11.1 Environmental Data

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11.2 Collection of Environmental Data 11.3 Monitoring Networks

11.4 Laboratory Data 11.5 Summary

11 Environmental Information Systems

http://www.wuz-paderborn.de/

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• Characterization

– Special geographic information system

– Collecting, storing, analyzing, presentation of environmental data

– Includes data on natural, artificial, social environment and interdependencies

– Focus on different application areas

• Environment pollutions, endangerments, precautions

• Control of air, water, soil

– Basis for planning, decision making

http://www.clisap.de/

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• Operators

– Federal government (federal environment agency)

– Federal state (ministry of the environment)

– Administrative authority (district, commune)

– Industry (occupational EIS)

http://www.hannover.de/

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• Applications

– Environmental documentation – Recording, monitoring

– Biotope cadastre – Radiation detection

– Simulation of

environmental processes

– Environmental compatibility

assessment

http://www.galk.de/

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• Example: urban planning

[SX08]

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• Example: visualization of potential wind energy

http://www.gogis.dk/natgis/

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• Example: visualization of flooding areas

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• Example: occurrence of a species

(beavers in Central

Franconia)

http://www.regierung.mittelfranken.bayern.de/

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• Are related with the environment and are describing the environment

• Often have complex structure

• Have spatial components and usually also temporal components

• Are often spatially distributed

• Usually are recorded in large quantities

• There is a continuum

between conventional data and environmental data

11.1 Environmental Data

http://luadb.lds.nrw.de/

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11.1 Environmental Data

• The federal environment agency distinguishes 14 environment sectors, including

– Environmental aspects of energy and raw material

– Environmental aspects of genetically modified organisms – Environmental issues in agriculture, forestry, fisheries, food – Chemicals/harmful substances

– Noise/vibration – Waste

– Soil – Air

– Nature and landscape – Radiation

– Water

http://www.wash-tec.de/

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• The environment sectors are each structured in 7 layers

– Methodological aspects of environmental planning – Causes of pollutions

– Effects of pollutions

– Methods of measurement – Quality

– Measures to reduce pollution – Theory and fundamentals

11.1 Environmental Data

http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/

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• Example of environmental data: "forest management planning"

– Kind of "forest inventory", is conducted every 10 years – Acquisition of the forest status through special data

acquisition forms

– Forest is divided into forestry, departments, divisions

– Acquisition of data include

• Forest floor

• Types of trees

• Inventory layers (major, shelter, 2^nd growth)

• Mixture proportions

• Age, height, circumference

11.1 Environmental Data

http://www.wald-online-bw.de/

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• "Geometrical part" of environmental data can be captured by

– Terrestrial surveying

• Chain, laser

• Theodolite: optical angle measurement

• Tachymeter: theodolite with electro- optical distance measurement

– Photogrammetry (see chapter 9.2) – Satellite imagery (see chapter 9.3) – GPS (see chapter 10.1)

11.2 Collection of Environmental Data

http://baumschutz.files.wordpress.com/

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• "Non-geometrical part" of environmental data can be captured by

– Satellite imagery (see chapter 9.4) – Field recordings, field survey

– Continuous measurement

• Monitoring networks

• Evaluation of

laboratory data

http://www.vista-geo.de/

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• Surveying with theodolite

– Device for angle measurement of geodesy

– Measurement of horizontal direction and vertical angle – Consists of

• Sighting telescope

• Vertical and horizontal reference circles

• Several bubble levels

– Is perpendicularly adjusted above measuring point

– Target points are focused on – Read at angle scale

http://www.maerki.com/

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• In addition to the hair cross, a theodolite usually has two short slashes

– Thus, distance measurements are possible

– This requires a level indicator

– However, the measurement method is not very accurate

http://www.uni-kiel.de/ewf/geographie/

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• With theodolite surveying of triangular networks (triangulation) is possible

– Starting point is a 4 to 10 km long baseline (basic measurement)

