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WissenschaftsZentrum Berlin

IIM/IP 3 4 - 5

Die 35-Stunden Katastrophe4-) von

Felix R. FitzRoy und Robert. A. Hart

März 1984

Erschienen in "Blick durch die Wirtschaft", herausgegeben von der Frankfurter Allgemeinen Zeitung, Nr. 45, 2.3.1984 S. 3. Die Verfasser, D r . Felix FitzRoy (IIMV/Struktur­

politik) und Robert Hart (IIMV/Arbeitsmarktpolitik), sind Senior Research Fellows am IIMV.- Wir danken unseren Kol­

legen D r . Joachim Schwalbach und Dipl.-Vw. Kornelius Kraft für wertvolle Anregung. Ganz besonders danken wir auch D r . Hans Moell, ehern. Vorstandsmitglied der BASF AG.,für die kritische Durchsicht des Manuskripts.

ISSN Nr. 0722-6748

Platz der Luftbrücke 2 1000 Berlin 42

Telefon (030) 69041

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A 35-hour standard working week with unchanged weekly wages implies an increase of over 14% in the hourly wage. The immediate reaction would be to increase overtime working to avoid bottlenecks and (even more) costly reorganization of production, this further raising costs. An inflationary

upsurge and large-scale bankruptcy of small firms would follow.

Unemployment would rise'dramatically as export markets were lost, real income and profits were squeezed and investment declined.

Excessive wage and other labour costs in the Federal Republic of Germany, as well as increasing international competition in both domestic and export markets, are totally ignored by the unions demanding a 35-hour week and their naive-Keynesian academic supporters.

Zusammenfassung

Die 35-Stundenwoche bei vollem Lohnausgleich bedeutet eine über 14%-tige Steigerung des Stundenlohns. Überstunden müßten erst­

mals ausgedehnt werden, um Engpässe zu vermeiden und die Pro­

duktion aufrechtzuerhalten, und damit gingen die Lohnkosten noch weiter in die Höhe. Ein kräftiger Inflationsschub wäre die Folge, begleitet von einem Massensterben der Kleinbetriebe.

Exportmärkte gingen verloren. Infolge des Kostenanstiegs würden die Realeinkommen abnehmen und die Arbeitslosigkeit würde stark zunehmen. Die ohnehin überhöhten Lohn- und Lohnnebenkosten in der Bundesrepublik und deren Folgen im immer schärfer werdenden internationalen Wettbewerb werden vollkommen ignoriert von

den Gewerkschaftsfunktionären, die eine 35-Stundenwoche entgegen

den Wünschen der Mehrheit ihrer Mitglieder verlangen. Ebenso

weltfremd verfahren leider auch die akademischen Anhänger der

gewerkschaftlichen Forderungen mit ihrem naiven Keynesianisngis

und "Michmädchenrechnungen" zur’"Umverteilung der Arbeit".

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v o n

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H a u p t z i e l d e r T a r i f v e r h a n d l u n g e n 1984 f ü r m a n c h e G e w e r k s c h a f t e n i s t d i e D u r c h s e t z u n g d e r 3 5 - S t u n d e n W o c h e , a n g e b l i c h z u r " U m v e r ­ t e i l u n g d e r v o r h a n d e n e n A r b e i t " . Ä h n l i c h e F o r d e r u n g e n s t e h e n in a n d e r e n e u r o p ä i s c h e n L ä n d e r n ins Haus. D i e A r b e i t g e b e r l e h n e n z w a r d i e g e w e r k s c h a f t l i c h e n F o r d e r u n g e n u n d B e h a u p t u n g e n e n e r - g i s c h ^ b . B e i d e S e i t e n b e r u f e n s i c h a u f z a h l r e i c h e U n t e r s u c h u n g e n z u r 3 5 - S t u n d e n W o c h e , d o c h m e i s t e n s w e i s e n d i e s e e r h e b l i c h e

M ä n g e l u n d L ü c k e n auf. In d i e s e m A u f s a t z w o l l e n w i r e i n e g e n a u e r e A n a l y s e v o r l e g e n . A l s e r s t e s u n t e r s u c h e n w i r d i e K e y n e s i a n i s c h e A r g u m e n t a t i o n , d a ß v o r h a n d e n e A r b e i t d u r c h K ü r z u n g d e r W o c h e n ­

s t u n d e n u m v e r t e i l t w e r d e n k ö n n t e . D i e s e s A r g u m e n t i s t n i c h t h a l t ­ bar, u n d w i r d z u d e m v o n d e n f r a n z ö s i s c h e n E r f a h r u n g e n m i t d e r 3 9 - S t u n d e n W o c h e w i d e r l e g t . W i r w e n d e n u n s d a n n g e g e n d e n

A n a l o g i e s c h l u ß a u s f r ü h e r e n E r f a h r u n g e n m i t A r b e i t s z e i t v e r k ü r z u n ­ gen, u n d s c h l i e ß l i c h b e t r a c h t e n w i r d a s P r o b l e m d e s R e a l l o h n ­ z u w a c h s e s u n d d i e w e n i g b e k a n n t e n U n t e r s c h i e d e z w i s c h e n d e r B u n ­ d e s r e p u b l i k D e u t s c h l a n d u n d d e n U . S . A .

B e i d e m v o n d e n G e w e r k s c h a f t e n s t e t s g e f o r d e r t e n v o l l e n L o h n ­ a u s g l e i c h ( z u z ü g l i c h I n f l a t i o n s z u l a g e ) s o l l d i e r e a l e N a c h f r a g e a u f r e c h t e r h a l t e n w e r d e n . N e u e i n s t e l l u n g e n s o l l t e n d a n n e r f o l g e n , u m d i e P r o d u k t i o n b e i v e r m i n d e r t e r W o c h e n a r b e i t s z e i t a u f r e c h t ­ z u e r h a l t e n . D a s H a u p t p r o b l e m , d a s a u c h v o n v i e l e n Ö k o n o m e n n i c h t

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b e r ü c k s i c h t i g t w i r d , l i e g t d a r i n , d a ß S t u n d e n p r o K o p f u n d d i e A n z a h l d e r K ö p f e v ö l l i g v e r s c h i e d e n e P r o d u k t i o n s f a k t o r e n d a r ­

s t e l l e n . In d e n a m t l i c h e n S t a t i s t i k e n u n d in d e r M a k r o ö k o n o m i e w e r d e n h ä u f i g n u r d i e a g g r e g i e r t e n A r b e i t s s t u n d e n b e t r a c h t e t , e i n e S i c h t w e i s e , die, w i e w i r z e i g e n w e r d e n , z u s c h w e r e n I r r ­ t ü m e r n f ü hrt. E s ’ w i r d o f t v e r g e s s e n , d a ß in d e r m o d e r n e n a r b e i t s t e i l i g e n P r o d u k t i o n f e h l e n d e S t u n d e n p r o K o p f e i n e r B e l e g s c h a f t n i c h t e i n f a c h d u r c h H i n z u z i e h u n g v o n z u s ä t z l i c h e n M i t a r b e i t e r n e r s e t z t w e r d e n k ö n n e n . D i e P r o d u k t i o n s a b l ä u f e u n d d i e e i n z e l n e n A r b e i t s v e r r i c h t u n g e n m ü s s e n u.U. g ä n z l i c h n e u o r g a n i s i e r t w e r d e n w o b e i n e u e A n l a g e n b e n ö t i g t w e r d e n . A u f j e d e n F a l l e r f o r d e r t

s c h o n a l l e i n d i e U m s t e l l u n g b e t r ä c h t l i c h e K o s t e n .

E i n e R e i h e v o n a n d e r e n K o s t e n k o m m e n h i n z u . B e i d e m v o l l e n L o h n ­ a u s g l e i c h a b e r o h n e I n f l a t i o n s z u l a g e , m u ß d e r S t u n d e n l o h n n a c h E i n f ü h r u n g d e r 3 5 - S t u n d e n W o c h e u m 1 4 , 2 5 % s t e i g e n . F r ü h e r e E r ­ f a h r u n g e n v e r a n l a s s e n d i e G e w e r k s c h a f t e n zu d e r V e r m u t u n g , d a ß e t w a d i e H ä l f t e d i e s e s L o h n z u w a c h s e s d u r c h P r o d u k t i v i t ä t s s t e i ­ g e r u n g e n k o m p e n s i e r t w e r d e n k ö n n t e . I n s b e s o n d e r e w i r d d a r a u f a b g e h o b e n , d a ß v i e l e , w e n n n i c h t d i e m e i s t e n M e n s c h e n u n d M a s c h i ­ n e n in d e n B e t r i e b e n a u f g r u n d d e r l a n g a n h a l t e n d e n R e z e s s i o n f ü r e i n e n T e i l i h r e s 8 - S t u n d e n T a g e s u n t e r b e s c h ä f t i g t s e i e n . Es ist

s i c h e r l i c h p l a u s i b e l , a n z u n e h m e n , d a ß d i e h o h e n K o s t e n d e r E n t ­ l a s s u n g e n ( S o z i a l p l ä n e u s w . ) v i e l e A r b e i t g e b e r d a r a n g e h i n d e r t h a b e n , i h r e B e l e g s c h a f t e n a n d e n S t a n d d e r K o n j u n k t u r a n z u p a s s e n

