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Mechanistic and structural insights into the type VI secretion system tail of "vibrio cholerae"

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▼❡❝❤❛♥✐'(✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❙(+✉❝(✉+❛❧ ■♥'✐❣❤(' ✐♥(♦ (❤❡ ❚②♣❡

❱■ ❙❡❝+❡(✐♦♥ ❙②'(❡♠ ❚❛✐❧ ♦❢ ❱✐❜#✐♦ ❝❤♦❧❡#❛❡

■♥❛✉❣✉%❛❧❞✐))❡%+❛+✐♦♥

③✉"

❊"❧❛♥❣✉♥❣ ❞❡" ❲+"❞❡ ❡✐♥❡- ❉♦❦1♦"- ❞❡" 2❤✐❧♦-♦♣❤✐❡

✈♦"❣❡❧❡❣1 ❞❡"

2❤✐❧♦-♦♣❤✐-❝❤✲◆❛1✉"✇✐--❡♥-❝❤❛❢1❧✐❝❤❡♥ ❋❛❦✉❧1<1

❞❡" ❯♥✐✈❡"-✐1<1 ❇❛-❡❧

✈♦♥

▼❛①✐♠✐❧✐❛♥ ❇(❛❝❦♠❛♥♥

❛✉- ❉❡✉1-❝❤❧❛♥❞

❖!✐❣✐♥❛❧❞♦❦✉♠❡♥- ❣❡.♣❡✐❝❤❡!- ❛✉❢ ❞❡♠ ❉♦❦✉♠❡♥-❡♥.❡!✈❡! ❞❡! ❯♥✐✈❡!.✐-6- ❇❛.❡❧

❡❞♦❝✳✉♥✐❜❛.✳❝❤

❇❆❙❊▲✱ ✷✵✶✽

(2)

●❡♥❡❤♠✐❣' ✈♦♥ ❞❡+ ,❤✐❧♦.♦♣❤✐.❝❤✲◆❛'✉+✇✐..❡♥.❝❤❛❢'❧✐❝❤❡♥ ❋❛❦✉❧'9'

❛✉❢ ❆♥'+❛❣ ✈♦♥✿

,+♦❢✳ ❉+✳ ▼❛+❡❦ ❇❛.❧❡+

❋❛❦✉❧%&%'✈❡*❛♥%✇♦*%❧✐❝❤❡*✱ ❉✐''❡*%❛%✐♦♥'❧❡✐%❡*

,+♦❢✳ ❉+✳ ▼❛+❦✉. ❙❡❡❣❡+

❑♦**❡❢❡*❡♥%

❇❛.❡❧✱ ❞❡♥ ✷✵✳✵✻✳✷✵✶✼

,+♦❢✳ ❉+✳ ▼❛+'✐♥ ❙♣✐❡..

❉❡❦❛♥

(3)

❆❜"#$❛❝#

❇❛❝#❡%✐❛ ✉(❡ ♠❛♥② ❞✐✛❡%❡♥# #②♣❡( ♦❢ (❡❝%❡#✐♦♥ (②(#❡♠( #♦ ✐♥#❡%❛❝# ✇✐#❤ ❛♥❞ ♠♦❞✉❧❛#❡

#❤❡✐% ❡♥✈✐%♦♥♠❡♥#✳ ❙❡❝%❡#✐♦♥ (②(#❡♠( ❛%❡ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥ #❤❡(❡ #❛(❦( ✇✐#❤ ❛ ✇✐❞❡ ✈❛%✐❡#② ♦❢

❢✉♥❝#✐♦♥(✳ ❚❤❡✐% (✉❜(#%❛#❡ ♣%♦#❡✐♥( ♠❡❞✐❛#❡ ♠♦#✐❧✐#②✱ ♣❤❛❣♦(♦♠❛❧ ❡(❝❛♣❡✱ ❤♦(# ♠♦❞✉❧❛✲

#✐♦♥ ♦% ✐♥#❡%❜❛❝#❡%✐❛❧ ❝♦♠♣❡#✐#✐♦♥✳ ❱❛%✐♦✉( ❞✐✛❡%❡♥# ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐(♠( ❡①✐(#✱ ❤♦✇ #❤❡ #%❛♥(♣♦%#

❛❝%♦(( ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡( ✐( ♠❡❞✐❛#❡❞✳ ❙♦♠❡ (✉❜(#%❛#❡( ❛%❡ (❡❝%❡#❡❞ ✐♥ #✇♦ (#❡♣(✱ ♦#❤❡%( ✐♥ ♦♥❧②

