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(1)© American School of Classical Studies at Athens For personal use only. License: CC-BY-NC-ND.. THE. ATHENIAN AGORA RESULTS OF EXCAVATIONS CONDUCTED BY. THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS. VOLUME II. COINS FROM THE ROMAN THROUGH THE VENETIAN PERIOD BY MARGARET. fbj. THOMPSON. AP. A. Ak~. J. THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS PRINCETON,. NEW JERSEY. I954. American School of Classical Studies at Athens is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve, and extend access to The Athenian Agora ® www.jstor.org.

(2) © American School of Classical Studies at Athens For personal use only. License: CC-BY-NC-ND.. ALL RIGHTS. PRINTED. IN GERMANY RESERVED. at J.J.AUGUSTIN. GLOCKSTADT.

(3) PREFACE the years 1931 and 1949 the Americanexcavations in the Athenian Agora produced 55,492 coins of Roman and later periods. The catalogued entriesin this publication, ranging in date from the last century of the Roman Republic to the declining years of the Republic of Venice, total 37,090 specimens; the remaining Islamic and Modern Greek pieces have been listed summarily in order that the tally may be complete. This is an overwhelming amount of coinage, which in sheer quantity represents a collection comparableto many in the numismatic museums of the world. Unfortunately very few of the Agora coins are museum pieces, but lamentable as is their general condition to the eye of the coin collector or the cataloguer, they do provide for the historian an invaluable record of the money circulating in one of the chief cities of antiquity from the time of Sulla to our own present.. © American School of Classical Studies at Athens For personal use only. License: CC-BY-NC-ND.. Between. The Agora Excavations are still in progress. Coins have been unearthed since 1949 and more will certainly result from successive years of digging until the project is at last finished. However, the area as a whole has been excavated in depth; what remains to be done is more in the nature of a cleaning-up operation, from which coins emerge in fairly small numbers. There is no reason to suppose that whatever is found in the future will affect the present picture to any appreciable extent. For the classification of the Agora coins an admirable recording system was developed by Mrs. T. Leslie Shear, who has been in charge of the Coin Department from the beginning of the excavation program.Each identifiable coin was given a separate envelope on which were typed details of size, metal, provenance, date of finding, description and reference. These envelopes were filed chronologically by excavation sections. In every case, the same information was transcribed on individual catalogue cards, which were arrangedby emperors and types. While the coins remain in Athens and will eventually form an integral part of the contemplated Agora Museum,the cards were brought to this country for study purposes and are now located at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. It is from these cards that the present publication has been compiled. There is no need to point out the drawbacksinvolved in working from a card catalogue with the documents themselves five thousand miles distant. Ideally each coin should have been checked prior to publication. An undertaking of this sort would require someone thoroughly experienced in excavation material and able to devote several years to a slow and painstaking reexamination. Perhaps such a person could have been found in the course of time. I confess that my spirit quails at the very thought of going back over 3775 coins of Manuel and 1855 of Constantius II, and it seems to me doubtful that the resulting increase in accuracy would be commensuratewith the labor involved. Without any question there are mistakes in the present tabulation-mistakes of identification and mistakes of transcription. Many individuals worked.

(4) © American School of Classical Studies at Athens For personal use only. License: CC-BY-NC-ND.. vi. THE ATHENIAN AGORA: COINS. at one time or another on the classification and on the records. We would all, I think, agree that in the course of our exposure to the swollen, chipped and defaced scraps of metal which excavations invariably produce, we at times saw things we ought not to have seen and left unseen those things which we ought to have seen. Yet in all sincerity I do not believe that such errors are numerous, and I am confident that those which do exist have no real significance against a background of 37,000 coins. The inaccessibility of the material has in some cases presented particular problems for a detailed tabulation. Where criteria of style determine the attribution of issues identical in type, I have, without the coins before me, been unable even to attempt a distinction between the differentmints. Such pieces have been listed under the city supplying the greater proportion of the Agora coinage for the period, and reference has been made in the commentary to the possibility of an alternative mint. The amount of illustrative materialis admittedly slight. Most of the coins are well-known types which need none, but I should have liked to reproduce all variant and unusual specimens. Unfortunately, as will be obvious from even a cursory glance at the plates, the condition of the average excavation piece is so bad that illustration is almost useless. Even if it were otherwise, I could not feel justified in imposing so great a burden of sorting, selecting and cast-making on someone else. To offset in some measure the handicaps, I have been most fortunate in having the help of Mrs. William P. Wallace, who spent the first four months of 1952 in Athens and who generously offered to examine coins whose identification seemed open to question. Mrs. Wallace checked nearly 300 pieces and her effortshave rectified some uncertain readings and verified others. The notation "confirmed"in many sections of the commentary derives from her labors. All of these difficulties were given careful consideration before it was decided to undertake this tabulation. In the end it was felt by the majority of those directly concerned that the advantages of prompt publication, even allowing for inevitable shortcomings, overbalanced the disadvantages. With a few notable exceptions, coins tend to be the stepchildren of excavations. Their publication, if attempted at all, is often delayed beyond the period of greatest utility. For those now working on other Agora material and for anyone concerned with the history of Athens, the coins provide vital evidence for the political and economic vicissitudes of the city, evidence which cannot safely be disregarded. Bringing this fundamental material out in usable form at the earliest possible moment has, therefore, seemed highly desirable. The record in its entirety is here, but it cannot be overemphasizedthat it is intended primarily as a recordand not as a definitive study of the Roman and Byzantine coinage from the Agora. It is to be hoped that whatever sections seem worthy of further research and interpretation will be expanded into special publications as opportunity arises. Attention should also be given to the hoard material. Surprisinglyfew closed deposits of Roman and later periods were found, and in general their chief importance was in dating the contexts in which they were buried rather than in their intrinsic composition. Nevertheless they should be analyzed and worked over in connection with the excavation records. In this catalogue such coins have been included only as individual pieces without reference to their hoard associations. For the most part the format of the tabulation is borroweddirectly from Alfred R. Bellinger's excellent and thoroughly usable publication of the coins from Dura-Europos. Every effort has.

(5) PREFACE. vii. been made to provide sufficient information to make the record useful without compelling the reader to refer constantly to the standard catalogues and at the same time to compress the data into reasonably economical limits. These considerations have influenced the seemingly inconsistent pattern which the arrangement of the descriptive material presents for different periods. All issues of any given emperor are grouped together in a silver, antoniniani, bronze sequence with each category listed chronologically. The catalogue numbers of silver coins are in italic type and the same convention has been used for plated and billon specimens. An asterisk following a number indicates that there is some discussion of that entry in the commentary.. © American School of Classical Studies at Athens For personal use only. License: CC-BY-NC-ND.. Unless otherwise specified, the dates and mint identifications are those of the cited reference works. In some cases, notably with the British Museumpublications of the Roman period, the dates suggested in the introductions are at times more specificthan those given in the catalogues proper. Where such restricted datings seem well-established, they have been adopted in preference to broader chronological divisions. Mention has been made in the commentary of some articles supplementing or supersedingthe general referencebooks, but undoubtedly many valuable studies have been overlooked, which would need to be consideredin any final study of the currency.. For the later Roman period, where uncertainty exists as to the nomenclature of the various denominations, I have followed Pearce's formula of AE1, AE2, AE3 and AE4. This equates roughly with Cohen and Sabatier in this manner: AE1 AE2 AE3 AE4. - Cohen GB - Cohen MB -= Sabatier AE1 -= Cohen PB -= Sabatier AE2 = Cohen PB Q = Sabatier AE3. Such differentiationin size is, of course, only relative within any given period and not absolute in any sense. Mint marks have been omitted from this listing although they are recorded on the catalogue cards. The Agora coins provide additions to the officinae striking certain types, as cited by Maurice for the Constantinian era and by Wroth for the early Byzantine, but such additions are of minor significance and it was felt that little useful purpose would be served by a long and detailed record of the various officinae and their proportionate representation. Where, however, there is a new or unusual form of the mint mark, it has been noted in the commentary. There remains the pleasant duty of sharing whatever merit this publication may possess. The primary credit belongs without question to Mrs. Shear and her co-workersin the Agora whose composite labors created the overall record. Of the many Americans and Greeks who spent months and years on the cleaning, identifying and cataloguing of these coins, I know only a few and it would be unfair to single them out by name, but I cannot forbear a word of appreciation to MissAziza Kokoni who worked with me in 1948 on the residue of coins from earlier excavation seasons. Without her competent aid it would have been impossible to complete the classification of this backlog for inclusion in the tabulation. To my associates at the Agora I should like to express my warm thanks, particularly to Miss Lucy Talcott for her kindness in providing materials and to Professor Homer A. Thompson for the opportunity of publishing this report and for helpful advice in connection with its contents. My debt to Pro-.

(6) viii. THE ATHENIANAGORA:COINS. fessor and Mrs. William P. Wallace for casts and the checking of dubious coins is a very real one, for which a brief acknowledgmentsuch as this is entirely inadequate. Mrs. Aline L. A. Boyce, my colleague at the American Numismatic Society, has given me many valuable suggestions and has responded with great patience to my many demandson her time. Above all, I am deeply grateful to Professor Alfred R. Bellinger, whose keen interest helped to initiate this project and whose encouragement and generous assistance have done much to bring it to fruition.. © American School of Classical Studies at Athens For personal use only. License: CC-BY-NC-ND.. AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY NEW YORK. MARGARET THOMPSON.

(7) © American School of Classical Studies at Athens For personal use only. License: CC-BY-NC-ND.. TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ................................................... V. ROMAN AND BYZANTINE COINAGE RATIOS INTRODUCTION. .............. ...................... ................................. ABBREVIATIONS IN THE CATALOGUE ............................ X. 1 8. CATALOGUE ROMAN REPUBLICAN COINAGE. ............................... 9. ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE ............................... 10. COINAGE.................................. "VANDALIC". 64. BYZANTINE IMPERIAL COINAGE. 667. ............................ FRANKISH COINAGE ...................................... 76. MINOR COINAGES OF GREECE AND THE ISLANDS ............. 78. FRENCH COINAGE ........................................ 78. ITALIAN COINAGE ....................................... 79. VENETIAN COINAGE. 80. ..................................... NUMERICAL SUMMARY ....................................... 88. COMMENTARY ............................................... 87. INDEX. RULERS ................................................ 119. MINTS................................................. 121.