A n d e r e r s e i t s a b e r s i n d d i e A u s l a s t u n g s g r a d e in d e n e i n z e l n e n B r a n c h e n u n d F i r m e n s e h r u n t e r s c h i e d l i c h . M a n c h e A r b e i t n e h m e r

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s i n d s c h w e r b e l a s t e t u n d m ü s s e n s o g a r Ü b e r s t u n d e n l e i s t e n , w ä h r e n d a n d e r e z w e i f e l l o s e i n e n T e i l i h r e r A r b e i t s z e i t b u m m e l n m ü s s e n . D a a b e r A r b e i t s p l ä t z e n i c h t b e l i e b i g a u s t a u s c h b a r sind, w ü r d e n n a c h d e r E i n f ü h r u n g d e r 3 5 - S t u n d e n W o c h e ü b e r a l l p u n k ­ t u e l l e E n g p ä s s e e n t s t e h e n . S o l c h e E n g p ä s s e k ö n n e n , w i e j e d e r P r o d u k t i o n s l e i t e r a u s e i g e n e r E r f a h r u n g n u r a l l z u g u t w e i ß , d i e g a n z e P r o d u k t i o n b r e m s e n , b i s d i e k o s t s p i e l i g e U m o r g a n i s a ­ t i o n m i t z u s ä t z l i c h e n I n v e s t i t i o n e n d u r c h g e f ü h r t w o r d e n sind.

D i e e i n z i g e k u r z f r i s t i g e M ö g l i c h k e i t j e d o c h , s o l c h e E n g p ä s s e zu ü b e r w i n d e n , l i e g t in d e r A u s d e h n u n g v o n Ü b e r s t u n d e n ü b e r d i e g e s e t z l i c h e o d e r t a r i f l i c h e A r b e i t s z e i t h i n a u s . Ü b e r s t u n d e n m ü s s e n a b e r b e k a n n t l i c h n o c h h ö h e r b e z a h l t w e r d e n , so d a ß d a - d u r c h e i n z u s ä t z l i c h e r K o s t e n f a k t o r e n t s t e h t .

V i e l e n A r b e i t n e h m e r d ü r f t e n Ü b e r s t u n d e n n a c h 35 t a r i f l i c h e n A r ­ b e i t s s t u n d e n d u r c h a u s g e n e h m sein. D i e A r b e i t g e b e r s p a r e n s i c h m i t d e n Ü b e r s t u n d e n d i e g a n z e n U m s t e l l u n g s k o s t e n d e r N e u e i n s t e l ­

l u n g e n , d i e w i e d e r u m b e i u n s i c h e r e n k o n j u n k t u r e l l e n A u s s i c h t e n e v e n t u e l l w i e d e r a b g e b a u t w e r d e n m ü ß t e n . E s i s t a l s o ziemlici

swingend, d a ß d i e k u r z f r i s t i g e R e a k t i o n a u f d i e 3 5 - S t u n d e n ioche in e i n e r A u s d e h n u n g d e r Ü b e r s t u n d e n b e s t e h e n w i r d , d e n n n u r d a d u r c h k ö n n e n P r o d u k t i o n u n d A u s l a s t u n g d e r A n l a g e n a u f ­ r e c h t e r h a l t e n w e r d e n . (Hier s o l l l e d i g l i c h d a r a u f h i n g e w i e s e n w e r d e n , d a ß d a s g e s e t z l i c h e V e r b o t v o n Ü b e r s t u n d e n in B e l g i e n s i c h e r l i c h m i t d a z u b e i g e t r a g e n hat, d a ß B e l g i e n d i e h ö c h s t e A r b e i t s l o s e n q u o t e v o n a l l e n O E C D - L ä n d e r n a u f w e i s t . ) W i e s i e h t es a b e r m i t d e r m i t t e l - u n d l ä n g e r f r i s t i g e n R e a k t i o n a u f A r b e i t s Z e i t v e r k ü r z u n g e n a u s ? S e l b s t s e h r o p t i m i s t i s c h e S c h ä t z u n g e n d e r

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G e w e r k s c h a f t e n e r g e b e n , d a ß n u r e t w a d i e H ä l f t e d e s S t u n d e n l o h n ­ z u w a c h s e s (bei v o l l e m L o h n a u s g l e i c h ) d u r h c n P r o d u k t i v i t ä t s f o r t ­ s c h r i t t e w e t t g e m a c h t w e r d e n k a n n . D i e s b e d e u t e t w i e d e r u m e i n e e r h e b l i c h e S t e i g e r u n g d e r L o h n s t ü c k k o s t e n . Bei k o n s t a n t e n K a p i ­ t a l k o s t e n h a b e n w i r a l s o eine, r e l a t i v e V e r t e u e r u n g d e s F a k t o r s A r b e i t , g e m e s s e n a n d e r A n z a h l d e r A r b e i t n e h m e r . L a n g f r i s t i g w e r d e n t e u e r e F a k t o r e n i m m e r w e n i g e r n a c h g e f r a g t , u n d d i e s b e ­ d e u t e t e b e n e i n e S u b s t i t u t i o n w e g v o n d e r Z a h l d e r B e s c h ä f t i g t e n u n d h i n z u r E r h ö h u n g d e r K a p i t a l i n t e n s i t ä t s p r i c h R a t i o n a l i s i e ­ r u n g . W i r s e h e n a lso, d a ß s e l b s t b e i d e r a l l e r g ü n s t i g s t e n A n n a h ­ m e d e r A u f r e c h t e r h a l t u n g d e r r e e l l e n N a c h f r a g e (diese A n n a h m e w i r d g l e i c h a l s u n z u l ä s s i g v e r w o r f e n ) l a n g f r i s t i g e i n A b b a u d e r B e s c h ä f t i g u n g b e i d e r r e l a t i v e n V e r t e u e r u n g d i e s e s F a k t o r s n a c h d e r E i n f ü h r u n g e i n e r 3 5 - S t u n d e n W o c h e m i t v o l l e m L o h n a u s g l e i c h z w i n g e n d a u s d i e s e r A n a l y s e e r f o l g t .

J e t z t w o l l e n w i r d i e R e a k t i o n d e r G e s a m t n a c h f r a g e n o c h e t w a s g e n a u e r u n t e r d i e L u p e n e h m e n . D a w i r es m i t e i n e r k r ä f t i g e n V e r t e u e r u n g d e r P r o d u k t i o n s k o s t e n z u t u n h a b e n , w i r d

l i e h e i n n e u e r - I n f l a t i o n s s c h u b e r f o l g e n . D a s h e i ß t a b e r , d a ß d i e R e a l e i n k o m m e n d e r A r b e i t n e h m e r d o c h s i n k e n w e r d e n , t r o t z d e s v o l l e n L o h n a u s g l e i c h s . A n d e r e r s e i t s w e r d e n d i e G e w i n n e d u r c h d e n K o s t e n a n s t i e g e b e n f a l l s a b n e h m e n , so d a ß i n s g e s a m t d i e M i t t e l f ü r I n v e s t i t i o n s a u s g a b e n s c h r u m p f e n w e r d e n . B e i k l e i ­ n e r e n R e a l e i n k o m m e n u n d w e n i g e r I n v e s t i t i o n e n l ä ß t s i c h d i e G e s a m t n a c h f r a g e k a u m a u f r e c h t e r h a l t e n , u n d d a d u r c h e n t s t e h t e i n z u s ä t z l i c h e r E f f e k t , d e r z u m w e i t e r e n A b b a u d e r B e s c h ä f t i g u n g b e i t r ä g t . E s i s t a n z u n e h m e n , d a ß d e r R ü c k g a n g d e r B e s c h ä f t i g u n g

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u n d N a c h f r a g e v o n v i e l e n W i r t s c h a f t s s u b j e k t e n e r w a r t e t w i r d , d i e d e s h a l b i h r e S p a r q u o t e e r h ö h e n w e r d e n als e i n e A r t V e r ­

s i c h e r u n g g e g e n d i e g r ö ß e r e W a h r s c h e i n l i c h k e i t d e s V e r l u s t s d e s A r b e i t s p l a t z e s . U .U . Jtann d a d u r c h e i n s e h r r a s c h e s F a l l e n d e r G e s a m t n a c h f r a g s _ j e n t s t e h e n .

