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Contributions to Economics

The Influence of National Competition Policy on the International Competitiveness of Nations

A Contribution to the Debate on International Competition Rules

Bearbeitet von Andreas Mitschke

1. Auflage 2008. Buch. xii, 276 S. Hardcover ISBN 978 3 7908 2035 5

Format (B x L): 15,5 x 23,5 cm Gewicht: 1280 g

Wirtschaft > Volkswirtschaft > Wirtschaftswachstum

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Table of Contents

Preface ... V List of Abbreviations ... XI

1 Introduction ...1

1.1 Connecting Two Current Debates ...1

1.2 State of Scientific Research...4

1.3 Course of Inquiry...8

2 About the Necessity of International Competition Rules...11

2.1 The General Debate on International Harmonization...12

2.2 The Status Quo of International Competition Policy ...19

2.2.1 Regulatory Competition ...19

2.2.2 The Principle of Territoriality ...20

2.2.3 The Effects Doctrine ...22

2.2.4 Balancing Approach ...24

2.2.5 International Cooperation...26

2.2.5.1 Bilateral Cooperation...27

2.2.5.1.1Informal Cooperation...27

2.2.5.1.2Cooperation Agreements ...28

2.2.5.2 Regional and Multinational Cooperation...38

2.3 The Proponents of International Competition Rules ...42

2.3.1 The Central Arguments in Favour of International Competition Rules...43

2.3.1.1 Globalization as a Challenge for National Competition Policy...43

2.3.1.2 Negative Effects of National Competition Policy ...44

2.3.1.2.1Limits and Inefficiencies...44

2.3.1.2.2The Unwillingness of Nations to Protect Competition on the International Level ...50

2.3.2 Concepts to Intensify International Antitrust Cooperation ...53

2.3.2.1 Decentralized Approaches with Different Degrees of International Harmonization...55

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VIII Table of Contents

2.3.2.2 Centralization with Different Degrees of International

Harmonization ... 60

2.4 Arguments Against International Competition Rules ... 66

2.4.1 The Status Quo Is No Danger for International Competition... 67

2.4.1.1 Restrictive Business Practices by Import Competing Companies ... 68

2.4.1.2 Restrictive Business Practices by Exporters... 73

2.4.2 Inefficiencies and Delays Are Not a Decisive Criterion ... 77

2.4.3 International Conflicts: Extent and Appropriate Approach for a Consensual Settlement... 79

2.4.4 Allowing an International Bottom-up Convergence of National Competition Law ... 81

2.5 Conclusion: Benefits, Limits and Problems of the Status Quo ... 85

3 The International Competitiveness of Nations... 91

3.1 The Historical Development... 92

3.1.1 Mercantilism... 92

3.1.2 The Theory of Absolute Advantages... 94

3.1.3 The Theory of Comparative Advantages ... 96

3.1.4 The Heckscher-Ohlin-Model... 99

3.1.5 Conclusion... 102

3.2 The Modern Controversy ... 103

3.2.1 The Critic Against the Concept of an International Competitiveness of Nations... 104

3.2.2 Modern Views Supporting the Concept of Macroeconomic Competitiveness ... 105

3.2.2.1 Definitions of International Competitiveness... 106

3.2.2.2 Indicators of International Competitiveness... 112

3.2.2.3 Factors of International Competitiveness ... 120

3.3 Conclusion... 130

4 National Competition Policy and International Competitiveness . 133 4.1 Fundamental Assumptions and Differentiations ... 135

4.1.1 The Existence of a Modern Competition Law and Policy ... 135

4.1.2 National Competition Authorities ... 136

4.1.3 Exclusion of State-Induced Protectionism ... 137

4.2 General Negative Effects of International Competition Rules ... 138

4.2.1 Problems of Case and Competence Allocation ... 139

4.2.2 Consequences of a Growing Workload... 140

4.2.3 The Influence of Political Economics ... 142

4.2.4 Selective Effects of International Harmonization ... 146

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Table of Contents IX

4.2.5 International Harmonization versus Competition of

Competition Rules...149

4.2.5.1 Competition Policy: An Essential Part of the International Competition Framework or a National Factor of International Competitiveness? ...151

4.2.5.2 Prerequisites, Workability, and Limits of International Regulatory Competition in Antitrust ...151

4.2.5.3 Fields of Competition Policy Falling out of the Regulatory Competition ...157

4.2.5.4 Consequences Resulting from an Abolition of the International Regulatory Competition ...159

4.2.6 Conclusion...164

4.3 The Direct Influence of National Competition Policy...165

4.3.1 National Excellence in a Positive-Sum Game...166

4.3.2 Flexibility in Antitrust: Taking into Account Specific Characteristics of the National Economy ...169

4.3.2.1 The Use of Abstract Terms and Concepts in National and International Competition Law ...172

4.3.2.2 The Size of an Economy...174

4.3.2.3 The Economic Stage of an Economy...179

4.3.2.4 The Relation Between Competition Policy and other Political Fields ...184

4.3.3 Strategies of Permissive, Protectionist and Strict Competition Policy...190

4.3.3.1 Strategies of Permissive Competition Policy ...191

4.3.3.1.1Creating National Champions and Global Players....192

4.3.3.1.2Exemptions from Competition Policy...203

4.3.3.2 Strategies of Protectionist Competition Policy...225

4.3.3.2.1Illegitimate Protectionism...225

4.3.3.2.2The Probability of Illegitimate Protectionist Competition Policy ...226

4.3.3.2.3Legitimate Protectionist Competition Policy...227

4.3.3.2.4Conclusion ...228

4.3.3.3 Strategies of Strict Competition Policy ...228

4.3.3.3.1National Enterprises and the Intensity of National Competition...229

4.3.3.3.2Foreign Enterprises and the Intensity of National Competition...236

4.3.3.3.3International Harmonization as an Obstacle to Strict Competition Policy...241

4.3.3.3.4Conclusion ...246

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X Table of Contents

5 Concluding Remarks... 249

5.1 Summary ... 249

5.2 Recommendations for Economic Policy ... 253

5.3 Recommendations for Further Research ... 253

References... 255

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