(8) ROMAN AND BYZANTINE COINAGE RATIOS The listing below,relatingthe amountof Agoracoinageof any given emperorwith the length of his reign, shows the fluctuationsof the currencymoreclearlythan a straighttabulationof coin totals. For the Byzantineera, the anonymous issueshavebeen assignedto definite emperorsin line with the commentarydiscussion. The Romancoinage,becauseof the complicationsof posthumousissues,joint reignsand anonymousstrikingsof indefinitedate, has at timesbeen grouped by periodsratherthan individualreigns.. BYZANTINE. ROMAN. APPROXIMATE. APPROXIMATE. EMPEROR. PERIOD. EMPEROR. or. PERIOD. © American School of Classical Studies at Athens For personal use only. License: CC-BY-NC-ND.. 27 B.C.-14 A.D. 14-37 A.D. 41-54 A.D. 54-68 A.D. 68-69 A.D. 69-79 A.D.. Augustus ............. Tiberius .............. Claudius .............. Nero ................. Galba-Otho .......... Vespasian ............. Titus ............... Domitian ............ Nerva ................ Trajan............... Hadrian .............. AntoninusPius ......... 79-81 A.D. 81-96 A.D. 96-98 A.D. 98-117 A.D. 117-138 A.D. 138-161 A.D.. M. Aurelius-L. Verus ... Commodus ............ Didius JulianusCaracalla ........... Elagabalus ............ Severus Alexander ...... 161-180 A.D. 180-192 A.D.. 1/ 1/11 1/13 '/7. 2 1. 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 1. 193-217 A.D. 218-222 A.D. 222-235 A.D.. 2 1 3. MaximinusI-Pupienus . 235-288 A.D. 238-244 A.D. GordianIII ........... A.D. 244-249 I .............. Philip. 8 9 8. Trajan DeciusHerennius ........... 249-251 A.D.. 6. Trebonianus-Aemilian .. 251-253 A.D.. 15. A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D.. 13 49 7 36 16 16 8 11. LiciniusI-Constantine . 307-337 A.D.. 25. Valerian I-Gallienus ... Gallienus ............. Claudius II-Quintillus . Aurelian ............ Tacitus-Florian ....... Probus .............. Carus-Numerian ....... Diocletian-Tetrarchies .. 253-260 260-268 268-270 270-275 275-276 276-282 282-284 284-307. Sons Constantine- Jovian Valentinian I-Arcadius . Honorius-Theodosius II Theodosius IIValentinian III ...... 423-450 A.D.. Marcian.............. Leo I ............... Zeno .................. 450-457 A.D. 457-474 A.D. 474-491 A.D.. "VANDALIC" ....... 337-364 A.D. 364-408 A.D. 408-423 A.D.. c. 410-580 A.D.. 109 88 4 9. 15 9 1/9 40. or CINs. PER YEAR. PER YEAR. Anastasius I .......... Justin I ............... 491-518 A.D. 518-527 A.D.. Justin II ............ Tiberius II ........... Maurice .............. Phocas .............. Heraclius ............. Constans II ............ Constantine IV ........ Justinian II (1st) ...... Tiberius III ........... Justinian II (2nd) ..... Philippicus ........... Anastasius II ......... Leo III .............. Constantine V ......... Leo IV ............... Constantine VI ........ Irene ................. Leo V ................. 565-578 578-582 582-602 602-610 610-641 641-668 668-685 685-695 698-705 705-711 711-713 713-716 717-741 741-775 775-780 780-797 797-802 813-820. Justinian I ............ 527-565 A.D.. 3. A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D.. 13 5 1 6 8 30 2. MichaelII ............. 820-829 A.D.. Theophilus ............ Michael III ........... Basil I ............... Leo VI ............. Constantine VII ....... Nicephorus II ......... John I-Basil II and Constantine ......... Basil II-. 829-842 842-867 867-886 886-912 913-959 963-969. ConstantineVIII .... Romanus III .......... Michael IV ..... .... Constantine IX ........ Isaac I ............... Constantine X ........ Romanus IV .......... Michael VII ........... Nicephorus III ........ Alexius I ............ John II .............. Manuel I ............. Andronicus I ......... Isaac II ............,. Alexius III ............ 1 1. 1/1o 1/7. 1 30 2 1 /17. 1/5 1/17. 1/5 1/7 1/4. A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D.. 1 3 5 8. 969-989 A.D.. 5. 1/ 1/26. 989-1028 A.D.. 13. 1028-1034 A.D. 1034-1041 A.D. 1042-1055 A.D. 1057-1059 A.D. 1059-1067 A.D. 1067-1071 A.D. 1071-1078 A.D. 1078-1081 A.D. 1081-1118 A.D. 1118-1148 A.D. 1148-1180 A.D. .1188-1185 A.D. 1185-1195 A.D. 1195-1203 A.D.. 39 21 8 6 13 31 35 345 34 6 102 39 16 2.

(9) INTRODUCTION o one working over the great mass of coinage from Roman and Byzantine Athens could fail to become interested in its numismatic and historical implications. Any comprehensive appraisal, even had I the competence to undertake it, has no place within the confines of this report, but mention might be made of a few noteworthy considerations,whose full significance can best be appreciated in relation to the outline on the opposite page.' For the most part the picture presented by the Agora coins is entirely consistent with the history of Athens as we know it from other sources. The first Roman piece dates from the time of Sulla; there is nothing from the earlier period of the Republic. Twelve denariihave survived from the sixty years between Sulla and Augustus-five struck by Antony and seven by various moneyers. Consideringthe dearth of silver coinage from the Agora, this is a sizable total, especially when contrasted with the yield of the precedingand succeedingcenturies. Of the hundreds of thousands of New Style coins which must have been issued over the span of a hundred or more years, the excavations revealed exactly one tetradrachmand one drachm; only six denarii have come down from the century separating the'reigns of Augustus and Vespasian. Against this background, the twelve denarii of late Republican date would seem to indicate a substantial amount of Roman silver circulating in Athens between 86 and 27 B.C., and the first appearance of this money about the time of the sack of the city by the Romans is a factor which must be taken into account by anyone studying the Athenian New Style and the Athenian Imperial sequences. Other evidence, literary and archaeological,points to a relatively rapid recovery in Athens from the devastation of 86 B.C. During this period students from Rome came to attend Athenian schools, and the bond between the two cities was greatly strengthened by the visit of Pompey c. 63/2 B.C. in the course of which the Roman general made generous gifts to individual Athenian philosophers and donated fifty talents toward the restoration of the city (Plutarch XLII, 6). Some of this money may have been expended on the erection of new civic offices in the Agora area, the addition of a porch to the Tholos and other building enterprises dating from the first century B.C.. © American School of Classical Studies at Athens For personal use only. License: CC-BY-NC-ND.. N. 1. The archaeological material in the discussion which follows is derived from the Agora excavation reports appearing in Hesperia (Vols. I-XX) and to an even greater extent from the observations and suggestions of Professor Homer A. Thompson, Director of the Agora Excavations. For the Byzantine period I am deeply indebted to Professor Kenneth M. Setton for the generosity with which he has shared his knowledge of the literary sources and made available manuscripts now in process of publication. To him I owe the reference to the inflation policy of Nicephorus III (G. Ostrogorsky, Vierteljahrschriftf. Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, XX, pp. 66, 69f.) and the tentative association of the iconoclastic decrees with the scarcity. of coinage for the eighth and ninth centuries. Much of the historical evidence relating to Byzantine Athens is drawn from two of Professor Setton's published articles ("The Bulgars in the Balkans and the Occupation of Corinth in the Seventh Century", Speculum, 1950, pp. 502-543 and "Athens in the Later Twelfth Century", Speculum, 1944, pp. 179-207). While I am aware that there is a difference of opinion as to the date of the occupation of Corinth and the particular Northern tribe which left evidence of its presence in the form of buckles found in Corinthian graves (see Corinth,XII, The Minor Objects,p.5, note 8), it seems to me that the proportions of coinage from the Agora do substantiate Professor Setton's arguments for a Bulgaric invasion in the mid-seventh century. 1.

(10) 2. THE ATHENIANAGORA:COINS. © American School of Classical Studies at Athens For personal use only. License: CC-BY-NC-ND.. For the first century of the Empire, the number of coins is insignificant although the era was certainly one of material prosperity as is attested by the construction of the Odeion in the Agora and the completion of the Market of Caesar and Augustus. Apparently the ordinary requirementsof the city were adequately met by the local bronze issues, whose chronology and proportions will be fundamental data in any final evaluation of the currency of early Roman Athens. During the second century after Christ the Athenian Imperial coinage begins to be supplemented to a noticeable extent by the silver and bronze of Trajan, Hadrian and the Antonines, a circumstance which undoubtedly reflects the deep interest of those emperors in Athens and their many contributions to her welfare and embellishment. This was a period of splendid civic enterprises: the endowment of great libraries, the erection of the Odeion of Herodes Atticus and the completion of the Temple of Olympian Zeus. In the Agora region it left its imprint in structural improvements to the Tholos and the Odeion and in new housing complexes and baths on the outskirts of the market proper. From the time of Nerva through that of Severus Alexander the coinage shows a consistent pattern in the correlation of the coin totals with the length of the individual reigns. Under Maximinus and his successors there is a marked increase in the Roman money in circulation, culminating during the sole reign of Gallienus in a vast amount of coinage which is not surpassed until the time of Constantius II. One reason for this expansion of the mid-third century must have been the tapering off and cessation of the Athenian Imperial issues; another factor may have been the need for strengthening the city against the barbarianthreat from the North. The high proportion for the sole reign of Gallienus is certainly to be explained by the disaster of 267 A.D. when the Heruli overwhelmed Athens and left an appalling swath of devastation throughout the Agora area. In the burned debris of houses destroyed during the holocaust, the excavators have found Gallienus coins in quantity, unmistakable evidence of the haste with which the inhabitants fled or were overcome by the invaders. Extensive as was the damage of 267 A.D., it seems to have had, judging from the coinage, less lasting and crippling effect on the life of the city than one might suppose. The sole reign coins of Gallienushave been arrangedchronologicallyonly for the mint of Antioch, but of the seventy-eight pieces from that city, Alfoldi assigns ten to the final year of Gallienus' rule and another nine specimens to the 266-268 A.D. period. For Claudius Gothicus' short reign there is a fair quantity of money, and the proportion for Aurelian is not greatly inferior to that for Gallienus. The last quarter of the third century marks a temporary recession in the monetary cycle of Athens, followed in the course of the next hundred years by the tremendous output of the sons of Constantine and the only slightly less impressive totals of the Valentinian-TheodosiusArcadiusera. Since Athens as a whole enjoyed a substantial measure of prosperity and academic renown during the fourth century-the Emperor Julian being only one of many notables whose ties with the city were close and affectionate-one might logically construe the mass of Constantinian and Valentinian coinage as proof of extensive habitation and activity in the Agora region. Such seems not to have been the case at all. Under Probus, blocks and capitals from the celebrated civic buildings were used in the construction of the "Valerian" Wall, a new defense line for the city. Gradually the population withdrew behind this fortification, and for most of the fourth century the Agora area was apparently used as a dump! Thousands of bronzes of the Houses of Constantine and Valentinian would seem to have been tossed away carelessly with the rubbish thrown into the abandoned marketplace..