– Then measurement of the angles between the

baseline points and a visible target

– Resulting triangle is

the starting point for further measurements

http://www.sgc.ethz.ch/

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• Surveying with tachymeter

– Angle measurement as with theodolite

– Additional distance measurement, now usually by laser – Substantial improvement of accuracy compared to the

distance measurement with theodolite

http://www.acuitylaser.com/

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• Uses a laser beam to determine the distance to

an object

• Measurement principles

– Runtime

– Phase modulation – Interferometry – Triangulation

Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 949

11.2 Laser Rangefinder

http://en.wikipedia.org/

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• Runtime measurement

– Emitting a light pulse

– Measuring the pulse transit time ∆t

– With the speed of light c determine the distance l between source and object

– Speed of light is reduced due to the medium with

refractive index n

n t l c



 

 2

http://www.sps-magazin.de/

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• Phase modulation

– High frequency f = 1/T modulation of the laser amplitude

– Evaluation of the modulation signal’s phase shift

http://de.wikipedia.org/

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• Interferometry

– Frequency modulation of the laser (phase measurement with runtime component)

– Difference between original and reflected signal is proportional to distance

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• Triangulation

– Laser beam is reflected from the object's surface to the detector through the lens

– Depending on the position of the beam on the detector, the

distance from the sensor to the

surface is detected

http://www.delta-usa.com/

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Measurement principle

Measurement range

Remarks Runtime

measurement

1 m – several km rapid response

Phase modulation frequency

dependent, max. 200 m

low production costs

Interferometry 10 nm – 20 m higher cost, high resolution Triangulation 1 µm – 100 m depending on

surface,

inexpensive, robust

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• Field survey

– Direct observation of environmental events/states (the focus is on the "non-geometrical part")

– Examples

• Traffic counting

• Occurrence of a species (beavers in Central Franconia,

cheetahs in the Serengeti,

lynxes in the Harz Mountains, the giant hogweed in the

Weser Hills)

http://www.tra-inc.com/

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• Tools for field survey

– Counting device

– Data acquisition forms

• Paper-bound

• Electronically (e.g. via PDA)

– Datalogger

– Tracking transmitter

http://www.biostation-dueren.de/

http://www.ufz.de/

http://www.atp-messtechnik.de/

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• Tasks of a monitoring network

– Automatic and continuous recording of measurement data

– At several locations

• Properties of a monitoring network

– Automatically

• Measure, transfer, storage without user interaction

• Intervals are in seconds to minutes

• Costly to develop, accident-sensitive in operation

11.3 Monitoring Networks

http://www.wetterstation-goettingen.de/

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– Continuously

• Measurements round the clock

• Robust against equipment failures

– Data acquisition

• Different phenomena require different measuring technology

• All measurements are afflicted with measuring errors

– Quality

• Measuring results of comparable measurements should be interchangeable

• Preferable are continuous (automatic) plausibility checks

11.3 Monitoring Networks

http://www.wsl.ch/

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• Example: TAO monitoring network

– “Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean Array”

– World's largest marine monitoring network – Approx. 8000 miles near the equator

through the Pacific, from New Guinea to Panama

– Consists of 70 measuring buoys – Data are transmitted via satellite

– Air temperature, humidity, wind speed, surface temperature, water

temperature at various depths

11.3 Monitoring Networks

http://www.enso.info/

http://www.argos-system.org/

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• Example: ODL monitoring network

– "Gamma dose rate monitoring network" (Gamma-

Ortsdosisleistungs-Messnetz) Federal Office for Radiation

– Serves to warn people of increased gamma-radiation in the atmosphere

– Approx. 2150 automatic measuring points – Approx. a probe every 20 kilometer

– Covers whole Germany

– Per probe two Geiger-Müller tubes

11.3 Monitoring Networks

http://upload.wikimedia.org

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– Probe is connected to a transmitter