D a s I f o - I n s t i t u t h a t e i n e E r h e b u n g b e i U n t e r n e h m e n z u r R e a k ­ t i o n a u f e i n e 3 8 - S t u n d e n W o c h e d u r c h g e f ü h r t . N u r 8 % d e r b e ­ f r a g t e n U n t e r n e h m e n w o l l t e n N e u e i n s t e l l u n g e n n a c h d e r R e d u k ­ t i o n d e r A r b e i t s z e i t t ä t i g e n . D i e a n f ä l l i g s t e n K l e i n b e t r i e b e s i n d u n t e r r e p r ä s e n t i e r t , u n d es w e r d e n k e i n e A n g a b e n d a r ü b e r - g e m a c h t , w i e v i e l U n t e r n e h m e n e i n e V e r m i n d e r u n g d e r B e s c h ä f t i g u n g V o r h a b e n . D i e w a h r s c h e i n l i c h e n g e s a m t w i r t s c h a f t l i c h e n A u s w i r ­ k u n g e n w e r d e n b e i d e n A n t w o r t e n k a u m b e r ü c k s i c h t i g t , so d a ß

I n t e r p r e t a t i o n d i e n e g a t i v e n A u s w i r k u n g e n v o n

d i e s e r E r h e b u n g b e s t ä t i g t w e r d e n . E s g i b t a u c h e t l i c h e V e r s u c h e , d i e A u s w i r k u n g e i n e r K ü r z u n g d e r W o c h e n s t u n d e n m i t H i l f e v o n C o m p u t e r s i m u l a t i o n e n zu e r r e c h n e n . D i e s e C o m p u t e r m o d e l l e b e r u h e n a b e r a u f s o l c h k r a s s e n V e r e i n f a c h u n g e n , d a ß s i e in d i e s e m

P u n k t g e n a u s o w e n i g ü b e r z e u g e n w i e d i e a u f d i e s e n M o d e l l e n b e ­ r u h e n d e n u n d s e h r u n z u v e r l ä s s i g e n w i r t s c h a f t l i c h e n P r o g n o s e n f ü r a n d e r e B e r e i c h e .

A m e i n d r u c k s v o l l s t e n l a s s e n s i c h d i e G e f a h r e n d e r A r b e i t s z e i t ­ v e r k ü r z u n g v o n d e n E r f a h r u n g e n in F r a n k r e i c h n a c h E i n f ü h r u n g d e r

2)

3 9 - S t u n d e n W o c h e i m J a h r e 1982 b e l e g e n . Z u s ä t z l i c h e V e r k ü r ­ z u n g e n d e r W o c h e n a r b e i t s z e i t im Z u s a m m e n h a n g m i t N e u e i n s t e l l u n ­ g e n w u r d e n d i r e k t v o m A r b e i t s m i n i s t e r i u m in F r a n k r e i c h s u b v e n ­

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i t z u r g e g e n w ä r t i g e n K r i s e d e r f r a n z ö s i - t i o n i e r t . A l s A l t e r n a t i v e k o n n t e e i n e F r ü h v e r r e n t u n g e b e n f a l l s i m Z u s a m m e n h a n g m i t N e u e i n s t e l l u n g e n a u c h s u b v e n t i o n i e r t w e r ­ d e n . D i e s e s in a n d e r e n L ä n d e r n s e h r w e n i g b e k a n n t e E x p e r i m e n t w a r e i n k o m p l e t t e r F e h l s c h l a g . S e c h s M o n a t e n a c h E i n f ü h r u n g

Ccn-e. ■P t o f e - T

d e s P l a n s g a b es l e d i g l i c h 8 8 0 0 V e r e i n b a r u n g e n , v o n d e n e n n u r 4,5 % d i e K ü r z u n g d e r W o c h e n s t u n d e n g e w ä h l t h a t t e n . I n s g e s a m t g a b es n u r 8 4 0 0 N e u e i n s t e l l u n g e n , u n d e r m i ß r a t e n e P l a n i s t i n z w i s c h e n w e i t g e h e n d v e r w o r f e n w o r d e n . A l l e i n d i e 3 9 - S t u n d e n W o c h e h

s e h e n W i r t s c h a f t b e i g e t r a g e n .

U n s e r e P r o g n o s e n w e r d e n a u c h v o n e i n e r n e u e n o f f i z i e l l e n S t u d i e z u r A r b e i t s z e i t v e r k ü r z u n g i n E n g l a n d b e s t ä t i g t . E t w a 80 B e ­ t r i e b e i m M a s c h i n e n b a u w u r d e n n a c h e i n e r 2.5 % i g e n R e d u k t i o n d e r n o r m a l e n A r b e i t s z e i t u n t e r s u c h t . D i e ü b e r w i e g e n d e R e a k t i o n w a r e i n e Z u n a h m e d e r Ü b e r s t u n d e n u n d L o h n k o s t e n u n d e i n e A b n a h m e d e r B e s c h ä f t i g u n g , m i t ä h n l i c h e n E r g e b n i s s e n in a n d e r e n B r a n c h e n K l e i n b e t r i e b e (unter 100 B e s c h ä f t i g t e ) s i n d n i c h t u n t e r s u c h t w o r d e n . D i e F o l g e n e t w a e i n e r 3 5 - S t u n d e n W o c h e d ü r f t e n a b e r a m v e r h e e r e n d s t e n g e r a d e b e i K l e i n b e t r i e b e n sein, d i e a m a l l e r ­ w e n i g s t e n i n d e r L a g e sind, d i e U m s t e l l u n g s - u n d F o l g e k o s t e n

zu v e r k r a f t e n .

In d e r V e r g a n g e n h e i t g a b es h ä u f i g A r b e i t s z e i t v e r k ü r z u n g e n , a l l e r d i n g s m e i s t k l e i n e r e a l s d i e v o n e t w a 12 %, d i e j e t z t zur D i s k u s s i o n s t eht. D i e T a t s a c h e , d a ß d i e s e V e r k ü r z u n g e n in d e r V e r g a n g e n h e i t a n s c h e i n e n d k e i n e n e g a t i v e n K o n s e q u e n z e n h a t t e n , w i r d o f t als A n l a ß z u m O p t i m i s m u s in b e z u g a u f d i e 3 5 - S t u n d e n

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W o c h e g e n o m m e n . D i e s e r O p t i m i s m u s b e d e u t e t a b e r e i n e n g e w a l t i ­ g e n F e h l s c h l u ß , d a s i c h d a s w i r t s c h a f t l i c h e K l i m a g r u n d l e g e n d g e ä n d e r t hat. D i e K ü r z u n g e n d e r V e r g a n g e n h e i t e r f o l g t e n s t e t s zu Z e i t e n d e r H o c h k o n j u n k t u r , in d e n e n P r o d u t k i v i t ä t s f o r t ­ schritte. o h n e h i n r a s c h erfolgten.. D i e e r s t e R e a k t i o n i s t f a s t i m m e r e i n e Z u n a h m e d e r Ü b e r s t u n d e n g e w e s e n , so d a ß i m L a u f e d e r Z e i t d i e d u r c h s c h n i t t l i c h e n Ü b e r s t u n d e n t e n d e n z i e l l z u g e ­ n o m m e n h a b e n , o b w o h l d i e G e s a m t a r b e i t s z e i t n a t ü r l i c h a b g e n o m m e n hat. I n s o f e r n a l s o i s t d e r V e r l a u f d e r G e s c h i c h t e d u r c h a u s k o n f o r m m i t u n s e r e n v o r a n g e g a n g e n e n Ü b e r l e g u n g e n .

Es g i b t a b e r e i n e R e i h e v o n w i c h t i g e n U n t e r s c h i e d e n z u r g e g e n ­ w ä r t i g e n S i t u a t i o n . N a c h d e r W ä h r u n g s r e f o r m h a t t e D e u t s c h l a n d m i t u n t e r d i e h ö c h s t e A r b e i t s z e i t , h e u t e d a g e g e n i s t d i e j ä h r ­

l i c h e A r b e i t s z e i t in d e n m e i s t e n I n d u s t r i e l ä n d e r n , b e s o n d e r s in J a p a n u n d d e n U . S . A . , w e s e n t l i c h h ö h e r a l s in d e r B u n d e s r e ­ p u b l i k . In d e r Z w i s c h e n z e i t s i n d d i e L o h n n e b e n k o s t e n u n d d i e K a p i t a l k o s t e n g e w a l t i g g e s t i e g e n . D a s G e w i c h t d i e s e r f i x e n K o ­ s t e n b e d e u t e t , d a ß d e r P r o d u k t i v i t ä t s f o r t s c h r i t t n a c h V e r k ü r ­ z u n g d e r W o c h e n s t u n d e n h e u t e n o c h s t ä r k e r a u s f a l l e n m u ß t e als f r ü h e r , u m d i e P r o d u k t i o n s k o s t e n i n s g e s a m t n i c h t zu s t e i g e r n . E s s p r e c h e n v i e l e b e k a n n t e G r ü n d e d a f ü r , d a ß d i e Z e i t e n d e s r a s c h e n t e c h n i s c h e n F o r t s c h r i t t s u n d P r o d u k t i v i t ä t s z u w a c h s e s e n d g ü l t i g v o r b e i s i nd, s e l b s t w e n n d i e E n e r g i e p r e i s e k u r z - b i s m i t t e l f r i s t i g s t a b i l b l e i b e n . Zu Z e i t e n d e s r a s c h e n W a c h s t u m s u n d d e r s c h n e l l e n A u s d e h n u n g d e r E x p o r t m ä r k t e h a t t e D e u t s c h l a n d r e l a t i v g e r i n g e L ö h n e u n d P r o d u k t i o n s k o s t e n v e r g l i c h e n m i t d e n t r a d i t i o n e l l e r e i c h s t e n L ä n d e r n U . S . A . u n d E n g l a n d . D i e s e S i t u a -