(11) INTRODUCTION. 3. © American School of Classical Studies at Athens For personal use only. License: CC-BY-NC-ND.. According to the excavation record, it was only about 400 A.D. that there was a real expansion of habitation outside the narrow confines of the "Valerian"Wall, in some instances in areas left desolate from the time of the Herulian invasion. Construction operations involving the Bouleuterion and the Metroon and the erection of a complex of "University Buildings" on the site of the Odeion also date from the early fifth century. Here the numismatic evidence is seemingly at variance with the archaeological,for after the death of Arcadius in 408 A.D. the imperial issues show a sharp decline. The discrepancy is, I think, merely a superficial one. It is evident that during most of the fifth century and well into the sixth the medium of exchange in Athens consisted of the miserable "Vandalic" chips which are omnipresent in the excavations. In the light of the number found in the Agora (4796pieces) it is impossibleto maintain any longer that all of these coins were struck by the Vandals or any other barbaricpeople. Most of them must, as is indicated more fully in the commentary, be brought into some kind of association with the standard imperial issues, and are probably to be regarded as the work of outlying mints cut off from the direct supervision of the capital during the recurrentbarbarian crises. In any case, whatever the origin of this coinage, the fact remains that it must be included in the fifth century totals if one is to establish a reasonably accurate picture of the amount of money circulating in Athens during that period. There are then roughly 5400 coins, imperial and "Vandalic," representingabout 120 years from Honorius to Justinian, or a yearly average of some 45 pieces. While this representsa falling-offfrom the proportionsof the fourth century, the decline is not so pronouncedas to conflict seriouslywith the topographicalevidence. For the Byzantine era the coins are of special significance because Athenian history during those centuries is often not clearly defined, but the numismatic material should now be evaluated with added caution in view of the fact that restriking becomes a common practice at various periods. One cannot be certain how much money of any given emperorwas originally current, since we have no way of knowing what proportionfrom different parts of the empire was called in and reissued by a successor. Furthermore,for the early sixth century the "Vandalic" coinage must still be taken into consideration. The long reigns of Anastasius and Justinian I are represented by relatively few of the new imperial denominations. It is reasonable to assume that the "Vandalic" pieces, many of which belong to the Anastasius-Justinian period, continued to be used extensively and because of their comparatively slight value were less carefully handled than the large new pieces from the imperial mints. One also wonders if the constant pressurefrom the barbariantribes, whose infiltrations apparently extended as far south as Attica during the reign of Justinian, may not have impoverished Athens to such a degree that there was little need for the more valuable currency, only small change being required for the average commercial transaction. With Justin II there is a decided increase in the number of large flan bronzes found in the Agora, but this seemingly reflects a deteriorationrather than an improvement of conditions in the city. The archaeologicalevidence reveals widespread destruction in the Agora area toward the end of the sixth century, resulting in another withdrawal of the inhabitants behind the "Valerian" Wall; the literary tradition indicates that in 578 A.D. or shortly thereafter a mighty horde of Slavs forced the pass at Thermopylae and descended into Attica. In all probability this Slavic invasion was the occasion for the evacuation of the Agora region, and the Justin coins found there, some in the burned fill of buildings, are to be related to the hasty and enforced departure of its residents. The twenty-seven year reign of Constans II left 817 coins in the Agora, a proportionalmost 1*.

(12) 4. THE ATHENIANAGORA:COINS. © American School of Classical Studies at Athens For personal use only. License: CC-BY-NC-ND.. as striking as that encounteredfour centuries earlier under Gallienus. Several possible explanations are suggested by the historical record. There is good reason to believe that in the late 640's a Bulgaric army invaded Greece, attacking and capturing Corinth. The logical route of the barbarianswould have been from Thessalonica to Athens and then across the Isthmus to Corinth. More tangible proof that Athens and the Agora came into direct contact with the Bulgars is provided by the remains of fire destruction dating from the seventh century and the discovery of Bulgaric buckles similar to those uncoveredin Corinthiangraves. About 657/8 A.D. Constans organized a relief expedition for Thessalonica, and an auxiliary force may well have been dispatched to the aid of Athens and Corinth.Finally the emperorhimself spent some time in Athens in 662 A.D. prior to his departure for Sicily. The large number of Constans coins from the Agora may plausibly be associated not only with the original Bulgaric invasion but also with the later appearance of Constans and his Byzantine soldiery in the city. After the death of Constans II there is a long period of very scant coinage, broken only once by the phenomenon of sixty-one coins from the two year reign of Philippicus. Some unusual circumstance of which we have no knowledge must have been responsible for this disproportionate amount of money. The situation is all the stranger in that, prior to the Agora Excavations, the bronze I denomination of Philippicus was practically unknown and to the best of my belief specimens have not been found in other excavations. Among the Agora coins there are three varieties of the general I type and almost without exception they are restruck, usually over issues of Justinian II. Because of the Athenian provenance of so many of these coins and their scarcity elsewhere, one is tempted to suggest a local origin. Perhaps some breakdown in communications between capital and province or an attempt on Philippicus' part to decentralize minting operations would account for Athens being permitted or instructed to restrike money of Justinian in current circulation with the types of Philippicus. The remainder of the eighth and most of the ninth century are almost devoid of coinage; only thirteen specimens have survived from the 125 years between Constantine V and Basil I. Significantlyenough there is little in the way of Agorahabitation, in the form of either structural remains or pottery, which can be dated to the same period, and one concludes that Athens had shrunk in area and population to little more than a village. It is a curious coincidence that the absence of coinage in Athens occurs at just about the time that the iconoclastic decrees, so bitterly resented by the Greek iconodules, were being promulgated. It would almost seem as though the province were deliberately cutting itself off from the capital, but one is still hardpressed to explain how even a moderate sized community could exist for so long without monetary replenishments. These "Dark Ages" were not confined to Athens. At Corinth one finds the same lack of coinage for the entire eighth century, but recovery there begins with the reign of Theophilus (829-842 A.D.) whereas in Athens it is only toward the middle of the tenth century that the coins reappear in quantity. The revival of prosperity at Athens may have been delayed by incursions of the Moslem pirates who harassed the Greek mainland and islands and possibly occupied Athens for a brief interval during the first half of the tenth century. After the Aegean had been cleared of piracy through the efforts of Nicephorus II and John Zimisces, Athens experienced a growth in size and population. The eleventh and twelfth centuries have left remains of extensive house foundations and pottery deposits in the Agora, and the abundance of the coinage gives further proof of a flourishing Byzantine community. It is during this period that the Agora coins make what is perhaps their most important contri-.

(13) INTRODUCTION. 5. © American School of Classical Studies at Athens For personal use only. License: CC-BY-NC-ND.. bution of a purely numismaticnature. With the 2200 anonymousissues foundin the excavations, it has been possible to develop a chronologicalarrangementof the whole series which rests on a firm basis of overstrike evidence. From the time of John Zimisces to that of Nicephorus III there are 1512 anonymous pieces and 41 signed coins, a contrast which would seem to imply that in the Greek provinces and probably throughout the empire as a whole, the anonymous issues provided the basic currency, the named types representinglittle more than token emissions. Under Nicephorus the situation is reversed in favor of the signed money which now appears in profusion. In the Agora, 677 named and 359 anonymous coins date from Nicephorus' three year reign between 1078 and 1081 A.D. This proportion is unique for the entire Roman and Byzantine period and quite inexplicable in terms of our present knowledge of Byzantine Athens. Nicephorus, like his successor Alexius, was forced by economic crises to adopt a policy of planned inflation involving a debasement of the currency, but this in itself would not seem an adequate explanation of the overwhelming increase in money for this one short period. The figures for Alexius and Manuel are even higher than those for Nicephorus but less startling because of the longer reigns. Their totals and those of Andronicus and Isaac II point to an era of sustained prosperity throughout the twelfth century, ending with the occupation of the city by the Franks in 1204 A.D. For the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries the issues of William of Villehardouinand the de la Roche family and later the Venetian money of Andrea Contariniand Antonio Venier supply the city with a fair amount of currency. From 1400 A.D. there is practically nothing until the Ottoman occupation. Even this cursory attempt to correlate the Agora coinage with the archaeological and historical evidence illustrates the various factors which determine the survival rate of ancient money. It is evident that peak coinages are at times a measure of the size and prosperity of the community. When there is extensive habitation of a site over a considerablenumber of years, as happened in eleventh and twelfth century Athens, a substantial amount of currency is required and in the course of daily living a sizable proportion finds its way into the streets, drains and wells of the city. It is equally clear that a sharp increase in coin totals may be the sign of a sudden catastrophe, such as the Herulian invasion, when money and other possessions are abandoned in a desperate effort to escape destruction. Apart from such external conditions, the coinage statistics from any excavation naturally bear a close relationship to the intrinsic value of the individual coins. One of the startling facts emerging from the tabulation of the Agora material is the trifling representation of gold and silver. The 37,090 catalogued entries include exactly one gold piece of Venice and 135 silver coins, among them plated specimens but no billon. Over the course of fifteen centuries there certainly must have been a fair quantity of gold and silver circulating in Athens, but when such coins were misplaced, the loss was a serious one and the search not lightly abandoned. On the other hand the copious bronze issues of the fourth and fifth centuries were, as contrasted with the silver or even the antoniniani, of comparatively slight value. Their purchasing power must have been low and an individual piece, once dropped or mislaid, would probably have seemed scarcely worth the trouble of retrieval. One of the major contributions of the Agora coinage is its detailed record of the mints from which Athens derived her money at differentperiods. From Augustus through Gallienus,Rome is naturally enough the chief, and at times the only, source of supply, although under Valerian and Gallienusthe Asia mints are increasingly important. With Aurelian and Severina the shift is definitely eastward- Siscia furnishing at least 55 pieces and Cyzicus 38 of 174 coins. Of.

(14) THE ATHENIANAGORA:COINS. 6. Probus' 101 specimens, 24 are from Siscia with 27 from Cyzicus; the latter mint provides over one half of the combined totals for Diocletian and Maximianus. From the time of Licinius I through Theodosius II, including all emperors represented by any appreciable amount of coinage, the major identifiable sources are as follows: Rome. © American School of Classical Studies at Athens For personal use only. License: CC-BY-NC-ND.. Licinius I................ Licinius II .............. ConstantineI ............ Urbs Roma .............. Constantinople........... Crispus ................. ConstantineII ............. ConstantiusII .......... ConstansI .............. ConstantiusGallus ....... Julian II ................ House Constantine ....... ValentinianI ............ Valens .................. Gratian ................ ValentinianII ........... TheodosiusI ............ Arcadius ................ Honorius ............... TheodosiusII ............ ValentinianI-III ......... Aquileia Siscia. 1 18 1. 4. 1 2 16 4 1 3 8 4 7 10 19 21 10 11. 1 1 10 2. 2. 2. 1 2 3 8 5 15 2 1. 2 1 13 2 5 9 18 6 4 3 8 8 16 8 8 11 3. Thess.. 6 44 15 10 4 22 169 60 6 41 40 53 146 47 161 301 173 5 15 46. Heraclea. 4 2 21 4 10 3 19 73 15 8 4 16 2 5 7 10 21 21 11 1 2. Const. Nicomedia Cyzicus. 84 21 14 25 247 64 19 39 92 381 69 12 73 126 169 41 69 49. 19 3 63 6 14 2 18 131 48 12 15 49 7 19 11 28 46 46 19 17 12. 6 3 60 18 10 2 27 220 74 16 23 57 18 45 14 37 156 119 44 29 25. Antioch Alexandria. 1 2 38 2 2 8 87 8 11 17 12 13 2 15 18 35 11 7 18. 1 6 1 3 19 5 1 4 4 4 2 1 7 12 17 8. The aggregate for all mints for the same reigns: Thessalonica ... 1864 Constantinople . 1244 1003 Cyzicus ....... Nicomedia ..... 585 Antioch ....... 307 259 Heraclea ...... 139 Rome ......... 125 Siscia .......... Alexandria ... Aquileia........57 Sirmium ...... Arles .......... Treves ........ Lyons ......... Ticinum ....... London ........ 95 20 17 7 6 5 1. The proportionsfrom Thessalonica,Constantinopleand Cyzicus give the mint nearest Athens only a small margin over the other two. Actually for the Constantinianperiod as a whole the major source of supply is Constantinople,with Cyzicus next and Thessalonicathird. It is only from the time of Julian II through the reign of Arcadius that Thessalonica gains and holds preeminence. The only surprising aspect of the general outline is the relative order of Nicomedia, Antioch and Heraclea. One would expect to find Heraclea outranking the two more distant mints. Its small representation may indicate minor importance as a workshop or a channeling of its output to the north rather than the south. During the early Byzantine period the mint marks inscribed on the bronze denominations show this relationship:.

