Working Time Developments and the Future of the Standard Relationship
Does it Make Sense to Work Longer?
Seminar European Institute of Public
Administration
Structure
1. Developments of working time regulation in Germany 2. Trends of actual working times
3. Comparative aspects
4. Extension of working times
5. Perspectives of the standard employment
relationship
Developments of working time regulation
Working time regulation in the era of fordism:
• Leading role of trade unions
• Strong working time norms (duration/position/distribution)
• Deviations (overtime) possible, but highly regulated
(codet.) and expensive
Developments of working time regulation
New developments in the 80s: two basic trends
• De-centralisation of working time regulation (Verbetrieblichung)
• Flexibilisation of working time regulation (breathing factory)
Starting point:
working time reductions in collective bargaining
agreements (compensation periods and delegation of
responsibility)
Developments of working time regulation
New developments since the 1990s: Differentiation of decentralisation
• Verbetrieblichung: local definition of general norms
• Opening: local shortfalls of general norms
• Coordinated opening (central coord.)
• Uncoordinated opening (without duty of agreement)
• Wild opening (deviation)
Developments of working time regulation
Use of opening clauses (2002; WSI)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Betriebsräte Personalräte
Ja Nein
Developments of working time regulation
Application areas of opening clauses (2002; WSI)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Betriebsräte Personalräte
in % Variable Arbeitszeiten
Arbeitszeitverlängerung Befristete
Arbeitszeitverkürzung
Developments of working time regulation
Collective bargaining coverage in the German Economy (Ellguth/Kohaut 2004 – IAB-Betriebspanel 2003)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
1995 1996 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003
Jahr
Flächentarifvertragsbindung der Beschäftigten in %
Westdeutschland Ostdeutschland
Developments of working time regulation
Organisational density of employers’ associations in the metalworking industry (own calculations)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
1980 1981
1982 1983
1984 1985
1986 1987
1988 1989
1990 1991
1992 1993
1994 1995
1996 1997
1998 1999
2000 2001
2002 2003 Jahr
Organisationsgrade in %
Organisationsgrad Beschäftigte West Orgabisationsgrad Unternehmen West Organisationsgrad Beschäftigte Ost Organisationsgrad Unternehmen Ost
Developments of working time regulation
Average working times according to collective bargaining agreements
39,1 39,1
39,1 39,2
39,3 39,5
40,0 40,2
- -
- -
Ostdeutschland
37,4 37,4
37,4 37,4
37,4 37,5
37,8 38,1
38,3 39,6
40,1 40,3
Westdeutschlan d
02 01
00 99
97 95
93 91
90 85
80 75
Jahr
Developments of working time regulation
Average contractual working times according to size of enterprises (2002)
38,9 38,9
Gesamt
38,6 37,1
100 und mehr
38,9 38,2
20 – 99
38,9 39,1
1 – 19
Priv. Dienstleistungen Industrie
Zahl der Beschäftigten
Trends of actual working times
Average actual and c.b. working times of full time employees (European labour force survey)
37,00 38,00 39,00 40,00 41,00 42,00
1982 1983
1984 1985
1986 1987
1988 1989
1990 1991
1992 1993
1994 1995
1996 1997
1998 1999
2000 2001
2002 2003
2004
Jahr
Durchschnittliche Arbeitszeit
Trends of actual working times
Average actual working times of different categories of full time employees
1,9 1,8
1,7 1,7
1,6 1,7
Difference High/Average Qualification.
