Hans Oerter

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Neumayer-, Kohnen-Station and 3000 Metres of Ice core –

Revealing the Climate of the Past.

Hans Oerter

Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft

Bremerhaven

Foto: Gerald Traufetter, 2002

Hans.Oerter@awi.de

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The AWI at Bremerhaven The Neumayer-Station in Antarctica The EPICA drill camp Kohnen-Station

Ice cores: 800,000 years of climate history

What

will H. Oerter talk about ?

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1980: The Institute was founded at

" " Bremerhaven as „Stiftung des

" " öffentlichen Rechts“

Status 2007:

"- Budget: 103 Mio. Euro

"- 788 employees Funding:

" - 90% Bundesministerium für

Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) - 8% State of Bremen

- 1% each, the states

Brandenburg and Schleswig- Holstein

- Soft money

Member of the Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren

Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung

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Alfred Wegener

* 1.11.1880 in Berlin

† November 1930 on Greenland Geophysicist

Meteorologist Klimatologist

foto: Archive AWI

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(Locations)

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Direktorium

Prof. Dr. Lochte · Dr. Wolke Prof. Dr. Miller · Prof. Dr. Wiltshire Wissenschaftlicher Rat

(Prof. Dr. Bathmann)

Kuratorium

(MinDirig’in Brumme-Bothe)

Wissenschaftlicher Beirat

(Prof. Dr. Oerlemans)

Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung

Nutzerbeiräte

(Großgeräte)

Personalrat und Frauenbeauftragte

(Sündermann, Viehoff)

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Geowissenschaften

(Prof. Dr. R. Tiedemann)

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(Dr. Jokat)

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(Prof. Dr. Hubberten)

Glaziologie

(Prof. Dr. Miller)

Marine Geologie und Paläontologie (Prof. Dr. Tiedemann)

Marine Geochemie

(Prof. Dr. Schlüter)

Biowissenschaften

(Prof. Dr. Cembella)

Biologische Ozeanographie

(Prof. Dr. Bathmann)

Makroalgen-Biologie

(Prof. Dr. Wiencke)

Marine Biogeologie

(Prof. Dr. Wolf-Gladrow)

Ökologie mariner Tiere

(N.N.)

Physiologie mariner Tiere

(Prof. Dr. Pörtner)

Klimawissenschaften

(Prof. Dr. Lemke)

Atmosphärische Zirku- lationen (Prof. Dr. Dethloff)

Messende Ozeanographie

(Dr. Fahrbach)

Meteorologie der Polar- gebiete (PD Dr. Wacker)

Ozeandynamik

(Dr. J. Schröter)

Meereisphysik

(Dr. Haas)

Neue Technologien

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(Dr. Herber)

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(Dr. Boebel)

Eisbohrungen

(Dr. Wilhelms)

Marine Biotechnologien

(Prof. Dr. Köhler)

Ökologische Chemie

(Prof. Dr. Cembella)

Ökologie der Schelfmeere

(Prof. Dr. Buchholz)

Logistik und Forschungs- plattformen (Dr. Gernandt)

Dynamik des Paläoklimas

(Prof. Dr. Lohmann)

Erdbeobachtungssysteme

(Prof. Dr. Lemke)

Ökologie der Küsten

(Dr. R. Asmus)

Wissenschaftlicher Beirat der Bundesregierung Globale Umweltbedingungen (WBGU)

(Prof. Dr. Schulz-Baldes)

Sicherheitsingenieur

(Marold)

Infrastruktur/

Verwaltung

Allgemeine Service- einrichtungen (D. Neumann)

Rechenzentrum und Daten- banken (Prof. Dr. Hiller)

Bibliothek

(Brannemann)

Technologietransfer

(Dr. Sauter)

Einkauf

(Siegmund)

Personalabteilung

(Hornke)

Finanzen

(Mühlstadt, Kalina)

Glaciology

Ice-core drilling

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60° N North Pole

Greenland

AWI Research bases in the Arctic/Antarctic

Elevations

Arctic

60° S

Neumayer-Station Dallman-Laboratary

Samoilov-Station

Elevations

Kohnen-Station

Antarctic

South Pole

fotos; AWI

Koldewey-Station

AWIPEV

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German Research Ice Breaker ”Polarstern“

Video clip: AWI

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German Research Ice Breaker ”Polarstern“

at Atka iceport, Ekströmisen

foto: hans oerter, 2000

Technical Data:

Overall length: 118 metres Maximum beam: 25 metres Height to main deck: 13.6 metres Draught: max. 11.20 metres Displacement at

maximum draught: 17,300 tons Weight of empty ship: 11,820 tons Engine output: 14,000 kW (20,000HP) Maximum speed: 16 knots Economic speed: 10-12 knots Classification: Germanischer Lloyd 100A, Arc3. MC Arc3, Aut16724 Crew members: 39-44

Scientific staff: 50

Maiden voyage: December 1982

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What is

Neumayer-Station used for ?

Geophysical observatory

(Seismic, Magnetic, Gravity)

Meteorological observatory

(e.g. Synoptic obs., Radiation)

Wintering over base ( 9 pers.)