(15) INTRODUCTION ConstantinopleThessalonica. © American School of Classical Studies at Athens For personal use only. License: CC-BY-NC-ND.. Anastasiis ...... JustinI ......... JustinianI ...... JustinII ........ TiberiusII ...... Maurice......... Phocas .......... Heraclius......... 20 11 48 29 6 14 19 157. Nicomedia. 7 Cyzicus. Antioch. 8 8 108 9 9 13 41. 1 10 13 2 1 8 18. 3 7 5 3. 15 6 3 1 1. The complete tally of all mints: Constantinople.. Thessalonica .... Nicomedia ...... Antioch ....... Cyzicus ......... 304 188 53 34 18. Carthage ....... Ravenna ....... Rome .......... Alexandria ..... Sicily ........... 7 4 2 2 1. With the exception of a few Sicilian emissions, the coinage from the reign of Constans II to the end of the Byzantine empire is attributed in its entirety to the mint of Constantinople. This is in such sharp contrast to the number of cities striking under the Roman and early Byzantine rulers as to seem quite incredible. Philip Griersonin the course of an article on the solidi of Maurice, Phocas and Heraclius (Num. Chron., 1950, pp. 49-70) argues that the term "Constantinople," indicating the source of the gold coinage of the sixth and seventh centuries, must be understood as meaning Constantinople and other eastern mints, that many of the "Constantinople" issues really belong to Cyzicus, Nicomedia and other workshops. The same situation, it seems to me, is true for the bronze of a somewhat later period. Attempts have been made to allocate some of the bronze coinage of Constans II to a Cyprusmint and, although as indicated in the commentary, the extent of the assignment may be untenable, the suggestion of other sources for Constans' abundant coinage is definitely a step forward. But the need for rearrangementis not limited to the money of Constans. Surely the copious issues of the eleventh and twelfth centuries would have been quite beyond the capacity of any one mint apart from considerations of economy and efficiency in distributing the currency to various parts of the empire. As regards Athens, one would logically expect that a substantial proportion of her coinage continued to come from Thessalonica, a city controlled by the capital at almost all periods and still important enough in the thirteenth century to serve as the seat of an empire established by the princes of the Byzantine royal house after the fall of Constantinople. Any final definition of the later Byzantine mints must rely heavily on the first-handevidence of excavation coins from diverse sections of the eastern empire. As more of this material is made available, one hopes that the pattern will reveal itself..

(16) © American School of Classical Studies at Athens For personal use only. License: CC-BY-NC-ND.. ABBREVIATIONS IN THE CATALOGUE Berytus. Berytus. ArchaeologicalStudies (American University of Beirut, 1934-). B1.-Dieud.. A. Blanchet et A. Dieudonn6, Manuel de numismatiquefranoaise (1912-1936). BMC. H. Mattingly, Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum (1923-) W. Wroth, Catalogueof the Coins of the Vandals, Ostrogothsand Lombardsand of the Empires of Thessalonica, Nicaea and Trebizondin the British Museum (1911) W. Wroth, Catalogueof the Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum (1908). C.. H. Cohen, Description historiquedes monnaies frappgessous l'Empire romain, 2nd Edition (1880-1892). CNI. CorpusNummorum Italicorum (1910-). Edwards. Hesperia. K. M. Edwards, Corinth,Volume VI, Coins 1896 -1929 (American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1933) O. Voetter, Die Minzen der rimischen Kaiser, Kaiserinnen und Caesarenvon Diocletianus bis Romulus. Katalog der hinterlassenenSammlung und Aufzeichnungendes Herrn Paul Gerin (1921) Hesperia. Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens (1932-). M.. J. Maurice, Numismatique constantinienne(1908-1912). NC. Numismatic Chronicle(1838-). NNM. Numismatic Notes and Monographs (American Numismatic Society, 1920-). NZ. NumismatischeZeitschrift (1869-). Pap.. N. Papadopoli, Le Monete di Venezia (1893-1919). Pearce. J. W. E. Pearce, The Roman Coinagefrom A. D. 364 to 423 (1933). Gerin. Poeyd'AvantF. Poey d'Avant, Monnaies feodales de France (1858-1862) RIC. H. Mattingly, E. A. Sydenham, C. H. V. Sutherland and R. A. G. Carson, The Roman Imperial Coinage (1923-). Sab.. J. Sabatier, Description g6neraledes monnaies byzantines (1862). Schlumb.. G. Schlumberger, Numismatique de l'Orient latin (1878). Spinelli. D. Spinelli, Monete cufiche (1844). Syd.. Edward A. Sydenham, The Coinageof the Roman Republic (1952). Tolstoi. J. Tolstoi, Monnaies byzantines (1912-1914). Italic type has been used for the catalogue numbers of silver and billon coins. An asterisk after a number indicates discussion of the issue in the commentary..

(17) © American School of Classical Studies at Athens For personal use only. License: CC-BY-NC-ND.. CATALOGUE ROMANREPUBLICAN COINAGE. (15) Q. TITIUS Head of Janus/Prow r.. 88 B.C. Syd., p. 107, 694a. 1. C. NORBANUS c. 80 B.C. Head of Venus r. with number XXXVI/ Fasces between corn-ear and caduceus. Syd., p. 118, 739. 1. TI. CLAUDIUS 78-77 B.C. Bust of Diana r./Victory in biga r. with number CXXIII. Syd., p. 126, 770a. 1*. As. Rome or Italy. 2. Den.. Rome. 3. Den.. Italy. 4. Den. (Pl.). Spain. 5. Den.. Rome. M. AEMILIUS SCAURUS 58 B.C. King Aretas kneeling r. beside camel/ Jupiter in quadriga 1.. 6. Den.. Rome. CN. PLANCI US c. 54 B.C. Head of Diana r./Cretangoat r.. 7. Den.. Rome. D. JUNIUS BRUTUS ALBINUS Head of Pietas r./Clasped hands. 8. Den.. Rome. P. SEPULLIUS MACER c. 44 B.C. Veiled head of Caesar r./Venus 1.. Syd., p. 178, 1074. 1. 9*. Den. (PI.) Den.. Ephesus. M. AN TONIUS c. 37-31 B.C. Galley/Three standards LEGV. Syd., p. 196, 1221. 1. Ephesus. Same/Same with LEGXI. Syd., p. 196, 1229. 2. 10. CN. CORNELIUS LENTULUS MARCELLINUS Bust of Genius of Roman People r./Globe. c. 76-74 B:C. Syd., p. 122, 752a. 1. Syd., p. 152, 914. 1. Syd., p. 156, 933. 49-48 B.C. Syd., p. 158, 942. (1 P1.) 11. Den.. Ephesus. Same/Same with LEGXII ANTIQVAE. Syd., p. 196, 1231. 1. 12. Den.. Ephesus. Same/Same with LEGXV. Syd., p. 196, 1235. 1. 13". As. Uncertain. Heads of Antony and Octavia r./Galley. Syd., p. 199, 1268. 2.

(18) THE ATHENIAN AGORA: COINS. © American School of Classical Studies at Athens For personal use only. License: CC-BY-NC-ND.. 10. ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE (18,674; 9 imit.) AUGUSTUS 14. Den.. Rome 17 B.C.. 15. As. 11-12 A.D.. 27 B.C.-14 A.D.. (5). M SANQVINIVSIIIVIR Head of Julius Caesar r.. BMC, I, p. 13, 71-73. 1. PONTIFMAXIMTRIBVNPOTXXXIIllII. BMC, I, p. 50, 275f.. 2. around SC. Lyons. 2 B.C.-11 A.D.. 16. Den.. 17*. As. The East After 27 B.C.. Den.. Lyons c. 26-37 A.D.. F COSDESIG C L CAESARES AVGVSTI PRINCIWENT Gaiusand LuciusCaesar facing. BMC, I, p. 89, 519-525. 1. AVGVSTVS in wreath. BMC, I, p. 117, 731-733. 1. BMC, I, pp. 126f., 48-60. 2. BMC, I, p. 190, 181. 1. BMC, I, p. 257, 288f.. 1. 14-37 A.D.. TIBERIUS 18. (2). PONTIF MAXIM Livia seated r.. 41-54 A.D.. CLAUDIUS. (1). Rome. 19. Quad. 42 A.D.. PON MTR P IMPPPCOS II aroundSC. NERO 54-68 A.D. 20. Quad.. 20a. AE. Rome 64-66 A.D.. PM TR P IMPPP SC. (2). Laurel branch. Uncertain. 1. Uncertaintype GALBA. 68-69 A.D.. (1). Den.. Rome 68-69 A.D.. Den.. Rome 69 A.D.. 23 24. Den.. Rome 72-73 A.D.. Den.. 73 A.D.. 25. Den.. 75-79 A.D.. PONTIF MAXIM Emperor seated r. IOVISCVSTOS Jupiter facing. 26 27. Den. As. 80-81 A.D. 71 A.D.. EX SC Victory1. BMC, II, p. 243, 112-116 VICTORIA AVGVSTI SC Victoryadvancing1.BMC, II, p. 133,t. 1 1. 28. As. 74 A.D.. AEQVITASAVGVSTSC Aequitas 1.. BMC, II, p. 161, 702. 1. 29*. As. Tarraco 71 A.D.. CONCORDIA AVG SC Concordiaseated 1.. BMC, II, p. 191,t. 1. 29a. Uncertain 1 AR; 3 AE. 21. IMP Emperor riding r.. OTHO 69 A.D. 22. 69-79 A.D.. BMC, I, p. 367, 19. 1. BMC, II, p. 11, 64 BMC, II, p. 19, 98. 1. (11). AVGVRTRI POT Sacrificial implements. Uncertain type. 1. (1). SECVRITASP R Securitas 1.. VESPASIAN. BMC, I, p. 312, 23. BMC, II, p. 49, 276-278. 1 1. 4.