– Every 10 minutes the average from the measurement

results is calculated

– Averages are requested once per day by a monitoring node

– Computer systems in

monitoring nodes operate redundantly

11.3 Monitoring Networks

http://www.bfs.de/de/ion/imis/

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• Example: Berlin hydrological monitoring network

– Serves to monitor the levels in the waters of the city of Berlin

– Wide range of measurement principles (a total of about 60 sampling points)

• Staff gauge, meter reading once a week

• Automatically recording gauge, continuous measurement

• Ultrasonic measurement with remote data transmission, continuous measurement

– Collection and processing of

measurements in a special information system

11.3 Monitoring Networks

http://www.berlin.de/sen/umwelt/

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• Example: sensor network on Great Duck Island

– For monitoring of the petrels' breeding in the U.S. state of Maine

– Network of 32 sensor nodes

– 9 nodes in different breeding caves

– Temperature measurement in

the nest (presence of the old birds)

– Additional nodes for measurement of air temperature and humidity and for message forwarding

– Example of peer-to-peer sensor network

11.3 Monitoring Networks

http://www.wired.com/

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• Not all relevant environmental parameters can be recorded automatically on the spot

• The accurate determination of concentrations of elements and organic traces in water, soil, and air

requires instrumental analysis of samples

• The more specific the investigated parameter is and the smaller its

concentration the more complex the analysis is

11.4 Laboratory Data

http://www.wuz-paderborn.de/

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• Sampling

– Apparently simple process

– Errors that are made here, propagate themselves during the analysis

– There are detailed

instructions for sampling of air, soil, plants, snow, fire residues, quench water

11.4 Laboratory Data

http://tea.armadaproject.org/

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• Instrumental analysis

– Spectroscopic methods for the quantification of elements

– Chromatographic methods for the quantification of organic

chemical trace elements

11.4 Laboratory Data

http://www.gerstel.com/ http://www.fh-muenchen.de/

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• Spectroscopy

– Kind of analysis at which wavelength a substance absorbs or emits energy in the form of photons – Spectrum: frequency plotted vs. intensity

– Distinction of many methods of

• Atomic spectroscopy

• Mass spectroscopy

• Ion spectroscopy

• Laser spectroscopy

• Molecular spectroscopy

11.4 Laboratory Data

http://www.tgs-chemie.de/

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• Example of a mass spectrogram

11.4 Laboratory Data

http://bild.lexikon.meyers.de/

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• Chromatography

– Kind of analysis for the separation of mixtures;

involves passing a mixture dissolved in a "mobile phase" through a stationary phase, which separates

the analyte to be

measured from other molecules

in the mixture

– Spectrum:

intensity plotted vs. time

– Important form is

gas chromatography

11.4 Laboratory Data

http://bild.lexikon.meyers.de/

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• Example of two gas chromatograms

11.4 Laboratory Data

http://www.bam.de/de/ http://www.aktuelle-wochenschau.de/2005/

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• Management of collected data, samples, and results directly by an environmental information system or initially by an laboratory information system

• Functions of a laboratory information system

– Sample collection (manual, automatic)

– Sample management – Threshold monitoring

– Derivation of statistical parameters – Graphical analysis

– Access protection, user administration

11.4 Laboratory Data

http://www.flsmidthminerals.com/NR/

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• Characterization of environmental information systems

• Examples (urban planning, etc.)

• Environmental data

– Characterization

– Classification of the Federal Environmental Agency – Example of environmental data (forest management

planning)

• Collection of environmental data

– Surveying with theodolite – Surveying with tachymeter – Field survey

11.5 Summary

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• Monitoring networks

– Characterization

– Examples (TAO monitoring network, etc.)

• Laboratory data

– Sampling

– Instrumental analysis – Spectroscopy

– Chromatography

11.5 Summary

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11.5 Summary

GIS

collect

manage

analyze

visualize

EIS

terrestrial surveying

monitoring networks

laboratory data