areas – Drawing of points, lines, and surfaces

http://www.conterra.de/de/

– Drawing of points, lines, and surfaces

– Can be upgraded with further components to a GIS server

server

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9.3 Clients

• ESRI ArcExplorer Web

– Browser-based mapping application

– Can access ArcIMS services and OGC WMS Web Map Service – Can access ArcIMS services and OGC WMS Web Map Service – Combination of

different maps different maps or layers

– Search for locations – Search for locations

worldwide

– Address search (U.S.) – Address search (U.S.) – Works without any

plug-in or applet

http://www.esri-germany.de/

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9.3 Open Street Map

• OpenStreetMap (OSM) is a free editable

• OpenStreetMap (OSM) is a free editable map of the whole world

• Founder: Steve Coast

• Established: August 9, 2004

• Funding: Entirely by donations

• Licensing model: Creative Commons Attribution-

• Licensing model: Creative Commons Attribution- ShareAlike 2.0

ShareAlike 2.0

• Mission: To map the world and give the data away for free

for free

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9.3 Open Street Map

www.openstreetmap.org

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9.3 Open Street Map

• Provide an open platform

– OSM users may freely input and extract data

• Raw sources for OSM basemap

– GPS track logs – GPS track logs

– Existing free data sources (e.g. TIGER/LINE) – Historical maps – out of copyright mapping – Historical maps – out of copyright mapping

• Users create basemap from raw sources

– Via online and offline editing software

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9.3 Open Street Map

• OSM's data is made up from the following elements:

– Nodes: The dots that are used to mark specific locations (such as a post box) or for drawing segments between (such as a post box) or for drawing segments between

– Ways: An ordered list of nodes, displayed as connected by line segments. They are used to describe roads, paths etc.

line segments. They are used to describe roads, paths etc.

– Closed Ways: Closed ways are ways which go in a

complete loop. They are used to describe areas like parks, complete loop. They are used to describe areas like parks, lakes or islands

– Relations: Basically groups of objects in which each object – Relations: Basically groups of objects in which each object

may take on a specific role

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9.3 Open Street Map

• Tags

– Key=value pairs

– Can be assigned to OSM-elements i.e. nodes, ways and – Can be assigned to OSM-elements i.e. nodes, ways and

relations

– No content restrictions, but they have to be verifiable – Recommended set of features and corresponding tags – Recommended set of features and corresponding tags

• In order to create, interpret and display a common basemap

• Not every recommended feature will be rendered

• Some rendered Features are not listed

– Possibility to propose new features/icons

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9.3 Open Street Map

Key Value Element Comment Rendering Photo

highway motorway A restricted access major divided highway, normally with 2 or more running lanes plus emergency hard shoulder. Equivalent to the Freeway, Autobahn, etc..

highway trunk_link The link roads (sliproads/ramps) highway trunk_link The link roads (sliproads/ramps)

leading to/from a trunk road from/to a trunk road or lower class highway.

highway pedestrian For roads used mainly/exclusively for highway pedestrian For roads used mainly/exclusively for pedestrians/shopping areas. Also for tagging squares and plazas (in which case, add area=yes.

case, add area=yes.

highway steps For flights of steps (stairs) on

footways. Use with step_count=* to indicate the number of steps

indicate the number of steps

http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Map_Features

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9.3 Open Street Map

Key Value Element Comment Rendering Photo

amenity university A University campus or buildings

amenity grit_bin A container that hold grit or a mixture from salt and grit.

landuse vineyard A piece of land where grapes are grown.

access yes/ designated/

official/ private/

permissive/ destina-

General access permission.

- permissive means there is no legally-enshrined right of permissive/ destina-

tion/ delivery/

agricultural/

forestry/ unknown/

no legally-enshrined right of access, but the landowner has allowed it at his/her discretion

forestry/ unknown/

no

discretion

- private …. http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Map_Features

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9.3 Open Street Map

• GPS-Traces

GPSDATA_20100113.gpx File name: GPSDATA_20100113.gpx

(download)

Upload: Wednesday, 13. Januar 2010, 11:45 Uhr

Upload:

2010, 11:45 Uhr

Points: 3,162

Coordinate of starting point:

-37.8654; 144.695 (Map /edit)

starting point: (Map /edit)

owner: Pegaxs

Description: Bike ride

Tags: none

Visibility:

Identifiable (list of

ordered points with time Visibility: ordered points with time

stamp)

http://www.openstreetmap.org/user/Pegaxs/traces/604501

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9.3 Open Street Map

http://www.ikg.uni-hannover.de/aga/fileadmin/aga/documents/pdf-files_aga2009/folien-topf-openstreetmap.pdf

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9.3 Open Street Map

http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Develop

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9.3 Open Street Map

• Database Schema

– 16 administrative tables – 3 GPX tables

– 3 GPX tables

– 2 changesets tables – 17 geodata tables

• 8 master tables, containing all previous edit history

• 8 current tables, latest revision, used for drawing the map

• 1 table for storing MBRs of countries

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9.3 Open Street Map

• OpenStreetMap stats report (13.01.2010)

users GPS points nodes ways relations users editing gpx files/nodes

day week month

203726 1357120640 530020786 39265159 327997 206/1350 1096/4613 2912/9768

http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Stats

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9.3 Open Street Map

• Isle of Wight

05.200609.200601.2010

www.ikg.uni-hannover.de/.../folien-topf-openstreetmap.pdf

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9.3 Open Street Map

• Export

…

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9.4 Summary

• Classification characteristics

– Typical GIS functions

– Classification by intended purpose – Classification by intended purpose

– Further, not GIS-specific characteristics

• Servers

– ESRI; ArcGIS, ArcIMS, ArcSDE – GRASS

– Smallworld – Smallworld – Oracle Spatial

– Postgres, PostGIS

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