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t i o n h a t s i c h d r a s t i s c h v e r ä n d e r t . D i e i m m e r s t ä r k e r w e r d e n d e K o n k u r r e n z d e r B i l l i g l o h n - L ä n d e r s e l b s t in d e n t r a d i t i o n e l l e n E x p o r t m ä r k t e n , u n d die, a u ß e r in d e n U . S . A . , n o c h s t a g n i e r e n d e W e l t k o n j u n k t u r , f ü h r e n d a z u , d a ß s e l b s t n u r v o r ü b e r g e h e n d e K o s t e n e r h ö h u n g e n z.:. E n g p ä s s e o d e r L i e f e r s c h w i e r i g k e i t e n zu. d a u e r ­ h a f t e m V e r l u s t v o n l e b e n s w i c h t i g e n A u f t r ä g e n u n d F o l g e a u f t r ä g e n f ü h r e n k a n n . D a d i e B i l l i g - A n b i e t e r in i m m e r m e h r B e r e i c h e n a u c h t e c h n o l o g i s c h m i t h o c h e n t w i c k e l t e n L ä n d e r n k o n k u r r e n z f ä h i g w e r ­ den , b e s t e h t d i e G e f a h r , d a ß e i n m a l v e r l o r e n e M a r k t a n t e i l e ni w i e d e r z u r ü c k e r o b e r t w e r d e n k ö n n e n .

D i e M ö g l i c h k e i t d e s M e h r s c h i c h t e n - B e t r i e b s zur b e s s e r e n A u s l a ­ s t u n g d e r K a p a z i t ä t , d.h. d e s K a p i t a l s , w i r d n a c h A r b e i t s z e i t ­ v e r k ü r z u n g e n m a n c h m a l in- E r w ä g u n g g e z o g e n . A u f g r u n d d e r A r b e i t s ­ o r g a n i s a t i o n u n d d e r A r b e i t s t e i l u n g m u ß e i n e z w e i t e S c h i c h t in d e r R e g e l d i e v o l l e B e s e t z u n g d e r A n l a g e n b e d e u t e n . D i e s l o h n t s i c h w i e d e r u m nur, w e n n d i e N a c h f r a g e e n t s p r e c h e n d z u ­ n i m m t , d.h. s i c h p r a k t i s c h v e r d o p p e l t . D a w i r a b e r g e s e h e n h a b e n , d a ß e h e r e i n e A b n a h m e d e r r e a l e n N a c h f r a g e n a c h E i n f ü h ­ r u n g d e r 3 5 - S t u n d e n W o c h e zu e r w a r t e n ist, d ü r f t e z u s ä t z l i c h e S i c h c h t a r b e i t (die o h n e h i n v o n G e w e r k s c h a f t e n m e i s t e n s a b g e ­ l e h n t wird) k a u m ins G e w i c h t f a l l e n .

W i r h a b e n e i n g a n g s v o n d e n s e h r n a i v e n K e y n e s i a n i s c h e n Ü b e r l e ­ g u n g e n g e s p r o c h e n , m i t d e n e n d i e G e w e r k s c h a f t e n i h r e F o r d e r u n ­ g e n zu u n t e r m a u e r n p f l e g e n . B e i r i c h t i g e r K o n s t r u k t i o n aber,

f ü h r t s e l b s t d e r e x t r e m K e y n e s i a n i s c h e F a l l , b e i d e m a l l e E i n ­ k o m m e n s o f o r t a u s g e g e b e n w e r d e n u n d N a c h f r a g e b i l d e n , zu g a n z

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a n d e r e n E r g e b n i s s e n . B e i B e r ü c k s i c h t i g u n g v o n Ü b e r s t u n d e n u n d f i x e n K o s t e n , l ä ß t s i c h z e i g e n , d a ß e i n e R e d u z i e r u n g d e r W o c h e n ­ s t u n d e n o d e r e i n e A n h e b u n g d e s T a r i f l o h n s e i n d e u t i g z u r V e r r i n - g e r u n g d e r B e s c h ä f t i g u n g f ü h r e n 4) . Es h a n d e l t s i c h h i e r w o h l ­ g e m e r k t u m e i n e g e s c h l o s s e n e W i r t s c h a f t , a l s o u m d e n g ü n s t i g ­ s t e n F a l l f ü r d i e a n g e b l i c h e ß e l e b u n g d e r N a c h f r a g e d u r c h L o h n ­ e r h ö h u n g e n , w i e s i e i m m e r w i e d e r v o n G e w e r k s c h a f t s v e r t r e t e r n u n d n a i v e n K e y n e s i a n e r n ins G e s p r ä c h g e b r a c h t w i r d . In d e r o f ­ f e n e n W i r t s c h a f t , in d e r w i r l e b e n , m ü ß t e es e i g e n t l i c h j e d e m e i n l e u c h t e n , d a ß d i e K o n k u r r e n z f ä h i g k e i t i n d e n i m m e r h ä r t e r u m k ä m p f t e n E x p o r t m ä r k t e n z u n e h m e n d g e f ä h r d e t w i r d d u r c h zu h o h e L ö h n e u n d d i e i m m e r w e i t e r s t e i g e n d e n L o h n n e b e n k o s t e n .

W i r h a b e n j e t z t d i e F r a g e d e s L o h n n i v e a u s m e h r m a l s a n g e s p r o c h e n u n d w o l l e n n u n d i e s e l e t z t e n d l i c h f ü r d i e B e s c h ä f t i g u n g e n t ­ s c h e i d e n d e F r a g e e t w a s g e n a u e r u n t e r s u c h e n . T y p i s c h f ü r d i e B e ­ g r i f f s v e r w i r r u n g , d i e d u r c h I n t e r e s s e n v e r t r e t u n g u n d V e r d r e h u n g d e r Z u s a m m e h ä n g e w i r t s c h a f t l i c h e r F r a g e n h ä u f i g e n t s t e h t , ist d i e B e h a u p t u n g , d a ß h o h e L ö h n e e i n e h o h e P r o d u k t i v i t ä t v e r u r S a c h e n . S t a t i s t i s c h g e s e h e n g i b t es n a t ü r l i c h e i n e e n g e K o r r e ­ l a t i o n z w i s c h e n L o h n h ö h e u n d P r o d u k t i v i t ä t . W a s a b e r d i e K a u s ä r l i t ä t a n b e t r i f f t , m ü ß t e es e i g e n t l i c h j e d e m e i n l e u c h t e n , d a ß e i n e h o h e P r o d u k t i v i t ä t d i e e n t s p r e c h e n d h o h e E n t l o h n u n g d e s F a k t o r s A r b e i t e r s t e r m ö g l i c h t . B e i d e n ü b l i c h e n T a r i f v e r h a n d ­ l u n g e n w e r d e n L o h n e r h ö h u n g e n b e k a n n t l i c h i m H i n b l i c k a u f d i e zu e r w a r t e n d e n P r o d u k t i v i t ä t s Z u w ä c h s e v e r e i n b a r t . W i e d i e R e a ­ l i s i e r u n g v o n d i e s e n E r w a r t u n g e n v o n d e n t a r i f l i c h e n V e r e i n b a ­ r u n g e n t a t s ä c h l i c h a u c h b e e i n f l u ß t w e r d e n , h a t P r o f e s s o r H e r b e r t

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G i e r s c h e i n d r u c k s v o l l d a r g e l e g t . 5) I m G e g e n s a t z z u r g e w e r k ­ s c h a f t l i c h e n P o l i t i k d e r g l e i c h m ä ß i g e n A b s c h l ü s s e b e i v ö l l i g u n g l e i c h e n B e d i n g u n g e n , m u ß f e s t g e s t e l l t w e r d e n , d a ß P r o d u k ­ t i v i t ä t , w i e a l l e a n d e r e n w i r t s c h a f t l i c h e n u n d m e n s c h l i c h e n E i g e n s c h a f t e n s e h r u n g l e i c h m ä ß i g v e r t e i l t ist. D i e s b e d e u t e t , d a ß d i e j e n i g e n U n t e r n e h m e n , in d e n e n d i e P r o d u k t i v i t ä t s e h r r a s c h z u n i m m t , g r o ß e L o h n z u w ä c h s e o h n e w e i t e r e s v e r k r a f t e n k ö n n e n . B e t r i e b e , d i e in d i e s e r H i n s i c h t w e n i g e r e r f o l g r e i c h sind, m ü s s e n d a g e g e n i h r e P r e i s e e r h ö h e n , w a s w i e d e r u m i h r e K o n k u r r e n z f ä h i g k e i t w e i t e r g e f ä h r d e n w i r d . M a n c h e F i r m e n , d i e b e i k l e i n e r e n L o h n z u w ä c h s e n ü b e r l e b t h ä t t e n , m ü s s e n i h r e T o r e s c h l i e ß e n . D i e A r b e i t n e h m e r , d i e e n t l a s s e n w e r d e n , s i n d a l s o O p f e r d e r ü b e r t r i e b e n e n L o h n f o r d e r u n g e n , u n d n u r d i e B e s c h ä f ­ t i g t e n d e r e r f o l g r e i c h s t e n U n t e r n e h m e n s i n d d i e N u t z n i e ß e r .

