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Interim Reports on work of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis receive only limited review. Views or opinions expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of the Institute, its National Member Organizations, or other organizations supporting the work.
Interim Report IR-04-085
The Logic of Reprobation:
Assessment and Action Rules for Indirect Reciprocation
Hannelore Brandt (hannelore.brandt@univie.ac.at) Karl Sigmund (karl.sigmund@.ac.at)
Approved by Ulf Dieckmann
Program Leader, ADN
December 2004
IIASA S TUDIES IN A DAPTIVE D YNAMICS N O. 96
ADN
The Adaptive Dynamics Network at IIASA fosters the develop- ment of new mathematical and conceptual techniques for under- standing the evolution of complex adaptive systems.
Focusing on these long-term implications of adaptive processes in systems of limited growth, the Adaptive Dynamics Network brings together scientists and institutions from around the world with IIASA acting as the central node.
Scientific progress within the network is collected in the IIASA Studies in Adaptive Dynamics series.
No. 1 Metz JAJ, Geritz SAH, Meszéna G, Jacobs FJA, van Heerwaarden JS: Adaptive Dynamics: A Geometrical Study of the Consequences of Nearly Faithful Reproduction. IIASA Working Paper WP-95-099 (1995). van Strien SJ, Verduyn Lunel SM (eds): Stochastic and Spatial Structures of Dynami- cal Systems, Proceedings of the Royal Dutch Academy of Sci- ence (KNAW Verhandelingen), North Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 183-231 (1996).
No. 2 Dieckmann U, Law R: The Dynamical Theory of Co- evolution: A Derivation from Stochastic Ecological Processes.
IIASA Working Paper WP-96-001 (1996). Journal of Mathe- matical Biology 34:579-612 (1996).
No. 3 Dieckmann U, Marrow P, Law R: Evolutionary Cy- cling of Predator-Prey Interactions: Population Dynamics and the Red Queen. IIASA Preprint (1995). Journal of Theoreti- cal Biology 176:91-102 (1995).
No. 4 Marrow P, Dieckmann U, Law R: Evolutionary Dy- namics of Predator-Prey Systems: An Ecological Perspective.
IIASA Working Paper WP-96-002 (1996). Journal of Mathe- matical Biology 34:556-578 (1996).
No. 5 Law R, Marrow P, Dieckmann U: On Evolution under Asymmetric Competition. IIASA Working Paper WP-96-003 (1996). Evolutionary Ecology 11:485-501 (1997).
No. 6 Metz JAJ, Mylius SD, Diekmann O: When Does Evo- lution Optimize? On the Relation Between Types of Density Dependence and Evolutionarily Stable Life History Parame- ters. IIASA Working Paper WP-96-004 (1996).
No. 7 Ferrière R, Gatto M: Lyapunov Exponents and the Mathematics of Invasion in Oscillatory or Chaotic Popula- tions. Theoretical Population Biology 48:126-171 (1995).
No. 8 Ferrière R, Fox GA: Chaos and Evolution. IIASA Preprint (1996). Trends in Ecology and Evolution 10:480- 485 (1995).
No. 9 Ferrière R, Michod RE: The Evolution of Cooperation in Spatially Heterogeneous Populations. IIASA Working Pa- per WP-96-029 (1996). The American Naturalist 147:692- 717 (1996).
No. 10 van Dooren TJM, Metz JAJ: Delayed Maturation in Temporally Structured Populations with Non-Equilibrium Dy- namics. IIASA Working Paper WP-96-070 (1996). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 11:41-62 (1998).
No. 11 Geritz SAH, Metz JAJ, Kisdi É, Meszéna G: The Dy- namics of Adaptation and Evolutionary Branching. IIASA Working Paper WP-96-077 (1996). Physical Review Letters 78:2024-2027 (1997).
No. 12 Geritz SAH, Kisdi É, Meszéna G, Metz JAJ: Evo- lutionary Singular Strategies and the Adaptive Growth and Branching of the Evolutionary Tree. IIASA Working Paper WP-96-114 (1996). Evolutionary Ecology 12:35-57 (1998).
No. 13 Heino M, Metz JAJ, Kaitala V: Evolution of Mixed Maturation Strategies in Semelparous Life-Histories: The Crucial Role of Dimensionality of Feedback Environment.
IIASA Working Paper WP-96-126 (1996). Philosophi- cal Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B 352:1647-1655 (1997).
No. 14 Dieckmann U: Can Adaptive Dynamics Invade?
IIASA Working Paper WP-96-152 (1996). Trends in Ecol- ogy and Evolution 12:128-131 (1997).
No. 15 Meszéna G, Czibula I, Geritz SAH: Adaptive Dynam- ics in a 2-Patch Environment: A Simple Model for Allopatric and Parapatric Speciation. IIASA Interim Report IR-97-001 (1997). Journal of Biological Systems 5:265-284 (1997).
No. 16 Heino M, Metz JAJ, Kaitala V: The Enigma of Frequency-Dependent Selection. IIASA Interim Report IR- 97-061 (1997). Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13:367-370 (1998).
No. 17 Heino M: Management of Evolving Fish Stocks.
IIASA Interim Report IR-97-062 (1997). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55:1971-1982 (1998).
No. 18 Heino M: Evolution of Mixed Reproductive Strategies in Simple Life-History Models. IIASA Interim Report IR-97- 063 (1997).
No. 19 Geritz SAH, van der Meijden E, Metz JAJ: Evolution- ary Dynamics of Seed Size and Seedling Competitive Ability.
IIASA Interim Report IR-97-071 (1997). Theoretical Popu- lation Biology 55:324-343 (1999).
No. 20 Galis F, Metz JAJ: Why Are There So Many Cichlid
Species? On the Interplay of Speciation and Adaptive Radi-
ation. IIASA Interim Report IR-97-072 (1997). Trends in
Ecology and Evolution 13:1-2 (1998).
No. 21 Boerlijst MC, Nowak MA, Sigmund K: Equal Pay for all Prisoners/ The Logic of Contrition. IIASA Interim Report IR-97-073 (1997). American Mathematical Society Monthly 104:303-307 (1997). Journal of Theoretical Biology 185:281-293 (1997).
No. 22 Law R, Dieckmann U: Symbiosis Without Mutualism and the Merger of Lineages in Evolution. IIASA Interim Re- port IR-97-074 (1997). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 265:1245-1253 (1998).
No. 23 Klinkhamer PGL, de Jong TJ, Metz JAJ: Sex and Size in Cosexual Plants. IIASA Interim Report IR-97-078 (1997).
Trends in Ecology and Evolution 12:260-265 (1997).
No. 24 Fontana W, Schuster P: Shaping Space: The Possi- ble and the Attainable in RNA Genotype-Phenotype Mapping.
IIASA Interim Report IR-98-004 (1998). Journal of Theoret- ical Biology 194:491-515 (1998).