(19) © American School of Classical Studies at Athens For personal use only. License: CC-BY-NC-ND.. 11. CATALOGUE TITUS 30. Den.. 30a. AE. Rome 77-78 A.D.. 79-81 A.D.. (2) BMC, II, p. 40, 221. COS VI Mars 1.. 1. Uncertain 1. Uncertain type. 31. Den.. Rome 73 A.D.. 32 33. Den.. 80 A.D.. Den.. 34. Den.. 35. 81-96 A.D.. DOMITIAN. (18). 81 A.D.. No legend. Prince riding 1. PRINCEPSIWENTVTIS Altar TR P COS VIIDES VIIIPP Curule chair. BMC, II, p. 24, 129-131 BMC, II, p. 239, 92-96 BMC, II, p. 302, 18f.. Same. Dolphin around anchor SALVSAVGVST Salus seated 1.. BMC, II, p. 302, 20 BMC, II, p. 309, 54. 1. Den.. ,, 81-84 A.D.. 36*. Den.. 88-89 A.D.. COS XIIll Minerva fighting r.. 1. 37. Den.. 90 A.D.. cf. BMC, II, p. 328, 141 (PLATE 1) BMC, II, p. 333, 166. 1 1 1 1. 1. 38. Den.. 90-91 A.D.. IMPXXI COS XV CENS PPP Same but on prow Same. 39 40. Den.. 92 A.D.. IMPXXI COS XVI CENS PPP Minerva 1.. SECVRITASAVGVSTISC Securitas seated 1. BMC, II, p. 275, * SC Basket of corn-ears BMC, II, p. 410, 493. 1. Uncertain type. 7. As. 80-81 A.D.. 41. Quad.. 81-96 A.D.. 41a. AE. BMC, II, p. 335, 179f. BMC, II, p. 337, 192f.. 1 1 1. Uncertain. NERVA. 96-98 A.D.. (3). 42. Den.. Rome 97 A.D.. 43. Ses. Ses.. 96 A.D.. ROMA RENASCENSSC Roma seated 1.. 97 A.D.. FORTVNAAVGVSTSC Fortuna 1.. 45. Den.. Rome 101-102 A.D.. 46. Den.. 104-107 A.D.. PM TR P COS IIIPP Victory advancing 1. SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI Three standards. 47. Den.. 107-111 A.D.. COS V PP SPQR OPTIMO PRINC Aequitas 1. BMC, III, pp. 71f., 281-287. 48. Den.. ,,. Same. Aequitas seated 1.. BMC, III, p. 72, 288-293. 1. 49. Den.. ,,. Same. Spes 1.. BMC, III, p. 75, 319-321. 1. 50. Den.. ,,. Same with VESTAin exergue. Vesta seated 1.. BMC, III, p. 86, 405-409. 1. 51*. Den. 112-117 A.D. (P1.). PM TR P COS VI PP SPQR Trajan's column cf. BMC, III, p. 112, 565. 1. 52. Den.. 116 A.D.. Same. Genius 1.. BMC, III, p. 117, 595-598. 1. 53. Den.. 117-118 A.D.. No legend. Phoenix r.. BMC, III, p. 245, 49. 1. 54. Ses.. 98-99 A.D.. COS II PP CONG PR SC Emperor seated 1. on platform. BMC, III, p. 147, 712. 1. 55. As. 56. Quad.. c. 98-102 A.D.. SC Boar r.. BMC, III, p. 226, 1062-1067. 1. 57. Ses.. 102 A.D.. BMC, III, p. 159, 756. 1. 58*. Ses.. 104-111 A.D.. IMP111iii COS IIIIDES V PP SC Pax seated 1. SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPISC Ceres 1.. cf. BMC, III, p. 163, 771. 1. 44. FORTVNAAVGVST Fortuna 1.. TRAJAN. ,,. 98-117 A.D.. 1. BMC, III, p. 6, 37-39 BMC, III, p. 15,* BMC, III, pp. 19f., 107-109. 1. BMC, III, p. 46, 122f.. 1. BMC, III, p. 67,*. 1. 1. (46). TR POT COS II PP SC Victory advancing 1. BMC, III, p. 150, 727f.. 2. 1.

(20) THE ATHENIANAGORA:COINS. © American School of Classical Studies at Athens For personal use only. License: CC-BY-NC-ND.. 12 59. Ses.. 60. Ses.. ,,. 62. Ses. Ses.. ,, 115-116 A.D.. 63. Ses.. ,,. 64. As. ,,. 65. Dup.. 116-117 A.D.. 66*. As. 115-116A.D.. 61*. 104-111 A.D.. BMC, III, p. 164, 772f.. 1. BMC, III, p. 165,* BMC, III, pp. 165f., 782-784 BMC, III, p. 217, 1017. 1. BMC, III, p. 219, 1026. 1. Same without FORT RED. Victory advancing r.. BMC, III, p. 220, 1030-1032. 1. Same. Emperor with trophies. BMC, III, p. 226, 1062-1067. 1. Same. Roma 1. Same. Aequitas 1. Same. Annona 1. IMPERATORVIIISC Emperor seated r. on platform SENATVSPOPVLVSQVEROMANVS FORT RED SC Fortuna seated 1.. 2 1. The East. DAC PARTHICO PMTR POTXX COSVI PP BMC, III, p. 232, 1092. 1. around SC in wreath. 66a. Uncertain 1 AR; 21AE. HADRIAN 67. Den.. 68. Den.. Rome 119-125 A.D.. 69*. Den.. ,, 125-128 A.D.. 70. Den.. 134-138 A.D. ,,. 22. Uncertain type. 117-138 A.D.. PM TR P COS III Genius 1. BMC, III, p. 263, 184f. Same with PRO AVG in field. Providentia 1. BMC, III, p. 277, 303 COS III Roma seated 1. cf. BMC, III, p. 287, 372 FIDESPVBLICA Fides r. BMC, III, pp. 320f., 629-631. 1. MONETA AVG Moneta 1. BMC, III, p. 326, 680f. SALVSAVG Salus 1. BMC, III, p. 331, 726f. PONT MAX TR POT COS II SC LIBERALITAS BMC, III, p. 404, 1136 AVG Emperor seated 1. on platform PONT MAX TR POT COS IIADVENTVS BMC, III, pp. 404f., 1138-1140 AVG SC Emperor and Roma PONT MAX TR POT COS IIISC BMC, III, p. 408, 1153 Felicitas 1. PONT MAX TR POT COS IIILIBERALITAS BMC, III, p. 408, 1159 AVG SC Emperor seated 1. on platform PIETASAVGVSTISC Pietas r. BMC, III, p. 416, 1198f.. 1. 71. Den.. 72. Den.. 73. Ses.. 74. Dup.. 75. Ses.. 76. Ses.. ,,. 77. Ses.. 119-121 A.D.. 78. Dup.. ,,. Same. 79. Dup.. ,,. MONETA AVGVSTISC Moneta 1.. 80. ,, 118 A.D. ,, 119 A.D.. (67). SALVSPVBLICASC Salus 1.. 1 1 1 1 1 1. BMC, III, p. 423, 1248 cf. BMC, III, p. 424, 1256. 1. cf. BMC, III, p. 425, 1263 BMC, III, pp. 431f., 1294 (1). 1300 (1) BMC, III, p. 436, 1332f.. 1 2 1. BMC, III, p. 438,*. 2. BMC, III, p. 445, 1363 BMC, III, p. 450, 1386. 1. 81 82*. Ses.. ,,. 83*. Ses.. ,,. 84. Ses.. 125-128 A.D.. 85. Dup. As. ,, ,,. 87. Ses.. 128-132 A.D.. Same. Similar. 88. FELICITATI AVG SC COS IIIPP Galley r. COS IIIPP SC FORT RED Fortuna seated 1. BMC, III, p. 455, 1416 CLEMENTIAAVG COS IIIPP SC BMC, III, p. 458, 1438 Clementia 1.. 86. 1. 1. ,, 122-125 A.D.. Same. Pegasus advancing r. Same. Roma seated 1.. 1. BMC, III, pp. 420f., 1233f. BMC, III, p. 420, 1230 BMC, III, p. 421, 1237f.. Dup. Sea.. PM TR P COS IIISC Ceres 1. Same. Spes advancing 1. Same with VIRTAVG in field. Virtus 1. COS IIISC Roma seated 1.. 1. 1 1 1. 1 1. Ses.. 132-134 A.D.. 89. Ses.. ,,. 90*. Dup. or As. ,,. 91. Dup. or As. ,,. COS IIIPP SC Emperor on horseback r.. BMC, III, p. 460, 1452. 1. 92. See.. 134-136 A.D.. ADVENTVIAVG GALLIAESC Emperor and Gallia. BMC, III, p. 491, 1641f.. 1. 1.

(21) © American School of Classical Studies at Athens For personal use only. License: CC-BY-NC-ND.. CATALOGUE 93*. Ses.. 134-136 A.D.. 94. Ses.. ,,. 13. AEGYPTOSSC Aegyptos reclining 1. BRITANNIASC Britannia seated facing HISPANIASC Hispania reclining 1.. of. BMC, III, p. 504, 1693 BMC, III, p. 508, 1723 cf. BMC, III, p. 511, 1752. 1. BMC, III, p. 524, 1826A. 1 1. 1. 95*. Dup. or As. 96 97. ,, Dup. or As Ses. 134-138 A.D.. RESTITVTORI MACEDONIAESC Emperor raising Macedonia PAX AVG SC Pax 1.. 98*. Ses.. ,,. ROMA SC Roma 1.. BMC, III, p. 472, 1528 cf. BMC, III, p. 474, 1540. 99*. Ses.. ,,. SC Nemesis advancing r.. cf. BMC, III, p. 475, 1549. 1. 100*. Ses.. ,,. Dup. or As. ,,. cf. BMC, III, p. 475, 1552 BMC, III, p. 482, 1595 (1). 1598 (1). 1. 101. Same. Emperor r. FORTVNAAVG SC Fortuna 1.. 2. 102. Dup. or As. ,,. LIBERALITAS AVG VI SC Liberalitas 1.. BMC, III, p. 483,t. 1. 103. Dup. or As. ,,. ROMA SC Roma 1.. BMC, III, p. 484, 1610. 1. 103a. 1 AR;. Uncertain 26 AE. 104. Ses.. Rome 128-134 A.D.. 105. Dup. or As. ,,. 106. Den.. (2). PIETASAVG SC Pietas with children Same. ANTONINUS PIUS Rome 138 A.D.. 1. 27. Uncertain type. SABINA. ,,. 1. 138-161 A.D.. BMC, III, p. 537, 1875f. BMC, III, p. 540, 1898f.. 1. BMC, IV, p. 4, 10f. BMC, IV, p. 132, 899f. cf. BMC, IV, p. 147,*. 1 1. BMC, IV, p. 184,*. 1. 1. (46). AVG PIVSPM TR P COS DES II Minerva 1.. 107. Den.. 157-158 A.D.. 108*. Den.. 159-160 A.D.. 109. As. 139 A.D.. TR POT XXI COS IIII Aequitas 1. TEMPLDIVIAVG RESTCOS IIII Octastyle temple TR POT COS II SC Aequitas 1.. 110. As. 140 A.D.. AVRELIVS CAESAVGPIIF COS SC. BMC, IV, p. 196, 1223. 1. PAX AVG SC Pax 1.. of. BMC, IV, p. 203, 1265 BMC, IV, p. 210, 1313-1315 BMC, IV, p. 211, 1318-1320. 1. Bust of M. Aurelius 1.. 111*. Ses. Ses.. 140-144 A.D.. 112 113. Ses.. ,,. 114*. Dup.. 115 116. Ses. Ses.. 117. ,,. TIBERISSC Tiberis reclining 1. TR POT COS IIISC Wolf and twins. ,, 145-161 A.D.. GENIO SENATVSSC Genius 1. SC Mars advancing r. HONORI AVG COS III SC Honos 1. TR POT XIX COS IIIISC Fides 1. TR POT XX COS IIIISC Providentia 1.. Dup.. ,, 147-148 A.D.. 118. Ses.. 155-156 A.D.. 119. Ses.. 156-157 A.D.. 120. Dup.. 121. Sea.. ,, 157-159 A.D.. 122*. Dup.. ,,. 123. Dup.. 158-159 A.D.. 124. As. ,,. FELICITAS AVG SC Felicitas 1.. BMC, IV, p. 214, 1336-1339 BMC, IV, p. 271, 1677-1680 BMC, IV, p. 275, 1705f. BMC, IV, p. 280, 1738 BMC, IV, p. 335, 1995-1997. 1. 1 1 2 2 2 1 1. BMC, IV, p. 840, 2015 BMC, IV, pp. 340f., 2019-2021. 1. BMC, IV, p. 278, 1723f.. 1. of. BMC, IV, p. 282, 1746. 1. PIETATIAVG COS IIIISC Pietas with children. BMC, IV, p. 854, 2072. 1. FORTVNAOPSEQVENSSC COS IIII Fortuna 1.. BMC, IV, p. 355, 2078f.. 1. Same. Jupiter 1. VOTA SOL DEC II SC COS IIII Emperor sacrificing 1. VOTA SVSCEPTADEC IIISC COS IIII Similar. 1.