F ü r a l l e A r b e i t g e b e r g i l t aber: J e h ö h e r d e r L o h n , d e s t o g r ö ß e r d e r A n r e i z f ü r d i e A r b e i t g e b e r , m e n s c h l i c h e A r b e i t s k r a f t d u r c h M a s c h i n e n zu e r s e t z e n . W o s c h w a c h e F i r m e n s c h l i e ß e n u n d s c h w a c h e

B r a n c h e n s c h r u m p f e n m ü s s e n , s t e i g t z w a n g s l ä u f i g d i e s t a t i s t i s c h g e m e s s e n e P r o d u k t i v i t ä t d e r n o c h - B e s c h ä f t i g t e n . D i e s i s t d e r

E f f e k t , d e r v o n d e n G e w e r k s c h a f t e n a l s E r f o l g d e r H o c h l o h n p o l i t i k a n g e s e h e n w i r d .

D i e K e h r s e i t e d i e s e r P o l i t i k , d i e e r s t a u n l i c h w e n i g i m öffent^- l i c h e n B e w u ß t s e i n w a h r g e n o m m e n w i r d , l i e g t in d e r s t e t i g e n A b ­ n a h m e d e r B e s c h ä f t i g u n g in d e r b u n d e s d e u t s c h e n W i r t s c h a f t , i n s ­ b e s o n d e r e im v e r a r b e i t e n d e n G e w e r b e . In d e n U . S . A . d a g e g e n h a t e i n e s e h r g e m ä ß i g t e L o h n p o l i t i k i n d e n m e i s t e n B r a n c h e n (Stahl u n d A u t o i n d u s t r i e a u s g e n o m m e n ) d i e S c h a f f u n g v o n e t w a 20 M i o .

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n e u e n A r b e i t s p l ä t z e n in d e n l e t z t e n 20 J a h r e n e r s t e r m ö g l i c h t . U m d i e s e T a t s a c h e n e t w a s g e n a u e r m i t Z a h l e n zu b e l e g e n , sei d a r a u f h i n g e w i e s e n , d a ß z w i s c h e n 1973 u n d 1 9 8 0 d i e B e s c h ä f t i ­ g u n g i m v e r a r b e i t e n d e n G e w e r b e in d e n U . S . A . u m d u r c h s c h n i t t ­ l i c h • 0 r8. %. j ä h r l i c h stieg.. Im s e l b e n Z e i t r a u m s c h r u m p f t e d i e B e s c h ä f t i g u n g i m v e r a r b e i t e n d e n G e w e r b e d e r B u n d e s r e p u b l i k u m 1,8 % j ä h r l i c h . In d i e s e n J a h r e n h a t d e r r e a l e S t u n d e n l o h n in d e n U . S . A . j ä h r l i c h u m 0 , 7 % z u g e n o m m e n , d a g e g e n u m 5,2 % in d e r B u n d e s r e p u b l i k . D i e R e a l l ö h n e w u c h s e n a l s o m e h r a l s s i e b e n m a l s c h n e l l e r in d e m L a n d , i n d e m d i e B e s c h ä f t i g u n g u m f a s t 12 % g e f a l l e n i s t in d e m r e l a t i v k u r z e n Z e i t r a u m v o n s i e b e n J a h r e n . D i e d u r c h s c h n i t t l i c h e A r b e i t s z e i t p r o B e s c h ä f t i g t e n b l i e b u n ­ g e f ä h r k o n s t a n t in d e n U . S . A . , w ä h r e n d in d e r B u n d e s r e p u b l i k d i e A r b e i t s s t u n d e n j ä h r l i c h u m f a s t 1 % a b g e n o m m e n h a b e n .

O b w o h l s e i t 198 0 d e r D G B e i n e g e m ä ß i g t e L o h n p o l i t i k b e t r i e b e n h a t u n d d e r K u r s d e r D M s t a r k g e f a l l e n ist, k o n n t e e i n k r ä f t i g e r w e i t e r e r A b b a u der. B e s c h ä f t i g u n g i n d e r B u n d e s r e p u b l i k n i c h t v e r h i n d e r t w e r d e n . S e l b s t d i e Z a h l e n d e r A r b e i t s l o s e n in R e ­ k o r d h ö h e u n t e r s c h ä t z e n d a s P r o b l e m , d e n n v i e l e h a b e n d i e S u c h e n a c h A r b e i t a u f g e g e b e n . D i e E r w e r b s q u o t e in d e r B u n d e s r e p u b l i k f i e l u m 6 % v o n 1 9 7 0 - 1 9 8 0 u n d g e h ö r t h e u t e zu d e n n i e d r i g s t e n in d e n I n d u s t r i e l ä n d e r n . D a g e g e n s t i e g s i e in d i e s e m Z e i t r a u m i n d e n U . S . A . u m 3 %.

D i e g e s a m t w i r t s c h a f t l i c h e n A u s w i r k u n g e n d i e s e r E n t w i c k l u n g l a s ­ s e n s i c h l e i c h t d a r s t e l l e n . I m m e r w e n i g e r M e n s c h e n m ü s s e n e i n e n i m m e r g r ö ß e r e n A n t e i l d e r B e v ö l k e r u n g i m D i e n s t l e i s t u n g s s e k t o r , in d e r A u s b i l d u n g u n d n a c h d e r V e r r e n t u n g v e r s o r g e n . D e r s c h l e i -

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c h e n d e V e r l u s t a n E x p o r t a u f t r ä g e n u n d M a r k t a n t e i l e n w i r d g e g e n ­ w ä r t i g n u r d u r c h d i e e x t r e m s c h w a c h e S t e l l u n g d e r D M g e g e n ü b e r d e m D o l l a r g e b r e m s t . D i e b u n d e s d e u t s c h e W i r t s c h a f t s t e h t n a c h d e r ä u ß e r s t e r f o l g r e i c h e n N a c h k r i e g s e n t w i c k l u n g a n e i n e m W e n d e ­ punkt,, w o di.e r a s c h e . I n d u s t r i a l i s i e r u n g , d e r B i l l i g l o h n l ä n d e r zu v ö l l i g v e r ä n d e r t e n S i t u a t i o n e n a u f d e n i n t e r n a t i o n a l e n E x p o r t ­ m ä r k t e n g e f ä h r t hat. E i n b e s t i m m t e r T e i l d e r G e w e r k s c h a f t s f ü h ­

r u n g h a t d i e l a n g f r i s t i g e T r a g w e i t e d e r s i c h j e t z t v o l l z i e h e n d e n W e n d e in d e n i n t e r n a t i o n a l e n W i r t s c h a f t s b e z i e h u n g e n n i c h t w i r k ­

l i c h w a h r g e n o m m e n . S t a t t d e s s e n b e h a r r t er a u f k u r z f r i s t i g e n Z i e l e n w i e d e r V e r t e i d i g u n g d e s s o g e n a n n t e n " s o z i a l e n B e s i t z ­ s t a n d e s " o d e r d e r V e r w i r k l i c h u n g d e r 3 5 - S t u n d e n W o c h e u n d s e t z t d a m i t d i e E r r u n g e n s c h a f t e n e i n e r g a n z e n G e n e r a t i o n a u f s S p i e l . N a m h a f t e S o z i a l w i s s e n s c h a f t l e r u n d s o g a r Ö k o n o m e n , d i e d e r S P D u n d d e n G e w e r k s c h a f t e n n a h e s t e h e n , h a b e n a u c h z u r V e r n e b e l u n g d e r w e s e n t l i c h e n Zusammenhäng'e~beTg^et?agen, m i t l a n g e n A u s f ü h ­ r u n g e n z u r A r b e i t s m a r k t p o l i t i k , i n d e n e n d a s P r o b l e m d e r zu h o h e n R e a l l ö h n e n i c h t e i n m a l e r w ä h n t w i r d , o d e r a b e r in d e r v o n u n s g e r a d e b e s c h r i e b e n e n W e i s e v e r d r e h t u n d n u r a l s A n s p o r n z u r P r o d u k t i v i t ä t a n g e s e h e n w i r d .