No. 25 Kisdi É, Geritz SAH: Adaptive Dynamics in Allele Space: Evolution of Genetic Polymorphism by Small Muta- tions in a Heterogeneous Environment. IIASA Interim Report IR-98-038 (1998). Evolution 53:993-1008 (1999).
No. 26 Fontana W, Schuster P: Continuity in Evolution: On the Nature of Transitions. IIASA Interim Report IR-98-039 (1998). Science 280:1451-1455 (1998).
No. 27 Nowak MA, Sigmund K: Evolution of Indirect Reci- procity by Image Scoring/ The Dynamics of Indirect Reci- procity. IIASA Interim Report IR-98-040 (1998). Nature 393:573-577 (1998). Journal of Theoretical Biology 194:561- 574 (1998).
No. 28 Kisdi É: Evolutionary Branching Under Asymmetric Competition. IIASA Interim Report IR-98-045 (1998). Jour- nal of Theoretical Biology 197:149-162 (1999).
No. 29 Berger U: Best Response Adaptation for Role Games.
IIASA Interim Report IR-98-086 (1998).
No. 30 van Dooren TJM: The Evolutionary Ecology of Dominance-Recessivity. IIASA Interim Report IR-98-096 (1998). Journal of Theoretical Biology 198:519-532 (1999).
No. 31 Dieckmann U, O’Hara B, Weisser W: The Evolution- ary Ecology of Dispersal. IIASA Interim Report IR-98-108 (1998). Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14:88-90 (1999).
No. 32 Sigmund K: Complex Adaptive Systems and the Evo- lution of Reciprocation. IIASA Interim Report IR-98-100 (1998). Ecosystems 1:444-448 (1998).
No. 33 Posch M, Pichler A, Sigmund K: The Efficiency of Adapting Aspiration Levels. IIASA Interim Report IR-98- 103 (1998). Proceedings of the Royal Society London Series B 266:1427-1435 (1999).
No. 34 Mathias A, Kisdi É: Evolutionary Branching and Co- existence of Germination Strategies. IIASA Interim Report IR-99-014 (1999).
No. 35 Dieckmann U, Doebeli M: On the Origin of Species by Sympatric Speciation. IIASA Interim Report IR-99-013 (1999). Nature 400:354-357 (1999).
No. 36 Metz JAJ, Gyllenberg M: How Should We Define Fit- ness in Structured Metapopulation Models? Including an Ap- plication to the Calculation of Evolutionarily Stable Dispersal Strategies. IIASA Interim Report IR-99-019 (1999). Pro- ceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 268:499- 508 (2001).
No. 37 Gyllenberg M, Metz JAJ: On Fitness in Structured Metapopulations. IIASA Interim Report IR-99-037 (1999).
Journal of Mathematical Biology 43:545-560 (2001).
No. 38 Meszéna G, Metz JAJ: Species Diversity and Popula- tion Regulation: The Importance of Environmental Feedback Dimensionality. IIASA Interim Report IR-99-045 (1999).
No. 39 Kisdi É, Geritz SAH: Evolutionary Branching and Sympatric Speciation in Diploid Populations. IIASA Interim Report IR-99-048 (1999).
No. 40 Ylikarjula J, Heino M, Dieckmann U: Ecology and Adaptation of Stunted Growth in Fish. IIASA Interim Report IR-99-050 (1999). Evolutionary Ecology 13:433-453 (1999).
No. 41 Nowak MA, Sigmund K: Games on Grids. IIASA Interim Report IR-99-038 (1999). Dieckmann U, Law R, Metz JAJ (eds): The Geometry of Ecological Interactions:
Simplifying Spatial Complexity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 135-150 (2000).
No. 42 Ferrière R, Michod RE: Wave Patterns in Spatial Games and the Evolution of Cooperation. IIASA Interim Report IR-99-041 (1999). Dieckmann U, Law R, Metz JAJ (eds): The Geometry of Ecological Interactions: Simplifying Spatial Complexity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 318-332 (2000).
No. 43 Kisdi É, Jacobs FJA, Geritz SAH: Red Queen Evo- lution by Cycles of Evolutionary Branching and Extinction.
IIASA Interim Report IR-00-030 (2000). Selection 2:161- 176 (2001).
No. 44 Meszéna G, Kisdi É, Dieckmann U, Geritz SAH, Metz JAJ: Evolutionary Optimisation Models and Matrix Games in the Unified Perspective of Adaptive Dynamics. IIASA Interim Report IR-00-039 (2000). Selection 2:193-210 (2001).
No. 45 Parvinen K, Dieckmann U, Gyllenberg M, Metz JAJ:
Evolution of Dispersal in Metapopulations with Local Density Dependence and Demographic Stochasticity. IIASA Interim Report IR-00-035 (2000). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 16:143-153 (2003).
No. 46 Doebeli M, Dieckmann U: Evolutionary Branch- ing and Sympatric Speciation Caused by Different Types of Ecological Interactions. IIASA Interim Report IR-00-040 (2000). The American Naturalist 156:S77-S101 (2000).
No. 47 Heino M, Hanski I: Evolution of Migration Rate in a Spatially Realistic Metapopulation Model. IIASA Interim Report IR-00-044 (2000). The American Naturalist 157:495- 511 (2001).
No. 48 Gyllenberg M, Parvinen K, Dieckmann U: Evolution- ary Suicide and Evolution of Dispersal in Structured Metapop- ulations. IIASA Interim Report IR-00-056 (2000). Journal of Mathematical Biology 45:79-105 (2002).
No. 49 van Dooren TJM: The Evolutionary Dynamics of Di- rect Phenotypic Overdominance: Emergence Possible, Loss Probable. IIASA Interim Report IR-00-048 (2000). Evolu- tion 54: 1899-1914 (2000).
No. 50 Nowak MA, Page KM, Sigmund K: Fairness Versus Reason in the Ultimatum Game. IIASA Interim Report IR- 00-57 (2000). Science 289:1773-1775 (2000).
No. 51 de Feo O, Ferrière R: Bifurcation Analysis of Pop- ulation Invasion: On-Off Intermittency and Basin Riddling.
IIASA Interim Report IR-00-074 (2000). International Jour-
nal of Bifurcation and Chaos 10:443-452 (2000).
No. 52 Heino M, Laaka-Lindberg S: Clonal Dynamics and Evolution of Dormancy in the Leafy Hepatic Lophozia Sil- vicola. IIASA Interim Report IR-01-018 (2001). Oikos 94:525-532 (2001).
No. 53 Sigmund K, Hauert C, Nowak MA: Reward and Pun- ishment in Minigames. IIASA Interim Report IR-01-031 (2001). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 98:10757-10762 (2001).
No. 54 Hauert C, De Monte S, Sigmund K, Hofbauer J: Os- cillations in Optional Public Good Games. IIASA Interim Report IR-01-036 (2001).