Air chemistry

(e.g. aerosols, ozone) Logistic base

Infrasound station IS27 (CTBTO)

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Neumayer-Station, Antarctica

In operation since 1992.

It replaced Georg-von-Neumayer-Station (1981-1992)

fotos: hans oerter

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Georg von Neumayer ·

an early manager of science

* 21.6.1826 in Kirchheimbolanden

† 24.5.1909 in Neustadt an der Weinstraße Geophysicist and hydrograph

1857-1864: Founding and Director of Flagstaff

Observatory for Geophysics, Magnetics and Nautic in Melbourne, Australia

1865: Return to Germany

1876-1903: First Director of Deutschen Seewarte in Hamburg

1879: Chairman Internationale Polarkommission

Foto: Archive AWI

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fotos: Oskar Reinwarth, 1981

Construction of Georg-von-Neumayer Station 1981

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Geoph ysics lab

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The Neumayer-Station III

Model: AWI

Costs of Neumayer III:

Construction of the building: 21.7 Mill. € Assembly in Antarctica: 6.0 Mill. € Shipping to Antarctica: 4.4 Mill. €

Total: 32.0 Mill. €

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Bremerhaven

September 2007

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Bremerhaven

September 2007

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Scientific laboratories 271 m

²

Living and bed rooms 210 m

²

Mess, kitchen, lounge, sanitary 555 m

²

Station service rooms and hospital 750 m

²

Offices for station operation 56 m

²

Corridors, stairs, parking spaces

NEUMAYER STATION III

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Dining room Kitchen

Personal cabine Bath room

fotos: hans oerter, 2007

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Hospital - old and new

fotos: hans oerter, 1995 -2007

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Hospital - old and new

fotos: hans oerter, 1995 -2007

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NEUMAYER STATION III NEUMAYER STATION III

05 – 12 November 2007 loading Bremerhaven 3.500 t, 16.000 m

³

03 – 05 December 2007 Cape Town

16 Decemebr 2007 Arrival Ekström ice shelf 17 December 2007 – 04 January 2008 unloading

05 January 2008 Departure Ekström ice shelf 15 January 2008 Cape Town

SCHEDULE MS NAJA ARCTICA

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Where

can we drill ice cores ?

foto: hans oerter

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Kohnen

Dome C

Vostok Dome A Dome F

Law Dome

Talos D.

Taylor D.

Siple D.

Byrd Siple St.

Dyer Pl.

B15 Berkner Is.

South Pole

layout: w. rack, h. oerter, AWI

EPICA-DML,

2774m, >300 ka

JARE

3029m, >700 ka

Russia, F, US

3700m, 420 ka

China, ^planned

EPICA-DC,

3270m, 890 ka

I, F, D, UK Weddell Sea

Ross Sea Antarctic

Peninsula

Deep ice cores in Antarctica

Neumayer

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10° W 0° 10°E

20°W 30°W

74°S 72°S 70°S 68°S

74°S 72°S 70°S

76°S

3000 2500

2000 1500 1000

500

500 1000 1500 2000

2500 3000

Neumayer

SANAE IV

Troll

Wasa

Kottas Camp

DML05

Amundsenisen

Wegenerisen

Brunt Ice Shelf

Riiser- Larsen-

Heimefrontf.

Kirwanv.

H.U.Sverdrupf.

Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica

Ritscherflya

Weddell Sea

^Ekström-_isen

Jutul

0 km 500

SANAE

Hall

III

ey

Novolazerevskaya

Sea Ice shelf Inland ice, grounded ice 2000 contour line hinge line

isen

U.K.

Traverse routes: Sveden Germany Norway Utrecht/

AWI/ BAS AWS

straumen

Main flight path from Neumayer station to the EPICA drill camp:

grafics: AWI/oerter, 2001

Kohnen

Blue1

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10° W 0° 10°E

20°W 30°W

74°S 72°S 70°S 68°S

74°S 72°S 70°S

76°S

3000 2500

2000 1500

1000 500

500 1000 1500 2000

2500 3000

Neumayer

SANAE IV

Troll

Wasa

Kottas

Camp

DML05

Amundsenisen

Wegenerisen

Brunt- schelfeis

Riiser-

Schelfeis

Larsen-

Heimefrontf.

Kirwanv.

H.U.Sverdrupf.