Ü m d i e s e n B e i t r a g m i t e i n e r w e n i g e r p e s s i m i s t i s c h e n N o t e a b z u ­ s c h l i e ß e n , b e s c h ä f t i g e n w i r u n s j e t z t m i t e i n i g e n s i n n v o l l e r e n A n s ä t z e n z u m P r o b l e m d e r A r b e i t s z e i t , d i e d u r c h a u s v o n e i n s i c h ­ t i g e n G e w e r k s c h a f t l e r n a u c h u n t e r s t ü t z t w e r d e n . W ä h r e n d e i n e K ü r z u n g d e r W o c h e n s t u n d e n f a s t i m m e r a o r R e d u k t i o n d e r K a p i t a l -

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a u s l a s t u n g u n d d e s h a l b zu K o s t e n a n s t i e g u n d A b n a h m e d e r B e s c h ä f ­ t i g u n g f ü h r e n muß , k a n n d i e j ä h r l i c h e bzw. L e b e n s a r b e i t s z e i t

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b e i g l e i c h b l e i b e n d e r K a p a z i t ä t s a u s l a s t u n g d u r c h a u s r e d u z i e r t w e r d e n . W e n n d e r M e h r u r l a u b u n b e z a h l t g e w ä h r t u n d ü b e r d a s g a n z e J a h r v e r t e i l t w i r d , d a n n s i n d N e u e i n s t e l l u n g e n in G r o ß ­ b e t r i e b e n m ö g l i c h , o b w o h l d i e L o h n n e b e n k o s t e n s t ä r k e r ins G e ­ w i c h t , f a l l e n u n d d i e U m s t e l l u n g s k o s t e n a u c h e i n Problem, s e i n w e r d e n . E i n e k r ä f t i g e S u b v e n t i o n i e r u n g d e r F r ü h v e r r e n t u n g d u r c h d i e Ö f f e n t l i c h e H a n d s t e h t g e g e n w ä r t i g zur D e b a t t e . D e m o g r a p h i ­ s c h e E n t w i c k l u n g e n in d e n n ä c h s t e n J a h r e n f ü h r e n d a z u , d a ß d i e s o z i a l e n K o s t e n d i e s e r M a ß n a h m e n s e h r g r o ß s e i n w e r d e n .

A m m e i s t e n v e r s p r i c h t m e h r F l e x i b i l i t ä t in d e r A r b e i t s z e i t g e ­ s t a l t u n g u n d e i n g r ö ß e r e s A n g e b o t an T e i l z e i t a r b e i t u n d J o b - S h a r i n g . U m f r a g e n b e s t ä t i g e n e i n e s e h r s t a r k e , u n b e f r i e d i g t e N a c h f r a g e n a c h T e i l z e i t a r b e i t . Z.B. h a b e n 35 % d e r M e t a l l a r b e i ­ t e r a n g e g e b e n , d a ß s i e f ü r w e n i g e r G e l d e i n e T e i l z e i t b e s c h ä f t i ­ g u n g in E r w ä h g u n g z i e h e n w ü r d e n . D i e R e d l i c h k e i t d e r D e b a t t e w i r d d a n n a b e r in F r a g e g e s t e l l t , w e n n z.B. H a n s M a y r , d e r V o r ­ s i t z e n d e d e r G e w e r k s c h a f t IG M e t a l l , d a z u b e h a u p t e t , " A ber

d a s h a t d o c h m i t d e n A r b e i t n e h m e r n in d e r M e t a l l i n d u s t r i e n i c h t s zu t u n ".8)

S i c h e r l i c h h a b e n d i e A r b e i t g e b e r b i s h e r zu w e n i g I n n o v a t i o n s ­ f r e u d e a n d e r A u f t e i l u n g v o n A r b e i t s p l ä t z e n g e z e i g t . T e c h n i s c h e u n d o r g a n i s a t o r i s c h e S c h w i e r i g k e i t e n s i n d o f t w e i t g e h e n d ü b e r ­ s c h ä t z t w o r d e n . D i e b i s h e r i g e Z u r ü c k h a l t u n g i s t u n v e r s t ä n d l i c h , d e n n d i e E r f a h r u n g z e i g t , d a ß z w e i T e i l zeitkr.ä

m e h r l e i s t e n a l s - e i n e V o l l z e i t k r a f t . D e r e i n f a c h e G r u n d i s t n a t ü r l i c h , d a ß E r m ü d u n g s e r s c h e i n u n g e n w e n i g e r a u f t r e t e n u n d di

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A r b e i t m i t m e h r S c h w u n g u n d E i n s a t z a n g e p a c k t w i r d . N a t ü r l i c h g i b t es a u c h P r o b l e m e m i t d e n N e b e n k o s t e n u n d d e r S o z i a l v e r ­ s i c h e r u n g ; h i e r m ü ß t e d e r G e s e t z g e b e r d r i n g e n d A b h i l f e s c h a f f e n .

D e r W i r t s c h a f t s j o u r n a l i s t M i c h a e l J u n g b l u t h a t v i e l e e r f o l g -

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r e i c h e E x p e r i m e n t e m i t f l e x i b l e n A r b e i t s z e i t e n g e s c h i l d e r t . 9) E i n e H a u p t l e h r e a u s d i e s e n E r f a h r u n g e n ist, d a ß d i e B e d ü r f n i s s e d e r M e n s c h e n n a c h A r b e i t s z e i t h ö c h s t u n t e r s c h i e d l i c h s i nd. D i e s e E i n s i c h t s o l l t e e i g e n t l i c h k e i n e n v e r w u n d e r n , a b e r d i e t r a d i ­ t i o n e l l e P r a x i s d e r G e w e r k s c h a f t e n , a u f g l e i c h m ä ß i g e n A r b e i t s ­ z e i t r e g e l u n g e n zu b e h a r r e n , h a t n i c h t n u r g r o b e U n g e r e c h t i g k e i ­ t e n g e g e n ü b e r d e n v i e l e n a b w e i c h e n d e n i n d i v i d u e l l e n W ü n s c h e n v e r u r s a c h t . D i e s e P r a x i s h a t a u c h d i e e i g e n t l i c h s e l b s t v e r s t ä n d ­

l i c h e n V o r t e i l e e i n e r i n d i v i d u e l l e n A r b e i t s z e i t r e g e l u n g , w o u n d w a n n s i e ü b e r h a u p t m ö g l i c h ist, v e r d r ä n g t . S e l b s t v e r s t ä n d l i c h

g i b t es o r g a n i s a t o r i s c h e G r e n z e n d e r F l e x i b i l i t ä t , a b e r n a c h e i n ­ h e l l i g e r M e i n u n g v o n . F a c h k u n d i g e n s i n d d i e s e G r e n z e n in d e r R e g e l b e i w e i t e m n i c h t e r r e i c h t . V o r a l l e m in d e r e i n f a c h e n T e i l u n g v o n A r b e i t s p l ä t z e n (Jo b - S h a r i n g ) l i e g t e i n e n o r m e s , n o c h n i c h t a u s g e s c h ö p f t e s P o t e n t i a l .

W e n n d a s P r i n z i p d e r m ö g l i c h s t w e i t g e h e n d e n i n d i v i d u e l l e n G e ­ s t a l t u n g d e r A r b e i t s z e i t e i n m a l a k z e p t i e r t w i r d , d a n n s p r i c h t n i c h t s d a g e g e n , d a ß j e d e r f ü r d i e z u s ä t z l i c h e n K o s t e n d e r g e ­ w ä h l t e n F r e i z e i t , s e i es in F o r m v o n m e h r U r l a u b o d e r v o n e i n e r F r ü h v e r r e n t u n g , s e l b s t a u f k o m m t . E i n W e g f a l l e n d e r v o l k s w i r t ­

s c h a f t l i c h g e s e h e n v o l l k o m m e n u n v e r t r e t b a r e n S u b v e n t i o n i e r u n g e t w a d e r F r ü h v e r r e n t u n g , w ü r d e d i e A t t r a k t i v i t ä t v o n T e i l z e i t -

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a r b e i t , n i c h t n u r f ü r F r a u e n , s o n d e r n a u c h f ü r a l l e ä l t e r e n A r b e i t n e h m e r , i n s g e s a m t d e u t l i c h e r h ö h e n . H i e r m i t k ö n n t e d e r m e i s t s c h w i e r i g e Ü b e r g a n g v o m E r w e r b s l e b e n z u m R u h e s t a n d e r l e i c h t e r t u n d d a m i t e i n B e i t r a g z u r H i m a n i s i e r u n g d e s A r - b e i t s l e b e n s ü b e r h a u p t g e l e i s t e t w e r d e n . S t a t t m e h r M e n s c h l i c h ­ k e i t d u r c h i n d i v i d u e l l e r e u n d f l e x i b l e r e R e g e l u n g e n z u f ö r d e r n , s p r e c h e n m a n c h e V e r t r e t e r d e r G e w e r k s c h a f t e n u n v e r h o h l e n v o n d e m b e f ü r c h t e t e n V e r l u s t a n " S o l i d a r i t ä t " n a c h e i n e m A b b r ö c k e l n d e r t r a d i t i o n e l l e n u n d r i g i d e n E i n h e i t s r e g e l u n g e n . 10)

D i e G r ü n d e f ü r d i e B e f ü r c h t u g e n d e r G e w e r k s c h a f t s f u n k t i o n ä r e l i e g e n k l a r a u f d e r H a n d . I n d i v i d u e l l e R e g e l u n g e n e n t w e r t e n z w a n g s l ä u f i g d i e k o l l e k t i v e V e r h a n d l u n g s m a c h t ü b e r d i e A r b e i t s ­ z e i t u n d d e n T a r i f l o h n . D i e o f t s e h r e r f o l g r e i c h e M i t a r b e i t e r ­ b e t e i l i g u n g a u f b e t r i e b l i c h e r B a s i s w i r d z.B. g e n a u s o b i t t e r v o n v i e l e n G e w e r k s c h a f t s f ü h r e r n a b g e l e h n t , w i e a l l e a n d e r e n d e ­ z e n t r a l e n V e r e i n b a r u n g e n . B e f ü r w o r t e t in d i e s e m B e r e i c h w i r d e h e r e i n e i n d u s t r i e w e i t e T e i l e n t e i g n u n g d e r G e w i n n e , e t w a n a c h d e m M u s t e r d e s s c h w e d i s c h e n M e i d n e r - P l a n s , d e s s e n V e r w i r k l i c h u n g

j e t z t a u c h z u d e n z u n e h m e n d e n S c h w i e r i g k e i t e n d e r e i n s t g l ä n ­ z e n d e n s c h w e d i s c h e n W i r t s c h a f t b e i t r ä g t .