No. 55 Ferrière R, Le Galliard J: Invasion Fitness and Adap- tive Dynamics in Spatial Population Models. IIASA Interim Report IR-01-043 (2001). Clobert J, Dhondt A, Danchin E, Nichols J (eds): Dispersal, Oxford University Press, pp. 57-79 (2001).
No. 56 de Mazancourt C, Loreau M, Dieckmann U: Can the Evolution of Plant Defense Lead to Plant-Herbivore Mutual- ism. IIASA Interim Report IR-01-053 (2001). The American Naturalist 158: 109-123 (2001).
No. 57 Claessen D, Dieckmann U: Ontogenetic Niche Shifts and Evolutionary Branching in Size-Structured Populations.
IIASA Interim Report IR-01-056 (2001). Evolutionary Ecol- ogy Research 4:189-217 (2002).
No. 58 Brandt H: Correlation Analysis of Fitness Land- scapes. IIASA Interim Report IR-01-058 (2001).
No. 59 Dieckmann U: Adaptive Dynamics of Pathogen-Host Interacations. IIASA Interim Report IR-02-007 (2002).
Dieckmann U, Metz JAJ, Sabelis MW, Sigmund K (eds):
Adaptive Dynamics of Infectious Diseases: In Pursuit of Viru- lence Management, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 39-59 (2002).
No. 60 Nowak MA, Sigmund K: Super- and Coinfection:
The Two Extremes. IIASA Interim Report IR-02-008 (2002).
Dieckmann U, Metz JAJ, Sabelis MW, Sigmund K (eds):
Adaptive Dynamics of Infectious Diseases: In Pursuit of Viru- lence Management, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 124-137 (2002).
No. 61 Sabelis MW, Metz JAJ: Perspectives for Virulence Management: Relating Theory to Experiment. IIASA Interim Report IR-02-009 (2002). Dieckmann U, Metz JAJ, Sabelis MW, Sigmund K (eds): Adaptive Dynamics of Infectious Dis- eases: In Pursuit of Virulence Management, Cambridge Uni- versity Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 379-398 (2002).
No. 62 Cheptou P, Dieckmann U: The Evolution of Self- Fertilization in Density-Regulated Populations . IIASA In- terim Report IR-02-024 (2002). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 269:1177-1186 (2002).
No. 63 Bürger R: Additive Genetic Variation Under Intraspe- cific Competition and Stabilizing Selection: A Two-Locus Study. IIASA Interim Report IR-02-013 (2002). Theoret- ical Population Biology 61:197-213 (2002).
No. 64 Hauert C, De Monte S, Hofbauer J, Sigmund K: Vol- unteering as Red Queen Mechanism for Co-operation in Pub- lic Goods Games. IIASA Interim Report IR-02-041 (2002).
Science 296:1129-1132 (2002).
No. 65 Dercole F, Ferrière R, Rinaldi S: Ecological Bistabil- ity and Evolutionary Reversals under Asymmetrical Competi- tion. IIASA Interim Report IR-02-053 (2002). Evolution 56:1081-1090 (2002).
No. 66 Dercole F, Rinaldi S: Evolution of Cannibalistic Traits: Scenarios Derived from Adaptive Dynamics. IIASA Interim Report IR-02-054 (2002). Theoretical Population Bi- ology 62:365-374 (2002).
No. 67 Bürger R, Gimelfarb A: Fluctuating Environments and the Role of Mutation in Maintaining Quantitative Genetic Variation. IIASA Interim Report IR-02-058 (2002). Geneti- cal Research 80:31-46 (2002).
No. 68 Bürger R: On a Genetic Model of Intraspecific Com- petition and Stabilizing Selection. IIASA Interim Report IR- 02-062 (2002). Amer. Natur. 160:661-682 (2002).
No. 69 Doebeli M, Dieckmann U: Speciation Along Environ- mental Gradients. IIASA Interim Report IR-02-079 (2002).
Nature 421:259-264 (2003).
No. 70 Dercole F, Irisson J, Rinaldi S: Bifurcation Analysis of a Prey-Predator Coevolution Model. IIASA Interim Report IR-02-078 (2002). SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics 63:1378-1391 (2003).
No. 71 Le Galliard J, Ferrière R, Dieckmann U: The Adaptive Dynamics of Altruism in Spatially Heterogeneous Populations.
IIASA Interim Report IR-03-006 (2003). Evolution 57:1-17 (2003).
No. 72 Taborsky B, Dieckmann U, Heino M: Unex- pected Discontinuities in Life-History Evolution under Size- Dependent Mortality. IIASA Interim Report IR-03-004 (2003). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 270:713-721 (2003).
No. 73 Gardmark A, Dieckmann U, Lundberg P: Life- History Evolution in Harvested Populations: The Role of Nat- ural Predation. IIASA Interim Report IR-03-008 (2003).
Evolutionary Ecology Research 5:239-257 (2003).
No. 74 Mizera F, Meszéna G: Spatial Niche Packing, Char- acter Displacement and Adaptive Speciation Along an En- vironmental Gradient. IIASA Interim Report IR-03-062 (2003). Evolutionary Ecology Research 5: 363-382 (2003).
No. 75 Dercole F: Remarks on Branching-Extinction Evolu- tionary Cycles. IIASA Interim Report IR-03-075 (2003).
Journal of Mathematical Biology 47: 569-580 (2003).
No. 76 Hofbauer J, Sigmund K: Evolutionary Game Dynam- ics. IIASA Interim Report IR-03-078 (2003). Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 40: 479-519 (2003).
No. 77 Ernande B, Dieckmann U, Heino M: Adaptive Changes in Harvested Populations: Plasticity and Evolution of Age and Size at Maturation. IIASA Interim Report IR- 03-058 (2003). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, 271: 415-423 (2004).
No. 78 Hanski I, Heino M: Metapopulation-Level Adaptation of Insect Host Plant Preference and Extinction-Colonization Dynamics in Heterogeneous Landscapes. IIASA Interim Report IR-03-028 (2003). Theoretical Population Biology 63:309-338 (2003).
No. 79 van Doorn G, Dieckmann U, Weissing FJ: Sympatric Speciation by Sexual Selection: A Critical Re-Evaluation.
IIASA Interim Report IR-04-003 (2004). American Natu- ralist 163: 709-725 (2004).
No. 80 Egas M, Dieckmann U, Sabelis MW: Evolution Re-
stricts the Coexistence of Specialists and Generalists - the
Role of Trade-off Structure. IIASA Interim Report IR-04-004
(2004).
No. 81 Ernande B, Dieckmann U: The Evolution of Pheno- typic Plasticity in Spatially Structured Environments: Implica- tions of Intraspecific Competition, Plasticity Costs, and Envi- ronmental Characteristics. IIASA Interim Report IR-04-006 (2004). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 17 (3): 613-628 (2004).