(22) © American School of Classical Studies at Athens For personal use only. License: CC-BY-NC-ND.. 14 125 125a. THE ATHENIANAGORA:COINS Ses. AE. 161 A.D.. CONSECRATIOSC Funeral pyre. FAUSTINA 1 Den.. 126 127. Den.. 128* 129. BMC, IV, pp. 525f., 872-875. Uncertain type. Rome After 147 A.D.. 1 23. (14). AVGVSTA Ceres 1.. BMC, IV, p. 58, 399-402. 1. Same. Vesta seated 1.. BMC, IV, pp. 62f., 443-446 cf. BMC, IV, p. 233, 1442. 1. BMC, IV, pp. 238f., 1482f. BMC, IV, pp. 239f., 1490-1493. 1. Ses.. ,, 141-147 A.D.. PIETASAVG SC Pietas 1.. Ses.. After 147 A.D.. AETERNITASSC Aeternitas seated 1.. 130. Ses.. ,,. Same. Aeternitas 1.. 131*. Ses.. ,,. Same.. 132. Ses.. VESTASC Vesta 1.. 133. Ses.. ,, ,,. IVNO SC Juno 1.. Juno 1.. 134. Dup. or As. ,,. Same. 135. Dup or As. ,,. AETERNITASSC Juno 1.. 136* 136a. Den.. IVNONI REGINAE Juno seated 1.. AE. Uncertain type. 1 1. cf. BMC, IV, p. 238, 1480 (PLATE 1). 1. BMC, IV, p. 246, ? BMC, IV, p. 245, 1531-1535 BMC, IV, p. 255, 1596-1598. 1 1. BMC, IV, pp. 246f., 1540f.. 1. 1. Uncertain. MARCUS AURELIUS. Den.. 161 A.D.. 1 3. 161-180 A.D.. Rome. 137. (PLATE 1). CONCORDAVGTR P XV COS III Concordiaseated 1.. (26). BMC, IV, p. 386, 2. 1. 138. Den.. 161-162 A.D.. PROV DEOR TR P XVI COS III Providentia 1.. BMC, IV, p. 410, 196f.. 1. 139 140. Den.. 175-176 A.D.. TR P XXX IMPVIIICOS III Genius 1. COS II SC Roma 1.. BMC, IV, p. 483, 678f. BMC, IV, p. 290,*. 1 1. 165-166 A.D.. TR P XX IMPIIICOS IIISC Roma seated 1. TR P XX IMPIIIICOS IIISC Similar. cf. BMC, IV, p. 591,t BMC, IV, p. 593, 1295. 1. SALVTIAVG COS IIISC Salus 1.. BMC, IV, p. 614, 1376f.. 2. SALVTIAVGVSTAESC Salus seated 1.. BMC, IV, p. 617, ? BMC, IV, p. 620, 1402f.. 1. Same. Victory advancing 1. Same. Jupiter seated 1.. BMC, IV, p. 622, 1416f. BMC, IV, p. 625, 1431 cf. BMC, IV, p. 633, 1470. 2 1. 141* 142. 145-160 A.D. Dup. or As Dup.. 143. Dup. Ses.. 144. Ses.. ,, 169-170 A.D. 170-171 A.D.. 145. Ses.. ,,. 146. 171-172 A.D.. VOTA SVSCEPDECENN II SC COS III Emperor sacrificing 1. IMPVI COS IIISC Roma seated 1.. 1. 1. 147. Ses. As. 148" 149. Ses. Dup.. ,, 173-174 A.D. 174-175 A.D.. TR P XXIX IMPVIIICOS IIISC Annona 1.. BMC, IV, p. 641, 1515. 1. 150. Ses.. 177-178 A.D.. IMPVIII COS IIIPP SC Aequitas 1.. BMC, IV, p. 674, 1678f.. 1. 151". Ses.. 178-179A.D.. FELICITAS AVGIMPVIIIICOS IIIPPSC. cf. BMC, IV, p. 677,t. 1. 151a. AE. 152 153 154. Den.. Felicitas 1.. 9. Uncertain type. Rome 161-176 A.D.. Den. ,, 147-150 A.D. Dup. or As. 1. FAUSTINA 11 (28) FECVNDITAS Fecunditas r. SALVS Salus 1. PVDICITIASC Pudicitia seated 1.. 1. BMC, IV, p. 898, 91-95 BMC, IV, p. 404, 141-145. 1. BMC, IV, p. 875, 2159. 1.

(23) © American School of Classical Studies at Athens For personal use only. License: CC-BY-NC-ND.. CATALOGUE. 15. VENVS SC Venus r.. BMC, IV, p. 376, 2164f.. 1. 150-152 A.D.. Same. Venus 1.. ,,. BMC, IV, p. 377, 2168 BMC, IV, p. 377, 2169. 1. Same. Venus r.. 1. IVNO SC Juno 1.. BMC, IV, p. 380, 2188. 1. VENVS SC Venus leaning on column. BMC, IV, p. 856, add. to p. 381. 1. HILARITASSC Hilaritas 1.. BMC, IV, pp. 531f., 911-913 BMC, IV, p. 532, 917. 2 1. 155. 147-150 A.D. Dup. or As. 156. Ses.. 157. Dup. or As. 158. 152-153 A.D. Dup. or As. 159. Dup. or As. 160. Ses.. 161-176 A.D.. ,,. 161. Ses.. ,,. IVNO SC Juno 1.. 162. Ses.. ,,. IVNONI REGINAESC Same. BMC, IV, p. 533, 919-923 BMC, IV, p. 535, 945-948 BMC, IV, p. 539, 969f.. 1 1. 163. Ses.. ,,. 164. Dup. or As. ,,. SALVTIAVGVSTAESC Salus seated 1. CONCORDIA SC Concordiaseated 1.. 165. Dup. or As. ,,. LAETITIASC Laetitia r.. BMC, IV, p. 541, 987. 1. 166. Dup. or As. ,,. TEMPORFELICSC Felicitas 1.. BMC, IV, pp. 542f., 996-998. 1. 167. Ses.. AETERNITASSC Aeternitas seated 1.. 1. 168. Ses.. BMC, IV, p. 652, 1566 BMC, IV, p. 655, 1589f. BMC, IV, p. 656, 1593f.. 1. 169. Dup. or As. 169a. AE. After 175 A.D. ,, ,,. SIDERIBVSRECEPTASC Faustina 1. SC Crescent and stars Uncertain type. LUCIUS VERUS. 161-169 A.D.. (11). 170. Den.. 171. Den.. 165-166 A.D.. TR P V IMPII COS II Roma advancing 1. PAX AVG TR P VI COS II Pax 1.. 172*. Ses.. 161 A.D.. FELTEMPCOS II SC Felicitas 1.. 173. Ses.. 174*. As. 163-164 A.D.. 175. Ses.. 165-166 A.D.. 176*. Ses.. 167-168 A.D.. 177. Ses.. ,,. 177a. AE. Den.. 179. Ses.. ,,. 180. ,, Dup. or As Ses. After 169 A.D.. 181. 182. Den.. 1 1. BMC,IV,p. 523,856f.. 1. Emperors clasping hands TR P IIIIIMPII COS II SC Emperor riding r.. cf. BMC, IV, p. 567, 1131. 1. BMC, IV, p. 596, 18308f.. 1. cf. BMC, IV, p. 604, 1341. 1. BMC, IV, p. 604, 1343. 1. TR POT VI IMPIIIICOS II SC Victory with shield TR POT VIIIIMPV COS IIISC Aequitas seated 1. Same with FORT RED in exergue. Fortuna seated 1.. 3. (5). CONCORDIA Concordiaseated 1.. 1. SALVSSC Salus seated 1.. BMC, IV, p. 430, 83833-335 BMC, IV, p. 576,* BMC, IV, p. 579, 1222f.. 1 1. VENVS SC Venus 1.. BMC, IV, pp. 571f., 1167-1171. 2. BMC, IV, p. 700, 70-72. 1. CONCORDIA SC Same. COMMODUS 176-192 A.D. Rome 181-182 A.D.. 1. CONCORD AVGVSTOR TRP SCCOSII. LUCILLA 178. BMC, IV, p. 437, 381f. BMC, IV, p. 443, 420 cf. BMC, IV, p. 522,* (PLATE 1). Uncertain type. Rome 164-169 A.D.. 1. 9. Rome 164-165 A.D.. ,,. 1. (15). LIBAVG V TR P VII IMPIIIICOS IIIPP Liberalitas 1..

(24) THE ATHENIANAGORA:COINS. 16. © American School of Classical Studies at Athens For personal use only. License: CC-BY-NC-ND.. 183. Den.. 181-182 A.D.. TR P VII IMPV COS IIIPP Roma 1. IMPII COS II PP SC Minerva 1. VIRTVTIAVGVSTITR P VII IMPIIIICOS III PP SC Emperor riding r. TR P VIIIIMPVI COS IIIIPP SC Pax 1. PM TR P XI IMPVIICOS V PP SC Roma 1.. 184. Ses.. 179 A.D.. 185. Ses.. 181-182 A.D.. 186. Ses.. 183 A.D.. 187. Ses.. 186 A.D.. 188. Ses.. ,,. 189. Ses.. 186-189 A.D.. 190. Sea.. 190 A.D.. 191. As. 192 A.D.. 192*. As. 192a. AE. ,,. Liberalitas 1. PM TR P XVII IMPVIIICOS VII PP SC Victory advancing 1. Uncertain type. CRISPINA 193*. Dup. or As. 194. Dup. or As. 194a. AE. Rome 180-183 A.D. ,,. 1 4. 1. 193 A.D.. 197. Den.. PM TR P XIIIICOS IIIPP Annona 1.. 198. Den.. 209 A.D.. LIBERALITAS AVG VI Liberalitas 1.. 199. Den.. 200*. Den.. ,, 210 A.D.. RESTITVTORVRBIS Roma seated 1.. 201*. (Pl.) 194 A.D. Ses.. 202*. 195 A.D.. PM TR P IIICOS II PP SC Fortuna 1.. 196 A.D.. PM TR P IIIICOS II PP SC Jupiter 1. VICTORIAEBRIiTTANNICAE SC Two Victories with shield. (1). PM TR P COS SC Fortuna 1.. BMC, V, p. 16, 25-27. 1. BMC, V, p. 17, 32-36. 1. (1). IVNO REGINASC Juno 1.. SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS. 193-211 A.D.. PM TR P XVIIICOS Ill PP Salus seated 1. AFRICASC Africa r.. (13) BMC, V, pp. 252f., 489-492 BMC, V, p. 220, 351. 1. BMC, V, p. 222, 360 of. BMC, V, pp. 360f., 20-22. 1. of. BMC, V, p. 127, 504 of. BMC, V, p. 142, 580 BMC, V, p. 145, 590. 1 1. BMC, V, p. 325, 811. 1. JULIA DOMNA Den.. 206. Ses.. 211-215 A.D.. 207*. Ses.. ,,. 1 1. 1. 5. Uncertain type. Rome 215-217 A.D.. 205. cf. BMC, IV, p. 841, 11. 1. Rome 206 A.D.. AE. 1. BMC, IV, p. 769, 439. Ses.. 204a. 1. BMC, IV, p. 841,t. Uncertain type. 210 A.D.. 1. VENVS SC Venus 1.. MANLIA SCANTILLA. 204. 1. 1. Rome 193 A.D.. Sea. Sea. Ses.. 1. cf. BMC, IV, pp. 768f., 433f.. Ses.. 203. 1. IVNO LVCINASC Juno 1.. DIDIUS JULIANUS. 196. BMC, IV, p. 786, 515. 1. (3). Rome 193 A.D.. 195. 1. BMC, IV, p. 804,* SAEC FELPM TR P XI IMPVII COS V PP SC BMC, IV, p. 806, 584 Victory r. with shield VICTORIAEFELICISC COS V PP BMC, IV, pp. 814f., 611f. Victory flying 1. TEMPORFELICPM TR P XV IMPVIIICOS BMC, IV, p. 827, 655f. VI SC Caduceus and crossed cornucopiae. LIBAVGVIIIPMTR P XVIICOS VIIPPSC. 1. BMC, IV, p. 704, 93 BMC, IV, p. 678, 1699f. BMC, IV, p. 777, 480. (6) 1. IVNO SC Juno 1.. BMC, V, p. 434, 23B-26 BMC, V, pp. 468f., 206f.. IVNONEMSC Same. BMC, V, p. 469, 208f.. 1. VENVSGENETRIX Venus seated 1.. 1.