E s i s t zu h o f f e n , d a ß s i c h d i e i n d e r g e w e r k s c h a f t l i c h e n B a s i s s t a r k v e r t r e t e n e n W ü n s c h e n a c h F l e x i b i l i t ä t u n d T e i l z e i t a r b e i t a l l m ä h l i c h d u r c h s e t z e n . D i e E i n s i c h t , d a ß d i e K o s t e n d e r 35- S t u n d e n W o c h e zu w e n i g e r u n d n i c h t zu m e h r B e s c h ä f t i g u n g f ü h r t , i s t s i c h e r für v i e l e s c h m e r z l i c h zu v e r k r a f t e n , n a c h d e m f a l s c h e H o f f n u n g e n g e w e c k t u n d d a m i t v e r b u n d e n w o r d e n s i n d . Es w i r d

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n o c h s c h m e r z l i c h e r sein, d i e E r w a r t u n g e n z u r ü c k z u s t e l l e n u n d d i e L ö h n e d e m i n t e r n a t i o n a l e n W e t t b e w e r b e n t s p r e c h e n d z u r ü c k ­ z u h a l t e n . D r i n g l i c h s t e A u f g a b e v o n W i r t s c h a f t s w i s s e n s c h a f t l e r n u n d P o l i t i k e r n i s t es, i n s b e s o n d e r e d i e u n a n g e n e h m e n W a h r h e i t e n zu, v e r t r e t e n , . statt- s i e zu v e r n e b e l n , u n d d e r Ö f f e n t l i c h k e i t t r o t z a l l e r V e r s i c h e r u n g e n z u r V o g e l - S t r a u ß - P o l i t i k d e u t l i c h zu m a c h e n .

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F U S S N O T E N

1) A. K r ü m p e r u . a . , " G e s a m t w i r t s c h a f t l i c h e A u s w i r k u n g e n e i n e r V e r k ü r z u n g d e r A r b e i t s z e i t " , I f o - S c h n e l l d i e n s t 30, 28. O k t o ­ ber- 1983, S. 8-26. S i e h e a u c h : A. Ott, " A r b e i t s z e i t u n d B e ­

s c h ä f t i g u n g aus v o l k s w i r t s c h a f t l i c h e r S i c h t " , S c h m a l e n b a c h s Z e i t s c h r i f t für b e t r i e b s w i r t s c h a f t l i c h e F o r s c h u n g , H e f t 10, Okt.. 1983.,-. , . ... ... ., .

2) R o b e r t A. Hart, W o r k i n g T i m e : A R e v i e w o f P r o b l e m s a n d P o l i c i e s W i t h i n a C o l l e c t i v e B a r g a i n i n g F r a m e w o r k , O E C D

(Paris) R e p o r t M A S / W P S (83) ~ S i e h e a u ch: d e r s . "W o r k s h a r i n g a n d F a c t o r P r i c e s " , IIM, 1983.

3) M. W h i t e , " S h o r t e r H o u r s T h r o u g h N a t i o n a l A g r e e m e n t s " ,

E m p l o y m e n t G a z e t t e , V o l . 91, No. 10, O c t o b e r 1983, S. 4 3 2 - 3 6 . 4) F e l i x R. F i t z R o y , " E m p l o y m e n t a n d H o u r s o f W o r k i n M o n o p o l i s t i c

G e n e r a l E q u i l i b r i u m " . V o r t r a g g e h a l t e n i m W i r t s c h a f t s t h e o r e - t i s c h e n K o l l o q u i u m d e r F r e i e n U n i v e r s i t ä t B e r l i n , 3. N o v e m b e r 1983.

5) H e r b e r t G i e r s c h , " A r b e i t , L o h n u n d P r o d u k t i v i t ä t " , W e l t w i r t ­ s c h a f t l i c h e s A r c h i v , B a n d 119, H e f t 1, 1983, S. 1-18.

6) P. C a p d e v i l l e u n d D. A l v a r e z , " I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o m p a r i s o n s o f P r o d u c t i v i t y a n d L a b o r C o s t s " . M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w , Vol . 104, N u m b e r 12, D e c e m b e r 1981, S. 14-20.

7) A K r ü m p e r , a . a . 0 . , S. 25. S i e h e a u c h B. Hof, " B e s c h ä f t i g u n g s ­ p o t e n t i a l e d e r A r b e i t s z e i t f l e x i b i l i s i e r u n g " , I W - T r e n d s ,

31. O k t o b e r 1983.

3) S p i e g e l G e s p r ä c h m i t H a n s M a y r , D e r S p i e g e l , Nr. 44, 31. O k t o ­ b e r 1983, S. 74.

9) M i c h a e l J u n g b l u t , D e r W o h l s t a n d E n t l ä ß t S e i n e K i n d e r , DVA, 1983 .

D a z u auch: E. G a u g i e r , " F l e x i b i l i s i e r u n g d e r A r b e i t s z e i t a u s b e t r i e b s w i r t s c h a f t l i c h e r S i c h t " , S c h m a l enbachs' Z e i t s c h r i f t f ü r b e t r i e b s w i r t s c h a f t i i c h e F o r s c h u n g , H e f t 10, O k t o b e r 1983.

10) H e i n z M a r k m a n n , " G e w e r k s c h a f t e n u n d A r b e i t s z e i t v e r k ü r z u n g e n " , S c h m a l e n b a c h s Z e i t s c h r i f t für b e t r i e b s w i r t s c h a f t l i c h e F o r s c h u n g H e f t 10, O k t o b e r 1983, S. 903.

(20)

•discussion papers 1981 IIM/IP 81 -

IIM/IP 81 -

1 Carl Christian von Weizsäcker,

January 1981.

The Theory of Competition by Innovation and Impli­

cations for the Theory of Entry Barriers.

2 John Cable,

Manfred J. Dirrheimer, January 1981.

The Multidivisional Hy­

pothesis: A German Per­

spective . IIM/IP 81 - 3 Ahmet Alkan,

Murat R. Sertel, January 1981.

The Pretend-But-Perform Mechanism in Sharecropping.

IIM/IP 81 - 4 Walter H. Goldberg, January 1981.

Co-determined Merger. A Case of Capacity Reduc­

tion.

IIM/IP 81 - 12 Jörg Finsinger, May 1981.

Competition, Ownership and Control in Markets with Imperfect Information. The Case of the German Liabil­

ity and Life Insurance Markets.

*Nicht mehr erhältlich. Er­

schienen in: J. Finsinger (ed.), Economic Analysis of Regulated Markets.

Macmillan Press, London.

IIM/IP 81 - 13* Jörg Finsinger, May 1981.

Wettbewerb im Markt für Lebensversicherungen.

Eine Analyse systemati­

scher Leistungsunter­

schiede.

*Nicht mehr erhältlich. Er­

schienen in: Zeitschrift für Betr iebswirts chaft, Vol. 52 No. 2, 1982.

IIM/IP 81

IIM/IP 81

IIM/IP 81

IIM/IP 81

5 Bogdan Wawrzyniak, Zbigniew Dworzecki, Maria Romanowska , Maria Wanat-Wrzesinska, March 1981.

An Exploration into the Strategies of Polish Eco­

nomic Organizations.

6 John Cable, March 1981.

A Search Theory of Diver­

sifying Merger.

7 Andrew J. Buck, April 1981.

A Re-examination of British Strike Activity.

.8 Horst-Manfred Schellhaafl, April 1981.

Preismißbrauchsaufsicht gegenüber Mehrproduktunter­

nehmen.

IIM/IP 81 - 14

IIM/IP 81 - 14a

IIM/IP 8 1 - 1 5

IIM/IP 81 - 16

IIM/IP 81 - 9 Jörg Finsinger, Karl-H. Neumann, April 1981.

Wirtschaftspolitische Maß­

nahmen und die Opposition der Verlierer.

IIM/IP 8 1 - 1 0 Franz-Josef Bade, May 1981.

Industrial Migration in the Federal Republic of Germany between 1960 and

1980.

IIM/IP 81 - 11* Jörg Finsinger, Jürgen Flöthmann, February 1981.

Prämien und Versicherungs­

leistung der HUK- und Sach­

versicherer in Abhängigkeit von der Rechtsform.