No. 82 Cressman R, Hofbauer J: Measure Dynamics on a One-Dimensional Continuous Trait Space: Theoretical Foun- dations for Adaptive Dynamics. IIASA Interim Report IR- 04-016 (2004).
No. 83 Cressman R: Dynamic Stability of the Replicator Equation with Continuous Strategy Space. IIASA Interim Report IR-04-017 (2004).
No. 84 Ravigné V, Olivieri I, Dieckmann U: Implications of Habitat Choice for Protected Polymorphisms. IIASA Interim Report IR-04-005 (2004). Evolutionary Ecology Research 6:
125-145 (2004).
No. 85 Nowak MA, Sigmund K: Evolutionary Dynamics of Biological Games. IIASA Interim Report IR-04-013 (2004).
Science 303: 793-799 (2004).
No. 86 Vukics A, Asbóth J, Meszéna G: Speciation in Mul- tidimensional Evolutionary Space. IIASA Interim Report IR-04-028 (2004). Physical Review E 68 4 (2003).
No. 87 de Mazancourt C, Dieckmann U: Trade-off Geome- tries and Frequency-dependent Selection. IIASA Interim Re- port IR-04-039 (2004).
No. 88 Cadet CR, Metz JAJ, Klinkhamer PGL: Size and the Not-So-Single Sex: disentangling the effects of size on sex al- location. IIASA Interim Report IR-04-084 (2004). Ameri- can Naturalist, 164: 779-792 (2004).
No. 89 Rueffler C, van Dooren TJM, Metz JAJ: Adaptive Walks on Changing Landscapes: Levins’ Approach Extended.
IIASA Interim Report IR-04-083 (2004). Theoretical Popu- lation Biology, 65: 165-178 (2004).
No. 90 de Mazancourt C, Loreau M, Dieckmann U: Under- standing Mutualism When There is Adaptation to the Partner.
IIASA Interim Report IR-05-016 (2005).
No. 91 Dieckmann U, Doebeli M: Pluralism in Evolutionary Theory. IIASA Interim Report IR-05-017 (2005).
No. 92 Doebeli M, Dieckmann U, Metz JAJ, Tautz D: What We Have Also Learned. IIASA Interim Report IR-05-018 (2005).
No. 93 Egas M, Sabelis MW, Dieckmann U: Evolution of Specialization and Ecological Character Displacement of Herbivores Along a Gradient of Plant Quality. IIASA In- terim Report IR-05-019 (2005).
No. 94 Le Galliard J, Ferrière R, Dieckmann U: Adaptive Evolution of Social Traits: Origin, Trajectories, and Corre- lations of Altruism and Mobility. IIASA Interim Report IR- 05-020 (2005).
No. 95 Doebeli M, Dieckmann U: Adaptive Dynamics as a Mathematical Tool for Studying the Ecology of Speciation Processes. IIASA Interim Report IR-05-022 (2005).
No. 96 Brandt H, Sigmund K: The logic of reprobation: as- sessment and action rules for indirect reciprocity. IIASA Interim Report IR-04-085 (2004). Journal of Theoretical Bi- ology 231: 475-486 (2004).
Issues of the IIASA Studies in Adaptive Dynamics series can be obtained at www.iiasa.ac.at/Research/ADN/Series.html or by
writing to adn@iiasa.ac.at.
Contents
Abstract... 1
Main text... 1
Methods ... 7
Sampling ... 7
Statistical analysis... 7
Acknowledgments ... 13
References ... 10
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pf cg
w c
r b
q m o y
sl
jghj bh
m
^_
f a
efl _ g`
s b`g
m h
t bh
l b
_
pf cg
w c
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f j
q
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lf
r u
f
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f a
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f m a
h
m
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78 5
8 : A
.
X 7:
= 4
K
. 5
.
>
=V . 5
= 0
G
>
2 78
P=
G
P 8
K
2
= 4 :G
>
: 5
8
P 2
5
8
P :
K5
=P . 2 :
= G
[
F:2 7 >:58
P 2
58
P :K5
=P . 2 :
= G;
2 78 781K
X 7:
P 7
.
>
= G
= 5 K5
=Y :>8A
4
= 5
. 58
P :K:8G2
X :
11
8
Y 8G2
0
. 11
M
?
8 5
82 05
G8
> ?
M 2 7
. 2
5
8
P :
K
:8G2
; A
= 2 7
.
2 :4 2 78
?
8G8
2 4
= 5
2 78 5
8
P :
K
:8G2 8
VP 88
>A
2 78
P=
A
2 4
= 5
2 78
>
= G
= 5; ?
= 2 7
K
. 5
2 :8 A
=
?
2
. :G
. G82
@
. :G
N5:
Y
85A BE BO[
J
G>:58
P 2
58
P :K5
=P . 2 :
= G
=PP 05A
:4 2 78
781K :A
8
Y 8G20
. 11
M
5
82 05
G8
>;
: [
8 [
2 78
>
= G
= 5
: A
P=
9 K
8G A
. 2 8
>;?0
2
?
M. 2 7:
5>K
. 5
2
M
;5
. 2 78
5
2 7
. G
?
M
2 78 58
P
:K:8G2[ 7:AA
M
A2 89A889A
8
Y 8G9
= 58
Y 01G85
.
?18
2
=
A81A7
8
V K1
= :2
. 2 :
= G
>:58
P 2
58
P :K5
=P . 2 :
= G[
J
G>88>;
P=
99
= G
A8GA8
. G>
2 78
= 582 :
P . 1
9
=
>81A
. 1:/8
A
7
=X 2 7
. 2:42
X=
K1
.M 8
5A
:G2 8 5
.P 2
=
42 8G8G
= 0@
7
;
2 78 2 7 5
8
. 2
= 4
A
2
= KK
:G
@
2
= 78
1K
X 78G8
Y 85
2 78
P=W K1
.M 85
4
. :1A
2
=
58205G
2 78 4
.Y=
05
P . G
8GA058 9020
. 1 781K
,
:G
= 2 785
X=
5>A; 582
. 1:
. 2
= 5
M A25
. 2 8@:8A
P . G 4
= A2 85
P==
K85
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= G :G
. G
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5
: A
= G8
5A
: 1
899
.
@
. 98
NH
V 8
15
=
>
. G
>
. 9:
1
2
= G
BEB O[ 0
2 :G2 78
P=
G2 8
V 2
= 4
:G>:58
P 2
58
P :K5
=P . 2 :
= G;
2 78 A
. 98 2
X=
K1
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G8
Y 85
98822
X :
P 8[
=X
;2 78G;
P . G
>84 8
P 2
=
5A?8K0G:A78> 78:5
Y :
P 2 :9A
P . GG
= 22
. /8
2 789 2
=.PP=
0G2[ HG>
M 82
;
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9
. G
M 8
P=
G
= 9:
P 8
V K
8 5
:98G2 A A
7
=X
;
:G
>
: 5
8
P 2
5
8
P :
K5
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= G
X=
5/A
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7 0
9
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A
=P :82 :8
A NF
8
>
8 /
:G
>
. G
> 6
: 1
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:
RDDD; 6
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: 82
.