(25) CATALOGUE 208 208 a. Seos.. 211-215 A.D.. MATAVGGMATSENM PATRSC. 211. © American School of Classical Studies at Athens For personal use only. License: CC-BY-NC-ND.. 212. BMC,V, p. 469, 213f.. Domna seated 1.. AE. Uncertain type. Den.. Rome 209 A.D.. Den.. 210 A.D.. Den. 210-213 A.D. (P1.) 211 A.D. Den. 215 A.D.. 213. Den.. 214 215. Ant.. ,,. Ant.. ,,. 216*. Ant.. 217. Ses.. 218*. Ant.. 218a. AE. ,, 210-213 A.D.. 1 2. CARACALLA 198-217 A.D. 209 210*. 17. (12). PONTIFTR P XII COS III Virtus r.. BMC, V, p. 358, 13 PONTIFTR P XIIICOS III Concordiaseated 1. cf. BMC, V, pp. 363f., 34-36. 1. MARTIPACATORI Mars 1.. BMC, V, pp. 371f., 81-86. 1. PM TR P XIIIiCOS IIIPP Pax advancing 1. PM TR P XVIIICOS IIIIPP Aesculapius 1.. BMC, V, p. 420, 4f.. 1. BMC, V, pp. 451f., 103f. BMC, V, p. 459, 150. 1. Same. Lion advancing 1. Same. Sol 1. Same. Serapis 1. SECVRITATIPERPETVAESC Securitas seated r.. 1. 1 1. BMC, V, p. 456, 135 cf. BMC, V, p. 455, 126 BMC, V, p. 411, 250-252. 1. of. BMC, V, p. 451(e). 1. 1. Uncertain PM TR P XVII COS tiIIPP Sol 1. Uncertain type. PLAUTILLA. 219. Den.. 220. Den.. Rome 202-205 A.D. ,,. (2). PIETASAVGG Pietas r. VENVS VICTRIX Venus r.. GETA 209-212 A.D.. 221. Ses.. Rome 210 A.D.. 222. Ses.. 210-212 A.D.. 223. Ses.. 211 A.D.. 223a. AE. 2. 224. Den.. 225. Den.. 226*. Den.. ,, 221 A.D.. 227*. Ses.. ,,. PONTIFTR P II COS II SC Emperors sacrificing LIBERALITAS AVGG VI ET V SC Emperors seated on platform VICT BRITTR P IIICOS II SC Victory seated r. Uncertain type. Sea.. 229*. Den.. Rome 222 A.D.. 230. See.. ,,. 228. 2. 2. BMC, V, p. 407, 234. 1. BMC, V, p. 416, 268. 1. (4). VICTORIAAVG Victory advancing 1. PM TR P IIIICOS IIIPP Emperor 1. sacrificing Same with SC. Sol advancing 1.. BMC, V, p. 560, 193f. BMC, V, p. 566, 237-239. 1. cf. BMC, V, p. 569, 256-258. 1. of. BMC, V, p. 610, 439. 1. BMC, V, p. 599, 395. 1. 1. (1). PVDICITIASC Pudicitia seated 1.. SEVERUS ALEXANDER. BMC, V, p. 401, 214f.. 1. 1. ABVNDANTIA AVG Abundantia 1.. JULIA MAESA Rome 218-222 A.D.. 1. (5). ELAGABALUS 218-222 A.D. Rome 220-222 A.D.. BMC, V, pp. 237f., 422-426 BMC, V, p. 238, 428-430. 222-235 A.D.. PIETASAVG Pietas 1. PM TR P COS PP SC Mars advancing r.. (26) RIC, IV,, p. 84, 170 RIC, IV,, p. 103, 390. 1 1.

(26) © American School of Classical Studies at Athens For personal use only. License: CC-BY-NC-ND.. THE ATHENIANAGORA:COINS. 18 231. Sea.. 223 A.D.. PONTIF MAX TR P II COS PP SC Pax seated 1.. RIC, IV,, p. 104, 402. 1. 232. Ses.. ,, 225 A.D.. Same. Securitas seated 1.. RIC, IV2, p. 104, 407 RIC, IV2, p. 115, 560. 1. RIC, IV,, p. 114, 547 RIC, IV2, p. 117, 591 RIC, IV2, p. 118, 602. 1. RIC, IV,, p. 110, 500 RIC, IV2, p. 119, 616 RIC, IV2, p. 119, 618. 1. RIG, IV2, p. 114, 549 RIC, IV2, p. 120, 628. 1. 233 234. Ses.. 235. Ses. Ses.. 236. Ses.. 237. Ses. Ses.. 238. 227 A.D. ,, 228 A.D.. PM TR P VIIIICOS IIIPP SC Sol 1.. ANNONA AVGVSTISC Annona 1.. 239. Ses. Ses.. ,,. 241. Ses.. 242. Ses. Ses. As. 245. ROMAEAETERNAESC Roma seated 1. VICTORIAAVGVSTISC Victory r. Same. Victory 1.. 240. 244. AEQVITASAVGVSTISC Aequitas 1. PAX AVG SC Pax advancing 1.. 230 A.D. ,, 231 A.D.. 243. IOVIVLTORISC Jupiter seated 1.. IOVI PROPVGNATORISC Jupiter advancing 1. PM TR P X COS IIIPP SC Sol 1. Same. Annona 1. ,,. Ses.. 232 A.D.. 246. Ses.. 233 A.D.. 247. Ses. Ses.. 234 A.D.. 248. 249*. Den.. 250*. Den.. ,, Antioch 228-231 A.D.. PONTIF MAX TR P X COS IIIPP SC PROF AVG Emperor riding r. PM TR P XI COS IIIPP SC Sol 1.. RIC, IV2, p. 111, 515 RIC, IV2, p. 112, 520 RIGC,IV, p. 112, 524. RIC, IV2, p. PM TR P XII COS IIIPP SC Sol advancing 1. RIC, IV,, p. PM TR P XIIICOS IIIPP SC Same RIC, IV2, p. SPESPVBLICASC Spes advancing 1. RIC, IV2, p.. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1. 112, 528 113, 535. 4. 113, 538 121, 648. 1. 1. LIBERTASAVG Libertas 1.. RIC, IV,, p. 92, 285. 1. VENVS CEL Venus seated 1.. (PLATE 1). 1. Uncertain. (Pl.) JULIA MAMAEA. (13). 251. Den.. Rome 226 A.D.. 252. Den.. 229-231 A.D.. FECVNDAVGVSTAE Fecunditas seated 1.. 253. Den.. VESTA Vesta 1.. 254. Ses.. ,, 228 A.D.. FELICITASPVBLICASC Felicitas 1.. RIC,. 255. Ses.. Same. Felicitas seated 1.. RIC,. 256. Ses.. ,, 229-231 A.D.. 257. IVNO CONSERVATRIX Juno 1.. RIC, IV2,p. 98, 343. 1. RIC, IV2, p. 98, 332 RIC, IV,, p. 99, 360. 1 1 1. IV,, p. 125, 676 IV,, p. 125, 679 IV,, p. 124, 668 IV2, p. 125, 683. 1. 1. Ses.. ,,. FECVNDITASAVGVSTAESC Fecunditas 1. RIC, IVNO AVGVSTAESC Juno seated 1. RIC,. 258. Ses.. ,,. VENERIFELICISC Venus r,. RIC, IV2, p. 126, 694. 2. 259. Ses.. ,, ,,. VENVS FELIXSC Venus seated 1.. RIC, IV,, p. 126, 701 RIC, IV,, p. 127, 708. 2. 260 260a. Ses. AE. Uncertain type. Rome 235 A.D.. MAXIMINUS I 235-238 A.D.. 261 262. Den.. ,,. PROVIDENTIAAVG Providentia 1.. 263. Den.. ,,. 264. Sea.. ,,. 265. Sea.. ,,. SALVSAVGVSTI Salus seated 1. FIDESMILITVMSC Fides 1. PAX AVGVSTISC Pax l.. Ses. Sea.. ,, ,,. Dup.. ,,. 266 267 268. Den.. VESTASC Vesta 1.. 1. 1 1. (21). PAX AVGVSTI Pax 1.. SALVSAVGVSTISC Salus seated 1. VICTORIAAVG SC Victory advancing r. Same. RIC, IV,, p. 140, 12 RIC, IV,, p. 141, 13. 1 1. RIC, IV2, p. 141, 14. 1. RIC, IVs, p. 144, 48 RIGC,IV,, p. 145, 58 RIC, IV,, p. 145, 64 RIC, IV2, p. 145, 67. 3 8 1. RIC, IV,, p. 145, 68. 1. 1.