Nicht mehr erhältlich. Er­

schienen als "Rechtsformbe­

zogene Leistungsunterschiede der HUK- und Sachversicherer",

Zeitschrift für öffentliche und gemeinwirtschaftliche Un­

ternehmen; Band 5, Heft 1, 1982.

IIM/IP 8 1 - 1 7

IIM/IP 8 1 - 1 8

IIM/IP 81 - 19

IIM/IP 8 1 - 2 0

IIM/IP 81 - 21

Walter H. Goldberg, July 1981.

Besprechung: Handwörter­

buch der Organisation 2.

Auflage, Stuttgart 1980.

Walter H. Goldberg, July 1981.

Review: Handwörterbuch der Organisation, 2nd Edition, Stuttgart 1980.

Joachim Schwalbach, July 1981.

Betrieblich-autonome In- vestionsplanung bei de­

gressiver Nachfrageent­

wicklung und potentiellen Größenersparoissen.

Charles Beat Blankart, July 1981.

Reform des Postmonopols?

Charles Beat Blankart, August 1981.

The Contribution of Pub­

lic Choice to Public Util­

ity Economics: A Survey.

Franz-Josef Bade, August 1981.

Survey on Industrial Choice of Location in the Federal Republic of Germany.

Franz-Josef Bade, September 1981.

Locational Behaviour and Mobility of Firms.

Andrew P . Black,. September 1981.

Some Considerations on In­

formation Technology and its Impact on Market Struc­

tures.

John Cable,

Manfred J. Dirrheimer, September 1981.

American Innovation Abroad:

An Empirical Test of the Multidivisional Hypothesis in West Germany.

(21)

IIM/IP 81 - 22

IIM/IP 8 1 - 2 3

IIM/IP 81 - 24

IIM/IP 8 1 - 2 5

IIM/IP 81 - 26

IIM/IP 81 - 27

IIM/IP 81 - 28

IIM/IP 31 29

IIM/IP 31 - 30

Felix R. Fitzroy, October 1981.

Kooperation statt Kon­

flikt: Zur Ökonomie der Mitarbeiterbeteiligung.

Jörg Finsinger, October 1981.

Der Funktionsfähige Wett­

bewerb aus der Sicht der Informationsökonomie.

Jörg Finsinger, Paul Kleindorfer, October 1981.

Demand Charges and Elec—

.tricity Tariffs.

Joachim Schwalbach, November 1981.

Struktur und Wettbewerb in der deutschen Brau­

ereiindustrie . Bernhard Gahlen, Fritz Rahmeyer, November 1981.

Die Strukturberichter—

stattung der Wirtschafts­

forschungsinstitute . Zur Konferenz des "Inter­

nationalen Instituts für Management und Verwaltung”

Wissenschafts Zentrum Berlin.

Charles B. Blankart, Jörg Finsinger, November 1981.

Staatliche Aufsicht und Preiszyklen in der Motor­

fahrzeug-Haftpflichtver­

sicherung.

Jörg Finsinger, Dezember 1981.

Die Auswirkungen der Steuerlichen Bevor­

zugung des Lebensver­

sicherungssparens . David J. Teece, November 1981.

Markets in Microcosm:

Some Efficiency Proper­

ties of Vertical Inte­

gration.

John H. Phelps, November 1981.

Vertical- Integration as a Source of Market Power.

The Petroleum Industry.

IIM/IP 82' - 1

IIM/IP 8 2 - 2

IIM/IP 8 2 - 3

IIM/IP 8 2 - 4

IIM/IP 8 2 - 5

IIM/IP 8 2 - 6

IIM/IP 8 2 - 7

IIM/IP 8 2 - 8

IIM/IP 8 2 - 9

IIM/IP 82 - 10

IIM/IP 8 2 - 1 1

IIM/IP 8 2 - 1 2

r

Dennis C. Mueller, January 1982.

Redistribution, Growth and Political Stability.

Jörg Finsinger, February 1982.

Ownership, Management Be­

haviour sind Firm Perfor­

mance .

Roland Eisen, March 1982.

Competition and Regulation in Insurance - Information­

al Equilibria and Rate Regu lation.

Dennis C. Mueller, March 1982.

Voting by Veto and Majority Rule.

Felix R. Fitzroy, March 1982.

Trade Onions and the La­

bour Market: Historical Ex­

perience with Individual and Collective Bargaining.

Kristian S. Palda, Bohumir Pazderka, March 1982.

International Comparisons of S S D Effort: The Case of the Canadian Pharma­

ceutical Industry.

Manfred J. Dirrheimer, Thomas Hübner,

March 1982.

Vertical Integration, Un­

certainty and Technologi­

cal Change - The Develop­

ment of Some Test Hypothe­

ses .

Charles B. Blankart, Friedrich Schneider, April 1982.

Insurance Regulation in Switzerland: An Outline with Special Reference to Life and Motor Car Liabil­

ity Insurance.

Joachim Schwalbach, June 1982.

Optimal Investment Cycles with Concave Demand and Investment Cost Function.

Walter H..Goldberg, July 1982.

Spannungsfelder im Verhält­

nis Gastland - Gastunter­

nehmen .

Kornelius Kraft, July 1982.

Spezifische Humankapital­

investitionen bei unter­

schiedlichen Unternehmens­

formen.

Kornelius Kraft, July 1982.

Betriebliche Humankapital­

investitionen, Fluktuations­

rate und Quasirente.

(22)

IIM/IP 8 2 - 1 3

IIM/IP 8 2 - 1 4

IIM/IP 8 2 - 1 5

Franz Tödtling, July 1982.

Multiregional Firms and Spatial Division of La­

bour in Austria.

Franz-Josef Bade, July 1982.

Large Corporations and Regional Development.

Joachim SchwaIbach, July 1982.

The Stability of Equi­

librium and the Persis­

tence of Profits Hypoth­

esis.

IIM/IP 82 - 24

IIM/IP 8 2 - 2 5

IIM/IP 82 - 26 IIM/IP 8 2 - 1 6 Thomas Hübner,

Klaus Feiler, July 1982.

ökonomische begründbare Subventionen und öffent­

liche Finanzen.

IIM/IP 82 - 27 IIM/IP 8 2 - 1 7

IIM/IP 8 2 - 1 8

IIM/IP 8 2 - 1 9

Andrew P. Black, August 1982.

Aspects of Technology, Competitiveness and Capital Formation in the Automobile Industry.

Andrew J . Buck, Felix R. Fitzroy, August 1982.

Inflation and Productiv­

ity.

Peter Murrell, August 1982.

Product Quality, Market Signaling and the De­

velopment of East-West Trade.

IIM/IP 82 - 28

IIM/IP 82 - 29

IIM/IP 8 2 - 3 0 IIM/IP 82 - 20 Hiroyuki Odagiri,

August 1982.

R s D Expenditures, Royalty Payments, and Sales Growth in Japanese Manufacturing Corpora­

tions .

IIM/IP 82 - 31

IIM/IP 82 - 21 Ronald R. Braeutigam, Roger G. Noll,

August 1982.

The Regulation of Sur­

face Freight Transporta­

tion: The Welfare Effects Revisited.

IIM/IP 82 - 32

IIM/IP 82 - 22 Ronald R. Braeutigam, Andrew F . Daughety, August 1982.

On the Estimation of Re­

turns to Scale Using Var­

iable Cost Functions.

IIM/IP 82 - 33

IIM/IP 82 - 23 Peter Murrell, August 1982.

The Economics of Sharing:

Contractual Choice in Franchising and Farming.

IIM/IP 82 - 34

Jörg Finsinger, September 1982.

Eine Ökonometrische

Analyse der Kostenstruktur und der Auszahlungen von Lebensversicheruncsunter- nehmen.

Jörg Finsinger, September 1982.

Kritische Anmerkungen zum Entwurf des Vierzehnten Gesetzes zur Änderung des .Ver sicherungsaufs ich ts-

gesetzes.

Pekka Ilmakunnas, Kiroki Tsurumi, August 1982,

Testing for Parameter Shifts in a Regression Model With Two Regimes of Autocorrelated Errors .

Pekka Ilmakunnas,

Hiroki Tsurumi,September 1982.

Testing the Lucas Hypothesis on Output-Inflation Tradeoff.

Ben Amoako-Adu, Uri Ben-Zion, September 1982.

Determinants of Risk of Stocks Traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange .

Dennis J. Fixier, Uri Ben-Zion, September 1982.

A Generalized Model of Induced Input Innovation . Ulf Sternhufvud ,

September 1982.

Product Discontinuation in Firms .

Hiroyuki Odagiri , September 1982.

Research Activity, Output Growth, and Productivity Increase in Japanese Manu­

facturing Industries . Hans-Jürgen Ewers , Christof Maas, September 1982.

Environmental Regulation and Technological Innovation - The Case of the Metal- Plating Industry in the Federal Republic of Germany.

Jörg Finsinger, October 1982.

The French Automobile and Life Insurance Markets . Pekka Ilmakunnas, October 1982.

Testing for Parameter Shifts in a Regression Model with Autocorrelated Errors •

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