1 RDDB; RDDR;
L8:G8G
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P 75
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= G82
.
1RDDB;F8>8/:G>
. G>5
. :2 7
X.
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. 98
5
8
5 RDDSO;
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>
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8
Y 8G
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88G 2
= 0
2 8
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2
= K5
=Y :
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8 2 78
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:
= 1
=
@
:
P . 1 ?
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: A
4
= 5
= 05
9
= 5
. 1
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M NH1
8
V.
G
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8
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=X.
/
.
G> L:@90G> NBEE
.
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A0@@8A2 8>
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= 582 :
P . 1
9
=
>81 ?
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= G 2 78
P=
G
P 8K2
= 4
. A
P=
58 N
. G
.
?A25
.P 2 98
. A058
4
= 5
2 78 58K02
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= G
= 4
?8:G@
. K
8 5A
= G
X 7
=
@
:
Y 8
A
78
1KO[
78 A
P=
5
8
= 4
K
= 2 8G2 :
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= G
= 5A
:G
P 5
8
. A
8 A
:4 2 78
M
.P 20
. 11
M
>
= K5
=Y
:>8 781K;
. G> >8
P 58
. A8A
:4 2 78
M
5840A8
2
=
>
= A
=
[ <0985:
P . 1
A:901
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=X 2 7
. 2
>:A
P 5:9:G
.
2 :G@A25
.
2 8@:8A; K5
=Y
:>:G@ 781K
:4 2 78 58
P :K
W
:8G2 A A
P=
5
8 8
VP 88
>A A
= 98
@
:
Y 8G 2 7
5
8 A
7
= 1>;
P . G :G
>
88
>
8
Y=
1
Y 8
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> 1
8
.
>
2
=
P==
K85
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Y 8
A
=P
:82 :8A[ 78 A
P=
58 K5
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. G
:GA25098G2
4
= 5
P 7
.
GG81:G@ 781K
2
=X.
5>A
2 7
= A
8
X 7
= 78
1K;
. G
>
2 7 0A
2
=
A0KK5
8 AA >
84 8
P 2
=
5A[ 0
2
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M
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P 5
:9:
W
G
. 2 :G
@
.
@
. :G
A
2 1
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P=
5
8 5A; K1
.M 8
5A 1
=X 8
5
2 78:
5
=X G
A
P=
5
8
;
. G
>
2 78 5
84
= 5
8 5
: A/
?8:G@5840A8>781K
= G
. 1
. 2 85
=PP . A:
= G[
. G2 78
M
?8
8
V K8
P 2 8>
2
=
>:A
P 5:9:G
. 2 8
:4 2 7:
A
7 05
2 A
2 789 A
8 1
Y 8
A
7:
A K0
QQ 1
8 : A A
:9:
1
. 5
2
= .
X 8
11
W /
G
=X G
K5
=
?1
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= 5
M
= 4
K0?1
:
P
@
==
>A @
. 98A[
J
G A0
P 7
@
.
98A;K1
.M 85A
. 58
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2
= P=
G25:?02 8
2
= . P=
99
= G
K
==
1[
78
P=
G2 8G2
= 4 2 7:
A K
==
1
: A
2 78G 9 01
2 : K1
:8
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5
2
. :G 4
.P 2
= 5
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>
>:
Y
:>8> 80
. 11
M .
9
= G@
. 11 K1
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85A; :558AK8
P 2 :
Y 8
= 4
X 782 785
2 78
M P=
G25:?02 8>
= 5
G
= 2[
J
4
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P=
G25:?02 8;
2 78
M .
11 @
. :G
?02
.
A81A7 K1
.M 85
X 7
=
>
= 8
A
G
= 2
P=
G2 5
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?0
2 8
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. :G
A
8
Y 8G 9
= 5
8 [
= G
A
8 0
8G2 1
M
;
:4
. 11K1
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5A
. 5
8 A
8 1A
7
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2 78 5
8
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= P=
99
= G
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7:
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: A
X :
>
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G
=X G
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899
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N
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.
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M = 4 2 78
P=
99
= GAO[
J
2 :A
=
?
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2 7
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P 2 :
= G
= 4
A81A7
K1
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5A
P . G
?
88
8
P 2 :
Y 8
1
M K5
8
Y 8G2 8
>?
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G:
A
7:G
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2 7
= A
8
X 7
=
>
= G
= 2
P=
G2 5
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?0
2 8 [
:4 2 78
P= M 2
= 2 78
. . P= W=
A
=P :
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: 1
899
. NA
88
;
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5A
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BEER;
-
87 5
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3
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82
.
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:G>88>;
.
A81A7 K1
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= 0@72
2
= 5845
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45
= 9
K0G:A7:G@ K1
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X 7
=
>:>
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= 2
P=
G25:?02 8;?8
P .
0A8 2 7:A
8G2
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P=
A2A[ 8G
P 8;
G
= K0
G:
A
798G2
;
. G
>
78G
P 8
;
G
= K0?1
:
P
@
==
>[
J
2 9
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8
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2 7
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A0
P 7
.
K0G:A798G2
P . G
584
= 59
2 78
K0G:A78> K1
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.
G> 205G
7:9
= 5 785
:G2
= .
P=
G25:?02
= 5
4
= 5
2 78
402058 :G2 85
.P 2 :
=
GA[ 02
. A
8
V
K85:98G2A ?
M -
875
. G>
3
.P 72 8
5 NRDDRO
7
.Y 8
A
7
=X G
;
2 78 2 7 5
8
. 2
= 4
K0
G:
A
798G2
X=
5/A
8
Y 8G :4
K1
.M 8
5A
/G
=X 2 7
. 22 78
M .
58
G8
Y 85 @
= :G@
2
= 9882
X
:2 72 78
K0G:A78>
P=W K1
.M 85
.
@
. :G[
8205G:G@
2
= :G>:58
P 2
58
P :K5
=P . 2 :
= G;
X
8 9882
. A:9:1
. 5K
. 5
.
>
=V X
:2 7 2 78
A
P=
5
:G
@ A
2 5
. 2 8
@
M [
84 0A
:G
@
2
= 78
1K 1
=XW A
P=
5
8 5A
: A
. X.M = 4
K0
G:
A
7:G
@
2 789 ,
?02 2 7:A K0G:A798G2 :A
P=
A21
M 2
=
K0G:A785A A:G
P 8 :2
1
=X
85A 2 78:5
=X G
A
P=
58[
F7
M A7
= 01> K1
.M 85A
:G
P 05 A0
P 7
. P=
A2
:4 N
. A
2 78 9
=
>81 580:58AO
2 78
M X :11
G8
Y 8
5
:G2 8 5
.P 2
X
:2 7 2 78
>
84 8
P 2
= 5
. A
8
P=
G
>
2 :98
G8 K
= AA
:
?1
8 8 A
P . K
8 4 5
= 9
2 78
>:1899
. :A
2
= . AA098
2 7
. 2
K1
.M 85A
X 7
=
5840A8
2
= 781K
. 1
=XW A
P=
585 N:[8[;
X 7
=
0A2 :
.