41,9 42,0
41,8 41,2
41,4 42,8
Hochqualifizierte
1,3 1,1
1,2 0,9
0,8 0,8
Difference Blue/White Collar
40,4 40,6
40,5 39,9
40,2 41,4
Angestellte
39,1 39,5
39,3 39,0
39,4 40,6
Arbeiter
1,3 1,3
1,1 0,8
0,8 0,5
Difference Men/Women
39,1 39,3
39,3 39,0
39,3 40,7
Frauen
40,4 40,6
40,4 39,8
40,1 41,2
Männer
40,0 40,2
40,1 39,5
39,8 41,1
Alle ArbeitnehmerInnen (Vollzeit) Westdeutschland
2001 2000
1997 1994
1991 1985
Trends of actual working times
Distribution of working according to qualification, 2002
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
1-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49+
Wochenarbeitszeit in Stunden
Anteil (in Prozent)
niedrig/mittel hoch
Trends of actual working times
Distribution of working according to gender, 2002
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
1-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49+
Wochenarbeitszeit in Stunden
Anteil in %
Männer Frauen
Trends of actual working times
Volume of overtime work and forms of compensation (ISO 2004, in Stunden)
1,1 1,1
0,6 time compensation
0,9 0,8
0,4 unpaid
0,7 0,9
1,0 paid
2,7 2,8
Volume of overtime work per 2,0 week
2003 1999
1989
Trends of actual working times
Spread of working time accounts related to employees (ISO 2004, in hours)
35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
1999 2001 2003
Jahre
Verbreitung nach Beschäftigten in%
Arbeitszeitkonto
Comparative aspects
Average actual working times of 15-64 year old employees in the European Union, Switzerland and Norway (ELFS)
30,2 34,6 34,8 34,9 35,2 35,3 35,7 35,9 36,2 36,6 36,9 37,2 37,4 37,4 38,6 39,3 40,3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Arbeitszeit (in Stunden)
NL CH NO DK FR D B IR S AUT FIN IT LUX GB ESP P GR Land
Comparative aspects
Average actual yearly working times of full time employees (ELFS)
Institut Arbeit und Technik
1689 1695
1716 1731
1732 1747
1760 1778
1788 1792
1806 1820
1824 1855
1962
FR IT NL NOR DK FIN D AUT S POR B ESP IR EL UK
Land Institut Arbeit und TechnikInstitut Arbeit und Technik
1689 1695
1716 1731
1732 1747
1760 1778
1788 1792
1806 1820
1824 1855
1962
FR IT NL NOR DK FIN D AUT S POR B ESP IR EL UK
Land
Comparative aspects
Actual weekly working times of full time employees
39,3 39,1
39,9
41
40,4
37,7
39,5
38,5
38,9
40,1 40,3
39,2
39,9
43,3
B DK D EL E F IRL I NL A P FIN S UK
61,5 63,44
51,06 51,47 51,47
57,23 59,4
55,16
51,52 50,06 51,58
58,57
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
France Germany Netherlands Portugal Spain Great Britain Producing industries Services industries
Operating hours per weekOperating hours per week
Comparative aspects
Operating hours in the producing and services industries
(in hours per week, indirect measurement)
Comparative aspects
Skill gap in volume of weekly work
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
GB D B F DK IRL NL A I CH E NOR L S FIN EL P
W ee kl y w or ki ng h ou rs
Lo Lo
w w Middle Middle High High
Qualification level Qualification level
Weekly working hours per person between 25 and 44 years
by skill level and country, 2002
Comparative aspects
Gender gap in volume of paid weekly work
Weekly working hours per person aged between 25 and 44 years by gender and country, 2002
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
I NL E D CH L IRL EL GB B F A NOR DK FIN S P
country
Weekly working hours
Men Women
Working time extension?
Working time and productivity
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
Durchschn. tatsächliche Arbeitszeiten von Vollzeit-ArbeitnehmerInnen in der EU (2002)
Std./Woche Arbeitsproduktivität je geleisteter Arbeitsstunde in der EU (2001; Kaufkraftparitäten; EU 15 = 100)
UK B
I NL F
DK FIN
IRL D A S
E
P
EL
Korrelation: -0,59
Working time extension?
Nominal unit labour costs 1993-2003 (Einkommen aus unselbständiger Arbeit / Reales Bruttoinlandsprodukt je Beschäftigtem, Hirschel 2004)
Nominale Lohnstückkosten
0 50 100 150 200 250
Griechenland Portugal Spanien Norwegen Niederlande Großbritannien Italien EWU Schweden Dänemark USA Deutschland Frankreich Österreich Kanada Finnland Japan
Länder
1991 = 100
Working time extension?
Development of foreign trade, Statistisches Bundesamt)
Perspectives of the standard employment relationship
Actual and preferred weekly working times in Germany, 1999
37,5
42,1
32,2
60,8
33,7 36,8
30,1
59,6
Insgesamt Männer Frauen Haushalte
tatsächlich gewünscht
Quelle: Bielenski, H. / Bosch, G. / Wagner, A., 2002: Wie die Europäer arbeiten wollen.
Perspectives of the standard employment relationship
Actual and preferred employment models in households with children under 6 years in Germany (in %)
M full time W without employment
M full time
W part time M full time F full time
actual prefere nce
52,3 5,7 23,1
42,9 15,7
32,0
Perspectives of the standard employment relationship
Income development of West German women related to number of children
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64
Lebensjahr
Entgeltpunkte je Lebensjahr
kein Kind 1 Kind 2 Kinder 3 Kinder u. mehr Durchschn. Geburtssjahr des
1. Kindes 2. Kindes 3. Kindes
Perspectives of the standard employment relationship
Employment rates in the European Union, Switzerland and Norway, Quelle: Europäische Arbeitskräftestichprobe 2002
55,4 56,9 58,4 59,6 62,9 63,6 64,9 65,4 68,2 68,6 69,1 71,5 74,0 74,5 76,4 77,3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Beschäftigungsquote (in %)
IT GR ESP B FR LUX IR D AUT P FIN GB S NL DK NO
Land