(27) CATALOGUE 269. Ses.. 270 271 272. 273. 286 A.D.. FIDESMILITVM SC Fides 1.. RIC, IV2,,p. 146, 78 RIC, IV,, p. 146, 81 RIG, IV,, p. 147, 85 RIC, IV2, p. 147, 90. Ses.. ,,. PAX AVGVSTISC Pax 1.. Ses. Ses.. ,,. SALVSAVGVSTISC Salus seated 1. VICTORIAGERMANICASC Victory 1.. Ses.. Rome 236 A.D.. MAXIMUS. © American School of Classical Studies at Athens For personal use only. License: CC-BY-NC-ND.. 274a. Ses. AE. Rome 288 A.D.. CONCORDIA AVGG SC Concordiaseated 1. RIC, IV2, p. 175, 20 Uncertain type. 1. 238 A.D.. (2). 276 277. Ant. Ant.. 278. Ant.. 279. Ant.. ,, 241-243 A.D.. 280 281. Ant.. ,,. Ant.. 282. Ant.. 283. Ant.. ,, 243 A.D.. 284. Ant.. 243-244 A.D.. PMTR P VI COS II PP Emperor r. FORT REDVX Fortuna seated 1.. CONCORDIA MILIT Same AETERNITATIAVG Sol 1. IOVISTATORI Jupiter r. LAETITIAAVG N Laetitia 1. VIRTVTIAVGVSTI Hercules r.. 285. Ant.. ,,. MARSPROPVG Mars advancing r.. 286 287. Ant.. ,,. SECVRITPERP Securitas 1.. Ant.. ,,. 288. Ant.. 289. Ses.. 290. Ses.. ,, 238-239 A.D. 240 A.D.. 291. Ses.. ,,. 292. Ses.. 293*. Ses.. ,, 241-243 A.D.. 294. VICTORAETER Victory 1. VICTORIAAETER Same FIDESMILITVMSC Fides 1. PM TR P II COS PP SC Emperor sacrificing 1. PM TR P IIICOS PP SC Same VIRTVSAVG SC Virtus 1. AETERNITATIAVG SC Sol 1.. Ses.. ,,. AVG SC Felicitas 1. FELICITAS. 295. Ses.. ,,. SECVRITASAVG SC Securitas seated 1.. 296. Ses. Dup.. ,,. LAETITIAAVG N SC Laetitia 1.. 297 298. ,, 248 A.D.. Same PM TR P VI COS II PP SC Emperor r. FELICIT TEMPORSC Felicitas 1.. 299. Ses. Sea.. 300. Ses.. ,,. FELICITAS TEMPORVMSC Same. Ses. Sea.. ,,. ,,. MARSPROPVGNATSC Mars advancing r. MARTEMPROPVGNATOREMSC Same. 301 302 303 304. Ses. Sea.. 305*. Ant.. 306. Ant.. 2*. 243-244 A.D.. 1. (52). SALVSAVGVSTI Salus r. PMTR P II COS PP Victory advancing 1. CONCORDIA AVG Concordiaseated 1.. Den.. ,,. 1. 2. 275. 289 A.D. 240 A.D.. 1. RIC, IV2, p. 156, 13. GORDIAN 111 288-244 A.D. Rome 241 A.D.. 6 1. (2). PRINCIPIIWENTVTISSC Prince 1.. PUPIENUS 274. 19. RIC, IV3, p. 28, 129A RIC, IV3, p. 17, 19. 8 1. RIC, IV3, p. 19, 35 RIC, IV3, p. 23, 65. 1. RIC, IV3, p. 24, 83 RIC, IV3, p. 25, 84 RIC, IV3, p. 25, 86 RIC, IV3, p. 25, 95 RIC, IV3, p. 25, 94 RIC, IV3, p. 31, 143 RIC, IV3, p. 31, 145 RIC, IV3, p. 31, 151 RIC, IV3, p. 31, 154 RIC, IV3, p. 31, 155 RIC, IV3, p. 43, 254a RIC, IV,, p. 45, 271. 1 2 3 2 2 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1. RIC, IV3, p. 47, 292a RIC, IV3, p. 47, 293a RIC, IV3, p. 48, 297a. 1. RIC, IV3, p. 49, 310a RIC, IV3, p. 49, 311a. 1. RIC, IV3, p. 48, 300a RIC, IV3, p. 48, 300c. 2. RIC, IV3, p. 49, 308a RIC, IV,, p. 51, 328a RIC, IV3, p. 51, 330. 1 4 1 1 1 1 1. RIC, IV3, p. 52, 332a. 1. ,,. SECVRITASPERPETVASC Securitas 1.. RIC, IV3, p. 52, 333 RIG, IV3, p. 52, 336. 1 1. ,,. VICTORIAAETERNA Victory 1.. RIC, IV,, p. 52, 338a. 2. RIC, IV,, p. 16, 4 or p. 35, 193 RIC, IV3, p. 18, 30. 1. Rome or Antioch PROVIDENTIAAVG Providentia 1. 288-289 A.D. PM TR P II COS PP Serapis 1. 239-240 A.D.. 1.

(28) 20. THE ATHENIANAGORA:COINS. 307. Ant.. 308. Ant.. 309*. 243-244 A.D. 244 A.D.. FORTVNA REDVX Fortuna seated 1. PM TR P VIICOS II PP Mars advancing r.. 1 RIC, IV3, p. 31, 144 or p. 37, 210 1 or 207 RIC, IV3, p. 32, 167A p. 36,. Ant.. VIRTVSAVG Virtus 1.. RIC, IV3, p. 39, 229. 310. Ant.. ANNONA AVGG Annona 1.. RIC, IV3, p. 39, 281. 310a. AE. Uncertain type. Uncertain. © American School of Classical Studies at Athens For personal use only. License: CC-BY-NC-ND.. 311. Ant. Ant.. 1 1. PHILIP 1 244-249 A.D.. 312. 1. (31). Rome 244 A.D.. LAETITFVNDAT Laetitia 1. VICTORIAAVG Victory advancing r. SECVRITORBIS Securitas seated 1.. RIC, IV3, p. 72, 36b RIC, IV3, p. 74, 49b RIC, IV3, p. 73, 48b. 1. IV3, p. 72, 38b IV,, p. 72, 31 IV3, p. 71, 27b IV3, p. 71, 24c. 2. 313. Ant.. ,, 244-245 A.D.. 314. Ant.. 245 A.D.. LIBERALITAS AVGG II Liberalitas 1.. RIC,. 315. Ant.. FELICITAS TEMP Felicitas 1.. RIC,. 316 317. Ant.. ,, 245-247 A.D.. Ant.. 248 A.D.. 318. Ant.. 319 320. AEQVITASAVGG Aequitas 1. SAECVLARES AVGG Column with COS III. RIC,. SAECVLVMNOWM. Ant.. ,, 248-249 A.D.. Ses.. 244 A.D.. FIDESMILITVMSC Fides 1.. RIC, IV3, p. 71, 25b RIC, IV3, p. 75, 62 RIC, IV3, p. 90, 172a. RIC,. Hexastyle temple FIDESEXERCITVS Four standards. 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1. 321. Ses.. FELICITAS TEMPSC Felicitas 1.. RIC, IV3, p. 91, 187a RIC, IV,, p. 90, 169a. 2. Ses.. ,, 245 A.D.. SALVSAVG SC Salus 1.. 322. 1. 323. Ses.. 245-247 A.D.. Ses.. 248 A.D.. AEQVITASAVGG SC Aequitas 1. SAECVLARES AVGG SC Lion r.. RIC, IV3, p. 89, 166a (2). 166c (1) RIC, IV3, p. 89, 158. 3. 324. 325*. Ant.. Antioch 247-249 A.D.. AEQVITASAVG Aequitas 1.. 1. 326 327. Ant.. 249 A.D.. PM TR P VI COS PP Felicitas 1. Same. Emperor sacrificing 1.. cf. RIC, IV3, p. 78, 82 (PLATE 1) RIC, IV3, p. 78, 78 RIC, IV3, p. 78, 79a (1). 79b (1). 2. 328* 328a. Ant.. ROMAEAETERNAE Roma seated 1.. RIC, IV3, p. 81, 106A. 2. Ant. (3) AE (1). Uncertain type. Ant.. ,,. 1. 1. Uncertain 4. OTACILIA SEVERA 329. Ant.. Rome 245 A.D.. (9). PVDICITIAAVG Pudicitia seated 1.. RIC, IV3, p. 83, 123c RIC, IV3, p. 83, 127 RIC, IV3, p. 82, 116b. 330. Ant.. 246-248 A.D.. IVNO CONSERVAT Juno 1.. 331. Ant.. 248 A.D.. 332. Ses.. 245-247 A.D.. 333. Ses.. 248-249 A.D.. SAECVLARES AVGG IIII Hippopotamus r. CONCORDIA AVGG SC Concordiaseated 1. RIC, IV3, p. 94, 203a (2). 203e (1). 204 (1) PIETASAVGVSTAESC Pietas 1. RIC, IV3, p. 94, 208a. 334*. Ant.. 1 1 1 4 1. Uncertain CONCORDIA AVGG Concordiaseated l.. Rome 249-251 A.D.. TRAJAN DECIUS. 249-251 A.D.. 335. Ant.. 336 337. Ant.. ,,. DACIA Dacia 1.. Ant.. ,,. 338. Sea.. VICTORIAAVG Victory advancing 1. DACIA SC Dacia 1.. c. 249 A.D.. ABVNDANTIA AVG Abundantia r.. RIC, IV3, p. 86, 143. (10) 1 1. RIC, IV,, p. 121, 10b RIC, IV3, p. 121, 12b RIC, IV,, p. 123, 29o. 1. RIC, IV,, p. 133, 101a. 1.

(29) © American School of Classical Studies at Athens For personal use only. License: CC-BY-NC-ND.. CATALOGUE. 21. FELICITAS SAECVLISC Felicitas 1.. RI,. IV3,,p. 135, 115a. 1. ,,. PANNONIAE SC Two Pannoniae. ,,. VICTORIAAVG SC Victory advancing 1. AVG SC Liberalitas 1. LIBERALITAS. RIC, IV3, p. 136, 124a RIC, IV3, p. 136, 126d RBIC,IV3, p. 136, 120a. 2 1. 339. Dbl. Ses.. 249-251 A.D.. 340. Ses.. 341 342. Ses. As. 342a. Ant.. ,,. 1. Uncertain 1. Uncertain type. HERENNIA ETRUSCILLA Rome 249-251 A.D.. FECVNDITASAVG Fecunditas 1.. 343. Ant.. 344. Ant.. ,,. PVDICITIAAVG Pudicitia 1.. 345. Ant.. ,,. Same. Pudicitia seated 1.. 346. Ant.. 347. Ant.. Rome c. 250-251 A.D.. (5). HERENNIUS ETRUSCUS. RIC, IV,, p. 127, 55b RIC, IV3, p. 127, 58b RIC, IV,, p. 127, 59b. 251 A.D.. PRINCIPIIWENTVTIS Apollo seated 1. Same. Prince 1.. TREBONIANUS GALLUS 251-253 A.D. 348. Ant.. Rome 251-253 A.D.. ANNONA AVGG Annona r.. 2 2 1. (2) RIC, IV3, p. 139, 146 RIC, IV3, p. 139, 147c. 1 1. (17) RIC, IV3, p. 162, 31 RIC, IV3, p. 162, 35. 1 2 1 2. 349. Ant.. ,,. IVNO MARTIALIS Juno seated 1.. 350. Ant.. ,,. LIBERTASAVGG Libertas 1.. 351. Ant.. ,,. PIETASAVGG Pietas 1.. 352. Ant.. ,,. PROVIDENTIAAVGG Providentia 1.. RIC, IV3, p. 163, 37 RIC, IV3, p. 163, 41 RIC, IV,, p. 163, 44. 353 354. Ses. Ses.. AVGGSC Liberalitas1. LIBERALITAS PMTR P IIIICOS IIPPSC Emperor. RIC, IV3,p. 171, 113 RIC, IV3,p. 170, 100. 1 1. 3 2. 1. ,, 253 A.D.. 1. sacrificing 1. Milan 251-253 A.D.. 356. Ant.. ,,. LIBERTASPVBLICA Libertas 1.. 357. Ant.. ,,. PIETASAVGG Pietas 1.. R•C, IV,, p. 166, 69 RIC, IV3, p. 166, 70 RIC, TIV,p. 166, 72. 358*. Ant.. Antioch 251-253 A.D.. 359. Ant.. ,,. AEQVITASAVG Aequitas 1. MARTIPACIFERO Mars advancing 1.. RIC, IV,, p. 168, 80 RIC, IV,, p. 168, 85. 355. Ant.. IVNO MARTIALIS Juno seated 1.. VOLUSIAN 360. Ant.. Rome 251-253 A.D.. 361. Ant.. ,,. 362 363. Ant. Ses.. 253 A.D. 251-253 A.D.. 364*. Ant.. 364a. Ant. (2) AE (1). 251-253 A.D.. 1. (8) 1. IVNONI MARTIALI Juno seated in temple. RIC, IV3, p. 178, 167 RIC, IV,, p. 178, 173. 1. PMTR P IIIICOS II Emperor1. SC Juno in temple IVNONIMARTIALI. RIC, IV3,p. 175, 140 RIC, IV3,p. 188, 252a. 1 1. PVBL Felicitas1. FELICITAS. RIC, IV3,p. 183, 217. 1. CONCORDIA AVGG Concordia1.. Antioch. 251-253A.D.. 1. Uncertain. Uncertaintype. 3.