?1
M >84 8
P 2O
X :11
G
= 2 7
.Y 8
2 78:5
=X G
A
P=
58 58>0
P
8>[ 7:A
98
P 7
.W
G:
A
9
;
X 7:
P 7
X.
A A0@@
8 A
2 8
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M L0@>
8G
NBETO
. 15
8
.
>
M . G
>?5
:8
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G A
:
>
8 5
8
>
:G
<
=X.
/
.
G>L:@90G>NBEE
.
O;:A0A0
. 11
M
2 8598>
2 78 A2
.
G>:G@A25
. 2 8@
M [
J
2 :A
8
. A:1
M A88G
2
=
?8
8
Y=
102 :
= G
. 5:1
M A2
.
?18;A88
U8:9
. 5
. G>
.
9985A2 8:G NRDDBO[
0
2 2 78 5
8
. 5
8 2
X=
K5
=
?1
89 A
X :2 7 2 7:
A A
= 10
2 :
= G
[
78
= G8 :
A
2 7
. 2 :2
?
8
@A
2 78
08A2 :
= G
,
88
P 2 :
Y 81
M
;
:298
. GA
2 7
. 2
K0G:A798G2:A
G
= 2
P=
A21
M [ L
= 98
@
. 982 78
W
=
5:A2A 4 881
2 7
. 2
2 7:A A
= 102 :
= G2
= 2 78
A
=P :
.
1 >:1899
.
:A N1:2 85
. 11
M O
2
== P 78
. K
2
=
?
8:G2 8 5
8 A
2 :G
@[
78
= 2 78
5
=
?
8
P 2 :
= G:
A
2 7
. 2
A0
P 7
. G
.PP=
0
G2 :G
@?
. A
8
>
= G
0A
W
2 :
.
?1
8 >
84 8
P 2 :
= G
A 5
8 0
: 5
8 A
P=
G A
:
>
8 5
.
?1
8
P=
@
G:2 :
Y 8
.
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: 1
:2 :8 A
4 5
= 9 2 78
K1
.M 8
5A;
.
G> A889A
Y 01G85
.
?18
2
= 855
= 5A[
. G :2 8
Y=
1
Y 8
0G>85K1
. 0A:?18
P=
G>:2 :
= GA
V K
8 5
:98G2
. 1
:G
Y 8
A
2 :
@
. 2 :
= G
A?
M 6
: 1
:G A/
:82
.
1 NRDDBO
:G
>
:
P . 2 82 7
. 2:G
5
8
. 1
W
1
:4 87 0
9
. G:G2 8
5
.P 2 :
= G
A;
2 7898
P 7
. G:
A
9
?
. A
8
>
= G
A
2
. G
>
:G
@
: A
G
= 2
. AK5
8
Y.
1
8G2
. A
2 78 90
P 7
A:9K185 A
P=
5:G@
98
P 7
.
G:A9[ 02 7858;
X 8
.
58 :G2 858A2 8>
:G
2 78 2 78
= 5
82 :
P . 1
. AK
8
P 2
A ,
4
= 5
X 7:
P 7
K
. 5
. 982 8
5 5
. G
@
8 A NK
.M=
Y.
10
8 A;
8 55
= 5
K5
=
?
.
?:1:2 :8A
82
P
O 90A2
:2
?8 580:58>
2 7
. 2
A2
.
G>:G@ N5
. 2 785
2 7
. G
A
P=
5:G@O
:A
2 78 K58
Y.
18G2
X.M = 4
.
AA8AA:G@
.P 2 :
= GA ?
M
2 7:5> K
. 52 :8A;
:G
= 5>85
2
= A88
P==
K
8 5
. 2 :
= G898
5@
8
F8
X
:11 2 78584
= 58
P=
9K
. 58 A8
Y 85
. 1 K
=
AA:?:1:2 :8A
4
= 5
.
AA8AA:G@
2 78 A
P=
58
= 4
K1
.M 85A[
J
G 2 78
A:9K18A2
P . A8;
2 78 A
P=
58 >8K8G>A 8G2 :581
M = G 7
=X =
42 8G 2 78
K1
.M 8
5
7
. A K5
=Y :
>
8
>
= 5 5
84 0A
8
>
78 1K;
: 55
8 AK
8
P 2 :
Y 8
=
4 2 78 9
= 5
. 1 A
2
. G
>
:G
@
= 4
2 78
P=W K1
.M 85A[ H
9
= 58A
= K7:A2 :
P . 2 8>
. KK5
= .P 7
>
= 8A
G
= 2
P=
0G2
2 78
>84 8
P 2 :
= GA
X 7:
P 7
.
580A2 :8>;:[8[
.
>58AA8>
2
=X.
5>A
.P=W K1
.M 85
X :2 7
. 1
=X A
P=
58[ HG>
. 2 7:
5>; 5
. 2 78
5 A
2 8 5
G
X.M = 4
0>@
:G
@ K1
.M 8
5A
X=
01> ?
8 2
= 5
8
>0
P 8 2 78
A
P=
5
8
= 4 2 7
= A8
X 7
=
>
= K5
=Y
:>8 781K
2
= 1
=XW A
P=
5:G@
P=W K1
.M
85A; ?8
P .
0A8 2 7:A 1
.P /
= 4
>:A
P 5:9:G
. 2 :
= G
2 758
. 2 8GA
2
= A0?
Y 852
2 78
K0G:A798G2A
M
A2 89[
=
58205G
2
= 2 78
K
. 5
. 11
8 1
X
:2 72 78 A
=P :
. 1 >
: 1
899
.X :2 7
K0
G:
A
798G2
;
2 7:
A
X=
01>
P=
55
8 AK
= G
>
2
=
G
= 2
= M 2 7
= X
7
= 4
. 2
= P= . =
2 7
= X
7
= 4
. 2
=
K0
G:
A
7 NA
88 8 [@[
=M
>
. G
>
:
P 78
5A
= G
; BEER;
:G2 :
A RDDRO[
J
G
.
>>:2 :
= G;K1
.M 85A
X 7
=. 58
:G2 78 K
= A:2 :
= G
= 42 78
K
= 2 8G2 :
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= G
= 5
P . G
0A8
2 78 A
P=
58
:G A8
Y 85
. 1
X.M A
. A
.
?
. A:A
4
=
52 78:5>8
P :A:
= G
= 4
X 782 785
= 5
G
= 22
= 781K[
78 A
:9 K1
8 A
2
X.M
;
X 7:
P 7
X 8 7
.Y 8 2
.P :2
1
M . AA0
98
> A
= 4
. 5;
P=
G A
: A
2 A
:G
?