Dronning-Maud-Land

Ritscherflya

Weddellmeer

^Ekström-_schelfeis

Jutulstraumen

0 km 500

SANAE

Hall

III

ey

Nowolaserewskaja

Meer Schelfeis Inlandeis, gegründetes Eis 2000 Höhenlinie Aufsetzlinie Großbritannien

Traversenrouten: Schweden Deutschland Norwegen

Kohnen

Kohnen

foto: j. köhler, 2005

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POLAR 5

Basler BT 67

MANUFACTURED BY BASLER LLT, OSHKOSH, USA in 2006/07

TEST FLIGHTS, CERTIFICATION, OPERATION BY ENTERPRISE AIRLINE INC., OSHAWA,

CANADA since 2007

at regional airport Bremerhaven-Luneort

foto: AWI/S.Diederich, 2007

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Landing at Kohnen-Station, Antarctica

Basler BT67

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Erection of Kohnen-Station 1999/2000

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* 05.02.1938 in Oberhausen

† 25.07.1997 in Nienberge bei Münster Geophysiker

Before 1980 precursor of AWI-Logistics 1979/80 Expedition Leader onboard MV

„Polarsirkel“ in search for the location of the first base of FRG in Antarctica

1982-1997 Head logistics department at AWI

Heinz Kohnen · Founder of AWI-logistics

Foto: Archive AWI

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W or k shop

Gener ator Sno w melter

2 Slee ping r ooms á 4 P er s.

R est r ooms Kitchen Mess r oom R adio , PC, e-ma il

Kohnen-Station

75°S, 0 °E, 2882 m

Drilling

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Drill Trench: drill tower

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The drilling device

Outer tube

Core barrel & drill head Drill tower

Motor & electronics Antitorque

inside: Chips chamber

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Drilling an ice core

Video clip: AWI

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Cutting to 1-metre pieces

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Di-electric Profiling (DEP)

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Beladen des Flugzeuges

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Twin-Otter von British Antarctic Survey (BAS)

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Why

do we drill ice cores ?

foto: hans oerter

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Data of thermometers (red)

and from tree rings, corals, ice cores as well as historic descriptions (blau)

Changing air temperature

Departur es in temperatur e (°C) fr om the 1961-1990 average

Mean 1961-1990

+ 0.4 °C

global

+ 0.7 °C

Northern hem.

Mean 1961-1990

1000 AD 1500 2000 AD

1800 AD 1930 2000 AD

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DESY Zeuthen, November 07, 2007

46 Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

Data from air samples since 1958

Summary for Policymakers IPCC WGI Fourth Assessment Report

(23.5 [22.0 to 25.0] GtCO ₂ ) per year in the 1990s, to 7.2 [6.9 to 7.5] GtC (26.4 [25.3 to 27.5] GtCO ₂ ) per year in 2000–2005 (2004 and 2005 data are interim estimates). Carbon dioxide emissions associated with land-use change are estimated to be 1.6 [0.5 to 2.7] GtC (5.9 [1.8 to 9.9] GtCO ₂ ) per year over the 1990s, although

these estimates have a large uncertainty. {7.3}

FIGURE SPM-1. Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide over the last 10,000 years (large panels) and since 1750 (inset panels). Measurements are shown from ice cores (symbols with different colours for different studies) and atmospheric samples (red lines). The corresponding radiative forcings are shown on the right hand axes of the large panels. {Figure 6.4}

Source: IPCC, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Basis, Summary for Policy Makers

present

Ice-core data

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typical for

Antarctica

Summit

Equilibrium line mean: 2078 m max: 4775 m

100 - 700 km ca. 2000 km

500 - 1000 km

Iceberg calving

Ocean

Inland ice / Ice sheet

Ice shelf

subglacial melting

Accumulation Ice thickness

Ablation Melting

Ablation Accumulation

Schematic Cross Section Through an Ice Sheet

mean: 1667 m mean: 3080 m Grounding line

Greenland

Accumulation

Iceberg calving

Ice thickness

grafic: AWI / hans oerter, 2004

Rock

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Ice as a climate archive contains information about:

Air temperature

Aerosols

Gas content in the atmosphere

N 2 O

H 2 O 2

O 2

CO 2

CH 4

18 O, ² H in ice

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Cutting plan for EPICA ice cores

33 x 33 mm

15 mm 24 mm

54 mm 44 mm

55 mm

98mm

10 mm Thin section

CFA δ ¹⁸ O

10 Be Archive

Gases,

dust

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What

did we learn

from ice cores ?

foto: hans oerter

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The EPICA EDML-ice core

Ice cube

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Antarctic ice core records: Vostok and EPICA CO

₂

, CH

₄

and D D

Petit et al., 1999 (Vostok), Siegenthaler et al., 2005 (Dome C - CO₂), Spahni et al., 2005 (Dome C - CH₄), EPICA community members, 2004 (DD)

180 210 240 270 300

CO

2

(ppmv)

-450 -420 -390

Cold Warm

D D ice (‰)

300 400 500 600 700

0 200 400 600 800

Age / kyr BP CH

4

(ppbv)

EPICA Dome C data Vostok (black) and Dome C (blue) data

Vostok (black) and Dome C (blue) data

EPICA data are plotted on EDC2, Vostok data on GT4 timescale

100 300 500 700

today

vor 1850 AD

at present 375

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Age on new NGRIP time scale (kyrs BP)

Comparison Antarctica (EDML) - Greenland (NGRIP)

Each Antarctic

Isotope Maximum (AIM) in the EDML- ice core

corresponds to a DO event in

Greenland (NGRIP)

Warming in

Antarctica starts in a cold phase (Stadial) of the North, Cooling in a warm phase (Interstadial)

AIM

DO

Source: EPICA community members: Nature ,Vol. 444 , November 9, 2006)

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foto: hans oerter