. A
:G
@
2 7:A>8
P :A:
= G
8G2 :581
M
= G2 78
A
P=
58
= 42 78
K
= 2 8G2 :
. 158
P :K:8G2;
.
G>2 70A
2
= 781K
:4
. G>
= G1
M :4 2 78
58
P
:K:8G2AA
P=
58:A A0
P :8G21
M 7:@7[
-
5
= 92 78
Y :8
X K
= :G2
= 4
P 1
. AA
:
P . 1@
.
98 2 78
= 5
M
;
2 7:
A A
889 A?
:Q
. 55
8 N
P 4 U8:9
. 5
. G
>
. 998
5A
2 8:G RDDBO
,
:49
M
402058K
.M=
>8K8G>A
= G1
M 9
M
=X G
A
P=
58;
X 7
M A7
= 01>
J
?
. A8
9
M
>8
P :A:
= G
= G2 78
P=W K1
.M 85A A
P=
58 -
5
= 9
2 7:A
Y :8
X K
= :G2;
:2
X=
01> ?8
9
=
58 A8GA:?18
2
=
?
. A
8 9
M
>
8
P :
A
:
= G
= G 9
M =X G
A
P=
5
8
;
. G
> @
:
Y 8 78
1K
:4
. G
>
= G
1
M :4 9
M A
P=
5
8
2 758
. 2 8GA
2
=
?8
P=
98 A
= 1
=X 2 7
. 2 9
M
402058
P 7
. G
P 8A
= 4
58
P 8:
Y
:G@ 781K
X :11 ?8
.
8
P 2 8>[
J
G
=
05 A:901
. 2 :
= GA; >8
P :A:
= G
5018A ?
.
A8> 0G:081
M = G 2 78
>
= G
= 5A
=X G
A
P=
5
8
>
= G
= 2
1
8
.
>
2
= P==
K
8 5
. 2 :
Y 8
K
= K01
. 2 :
= G
A[ 0
2
>
8
P :
A
:
= G
501
8 A ?
. A
8
>
= G
?
= 2 7 2 78
>
= G
= 5A
. G>
2 78 58
P
:K:8G2A A
P=
58;
= 5 ?
. A8>
8
VP 10A:
Y 81
M
= G 2 78
58
P
:K:8G2AA
P=
58;
P . G8
Y=
1
Y 8
. G>18
.
>
2
= P==
K85
. 2 :
= G[
F8
2 7 0A
7
.Y 8
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8 A
82
= 4
K
= 2 8G2 :
. 1A
2 5
. 2 8
@
:8 A
4
= 5
:G
>
: 5
8
P 2
5
8
P :
K5
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= G
;
?
. A8> N
. O
= G
>:858G2
.
AA8AA98G2 5018A
4
=
50>@:G@:G2 85
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= GA?82
X 88G
2 7:5>
K
.
52 :8A N:[8[ >:858G2
X.M A
:G
X 7:
P 7
@:
Y :G@
= 5
X 7:2 7
= 1>:G@
. :>
. 8
P 2A
2 78
A
P=
5
8
= 42 78
K
= 2 8G2 :
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= G
= 5;>
8 K
8G
>
:G
@
= G2 78
9
= 5
. 1A
2
. 2
0A
= 4 2 78
K
= 2 8G2 :
. 1
58
P
:K:8G2O
. G> N?O
= G
>:858G2
.P 2 :
= G
5018A N
7
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=
>82 859:G8
2 78
>8
P :A:
= G
= 4
@:
Y :G@
= 5
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= 1>:G@
. :>; ?
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= G 2 78
=X G
A
P=
58
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= G 2 7
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= 4 2 78
P=W
K1
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5O[
F
8 A
2 0>
M 2 78 8
Y=
10
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= G
= 4
A0
P 7
A
2 5
. 2 8
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:8 A; >
8 K
8G
>
:G
@
= G 2 78
P=
A
2
W
2
=W
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8G8
2 5
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=
;
2 78 K5
=
?
.
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: 1
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M
= 49:
A
2
. /
8 A
:G:9 K1
898G2
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= G
= 5K
8 5
P 8
K
2 :
= G
;
2 78
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.
@8 G09?85
= 4
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.P 2 :
= GA
X :2 7:G
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W
2 :98 82
P
[ 78 A:901
. 2 :
= GA
P . G
?
8 K
8 5
4
= 5
98
>
= G
1
:G8
;A
88 5
. G
>
2
NRDDO[
84
= 5
8 1
. 0
G
P 7:G
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:G2
= 2 78
A
8:G
Y 8
A
2 :
@
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= G
A;
2
X=
5
89
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. 5
8:G
= 5>
8 5[
78
5A2
P=
G
P 85GA
2 78 A250
P 2058
= 4 2 78
K
= K01
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= G[
J
G
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/
.
G> L:@90G> NBEE
.
;?O ;
. G
P 7
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-
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79
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.
1 NRDDBO;
. G
>
-
: A
79
. G
NRDDSO; K
= K01
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= GA
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.
AA098>
2
=
?8
X 811
W 9:
V 8>;
2
M K:
P . 11
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GA:A2 :G@
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Y :>0
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8
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.
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= 98
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= 5
2 8G :G2 85
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= GA
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= G
= 5[
78
9
= 5
8 8 1
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= 5
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A
2
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A
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P A
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4 U8:9
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NRDDBO
. 5
8
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. A
8
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= G
. K
= K01
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= G
A250
P
2058 1:/81
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=
?8
. 9
= 58 58
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P :9
.
@8
= 4
K587:A2
= 5:
P
9
. G/:G>
,
BDD 25:?8A
= 4
BDD K1
.M 85A
8
.P 7;
X :2 7
A
= 98
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=X
?82
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88G 2 78
2 5
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7
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2 2 78 U8:9
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W
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5A
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8
P . 0A
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= 0A 88
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= 4
5
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P=
G> 589
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P=
G
P 85GA
2 78 A
P=
58 5
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G@8[ <
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.
G> L:@90G>
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W
2 5
=
>0
P 8
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5
4 011
9
=
>
8 1;
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8
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Y 8
5A
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X 78
5
8 2 78 A
P=
5
82
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= G1
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X=Y.
108A N@
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>O
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7858K1
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1
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P :A:
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= 4
2 78:5
P=W K1
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2
=
>85:
Y 8
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= 98
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= GA
4
= 5
2 78 K
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Y.
10
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88
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/
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9 0
G
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BEE
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G> 72A0/: NRDDO[
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P=
G2 8
V 2;
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W
P 7
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. 2 7
. G
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2
. 2 8
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1
M 2 7
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: 5
8
P 2
5
8
P :
K5
=P :2
M P . GG
= 2
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8
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= G
. G :9
.
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W A
P=
5:G@ A25
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M X 78G
855
= 5A
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P=
GA:>858>[
F8
P 1
. :9
2 7
. 2
2 78:5
. G
. 1
M 2 :
P .
158A012
P=
G
P 85G:G@
2 78 :GA2
.
?:1:2
M= 4
>:A
P 5:9:G
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= G
?
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= G
A
P=
5
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@ >
= 8
A
G
= 2 7
= 1>
4
= 5
2 78
= 5
:
@
:G
. 1
9
=
>
8 1 ?
M
<
=X.
/
. G
> L
:
@
9 0
G
>
NBEE
. O[
-
= 5
. G
. 12 85G
. 2 :
Y 8
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. 1
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P. KK5
= .P 7
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= G2 78
.
AA09K2 :
= G2 7
. 2
2 78
G09?85
= 4
5
=
0G>A:A
= :AA
= G
W
>:A25:?02 8>;
. A2
.
?18
9:
V 2058
= 4
>:A
P 5:9:G
. 2 8
. G
>
:G
>
: A
P 5
:9:G
. 2 8
. 1
2 50
: A
2 A
P . G 8
Y=
1
Y 8
[
Y 85
M A25
. 2 8@
M
:G 2 78
K58A8G2
9
=
>81
P=
GA:A2A
= 4 2
X=
9
=
>018A;
. G
. AA8AA9
. G2
9
=
>01
8
. G
>
. G
.P 2 :
= G9
=
>01
8 [
78
. AA
8 AA
98G29
=
>01
8
P=
98 A
:G2
= K1
.MX 78G
:G>:
Y :>0
. 1A
=
?A85
Y 8
:G2 85
.P 2 :
= GA?82
X 88G2
X=
K1
.M
85A[ 78
:9
.
@8
= 42 78
K1
.M 85
.P 2 :G@
. AK
= 2 8G2 :
. 1>
= G
= 5:AK
= AA:?1
MP 7
.
G@8>[ 78
:9
.
@8
= 42 78
58
P :K:8G2;
X 7
=
: A
2 78 K
. AA
:
Y 8
K
. 5
2:G2 78 :G2 8 5
.P 2 :
= G
;5
89
. :G
A0
G
P 7
. G
@
8
>[
78
.P 2 :
= G9
=
>01
8
K58A
P 5:?8A
X 782 785
. K1
.M 85
:G2 78 K
= A:2 :
= G
= 4
. K
= 2 8G2 :
. 1>
= G
= 5K5
=Y
:>8A781K
= 5
G
= 2[
L
2
. 5
2 :G
@
X :2 72 78
. AA
8 AA
98G2 9
=
>01
8
;
X 8
A
7
. 11
4
= 5 A
:9 K1
:
P :2
M. AA0
982 7
. 2
:G>:
Y :>0
. 1HAA
P=
58
= 4
:G>:
Y :>0
.
1>8K8G>A
= G1
M
= G7
=X ?87
.Y 8>N2
=X.
5>A
A
= 98
2 7:5>K
. 52
M O
X 78G
1
. A2
=
?A85
Y 8> ?
M H
. A
. K
= 2 8G2 :
. 1 >
= G
=
5[ 70AH
7
. A
.Y 8
5
M 1
:9:2 8
>
989
= 5
M
;
. G
>
2 78 A
P=
5
8
= 4
P . G
= G
1
M 2
. /
82
X=Y.
10
8 A;
. G
>
[
F8 A
7
. 11
. AA0
98 2 7
. 2
. 11K1
.M 8
5A
. 5
8
?
= 5
G [
J
G8
Y 8
5
M :G2 8
5
.P 2 :
= G
=
?A85
Y 8>?
M
H;2 7858
. 58
2
X=
K
= AA:?18
= 02
P=
98A N
P . G
@:
Y 8
781K
= 5
G
= 2O;
2
X=
K
= AA
:
?1
8 A
P=
5
8
Y.
10
8 A
4
= 5
. G
>
2
X=
4
= 5 [
7 0A
2 78 5
8
. 5
88:
@
72 K
= AA
:
?1
82
M K
8 A
= 4 :G2 8
5
.P 2 :
= G
;
. G
>
78G
P 8
; >
8 K
8G
>
:G
@
= G
X 782 78
5
2 78
M
G
> HA
. KK5
=Y.
1
= 5
G
= 2;R
RCT >:
858G2
Y.
108A
M A2 89A[
J
G
. 5A
2
. KK5
= .P 7
; ?
. A
8
>
= G
P=
99
= G :G2
0
:2 :
= G
;
X 8
X :
11
P=
G A
:
>
8 5
= G
1
M
2 7588
= 4
2 78A8
Y.
108 A
M A2 89A;
= 5 9
= 5
. 1A[
F8 A7
. 11 A
.M 2 7
. 2 2 78
M .
58 ?
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= G
L J
< ;LH <
J
<
. G>
J
< ;58AK8
P 2 :
Y 81
M
N2 78A82 859A
. 58
G
= 2
P=
9 K1
82 8 1
M 4 8
1
:
P :2
= 0A; ?0
2 2 78 G
. 98
A
= 4 2 78
5A
2 2
X=
;
. 2
1
8
. A
2
;
. 5
8
V 8
> ?
M
P=
99
= G
0A8O[ 78A8
9
= 5
.
1A>:85
= G
X 7:
P 7
= 42 78
=
?A85
Y
8>:G2 85
.P 2 :
= GA
:G
P 05
58K5
=
?
. 2 :
= G; :[8[
P=
0G2
.
A [ L
= 98
= G8
0A:G@
2 78 L
J
<
.
AA8AA98G2
A
M A
2 89
X :
11
. 1
X.M A
4 5
=X G
0K
= G
. G
M K
= 2 8G2 :
. 1 >
= G
= 5
X 7
= 5
84 0A
8 A
2
= 78
1K
.
K
= 2 8G2 :
. 1 58
P
:K:8G2; :558AK8
P 2 :
Y 8
= 4 2 78
1
. 22 85A
:9
.
@8[ L
= 98
= G8
0A:G@
2 78
LH <
J
<
.
AA8AA98G2 A
M A2 89
X :11
P=
G>89G
2 7
= A8
X 7
=
5840A8
2
= 781K
.
5
8
P :
K
:8G2
X :2 7
.
A
P=
5
8
; ?0
2
X :
11
P=
G
>
= G8 2 7
= A
8
X 7
= 5
84 0A
8 2
= 78
1K
.
58
P :K:8G2
X :2 7
. A
P=
58[ 7
=
A8 0A:G@
2 78
J
<
.
AA8AA98G2 A
M A2 89
X :11;
:G
.
>>:2 :
= G;
8
V
2 8G> 2 78:5 58K5
=
?
. 2 :
= G2
= 2 7
= A8
X 7
= 781K
. K1
.M 85
X :2 7
.
A
P=
5
8 [