♦♥❡ (#❡♣✳ ❙♦♠❡ (❡❝%❡#✐♦♥ (②(#❡♠( ❥✉(# ❡①♣♦%# #❤❡✐% ❝❛%❣♦ ✐♥#♦ #❤❡ ❡①#%❛❝❡❧❧✉❧❛% ♠❡❞✐✉♠✱

✇❤❡%❡❛( ♦#❤❡%( ❞❡❧✐✈❡% #❤❡✐% (✉❜(#%❛#❡( ✉♥❞❡% (♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❝✐%❝✉♠(#❛♥❝❡( ✐♥#♦ ♦#❤❡% ❝❡❧❧(✳

❚❤❡ ❚②♣❡ ❱■ ❙❡❝%❡#✐♦♥ ❙②(#❡♠ ✭❚✻❙❙✮ ✐( #❤❡ ❧❛%❣❡(# (❡❝%❡#✐♦♥ (②(#❡♠ ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥ (♣❛♥

#❤❡ ❡♥#✐%❡ ❧❡♥❣#❤ ♦❢ ❛ ❜❛❝#❡%✐✉♠✳ ■# ❝♦♥#%❛❝#( ❛ ❧♦♥❣ (❤❡❛#❤ ❛♥❞ ♣✉(❤❡( ❛♥ ✐♥♥❡% #✉❜❡

✇✐#❤ ❛((♦❝✐❛#❡❞ ❡✛❡❝#♦%( ✐♥#♦ ❛ #❛%❣❡# ❝❡❧❧✳ ❚❤❡ #❛✐❧ ✐( ❛♥❝❤♦%❡❞ #♦ #❤❡ ❝❡❧❧ ❡♥✈❡❧♦♣❡ ❜②

❛ ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥(✐(#( ♦❢ (❤❡❛#❤✱ #✉❜❡ ❛♥❞ ❜❛(❡♣❧❛#❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❜❛(❡♣❧❛#❡ ✐♥✐#✐❛#❡(

♣♦❧②♠❡%✐③❛#✐♦♥ ♦❢ #❤❡ (❤❡❛#❤✲#✉❜❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥♥❡❝#( #❤❡ (❤❡❛#❤ #♦ #❤❡ ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡

❝♦♠♣❧❡①✳

❚❤❡ ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ✐( ❢♦%♠❡❞ ❜② #❤❡ ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡ ♣%♦#❡✐♥( ❚((❏✱ ❚((▲ ❛♥❞ ❚((▼✳

❚((❏ ✐( ❧♦❝❛#❡❞ ✐♥ #❤❡ ♦✉#❡% ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡✱ ✇❤❡%❡❛( ❚((▲ ❛♥❞ ❚((▼ ❛%❡ ✐♥♥❡% ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡

♣%♦#❡✐♥(✳ ❚❤❡ ❜❛(❡♣❧❛#❡ ✐( ❢♦%♠❡❞ ❜② ❚((❊✱ ❚((❋✱ ❚((● ❛♥❞ ❚((❑✳ ❚((❑ ❝♦♥♥❡❝#( #❤❡

❜❛(❡♣❧❛#❡ #♦ #❤❡ ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✳ ❚((❋ ❛♥❞ ❚((● ❢♦%♠ #❤❡ ❜❛(❡♣❧❛#❡ ✇❡❞❣❡ ❛♥❞ ❚((❊

❝♦♥♥❡❝#( #❤❡ (❤❡❛#❤ #♦ #❤❡ ❜❛(❡♣❧❛#❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❡♥#%❛❧ ♣❛%# ♦❢ #❤❡ ❜❛(❡♣❧❛#❡ ❝♦♥(✐(#( ♦❢ ❱❣%●

❛♥❞ M❆❆❘✲♣%♦#❡✐♥(✳ ❆ #%✐♠❡% ♦❢ ❱❣%●✲♣%♦#❡✐♥( ❢♦%♠( #❤❡ (♣✐❦❡ ❛♥❞ #❤❡ ♠♦♥♦♠❡%✐❝ ❩✐♥❝✲

❝♦♥#❛✐♥✐♥❣ M❆❆❘✲♣%♦#❡✐♥ ❢♦%♠( #❤❡ (♣✐❦❡ #✐♣✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥♥❡% ❍❝♣✲#✉❜❡ ♣♦❧②♠❡%✐③❡( ♦♥ ❱❣%●

❛♥❞ #❤❡ (❤❡❛#❤ ♣♦❧②♠❡%✐③❡( ♦♥ ❚((❊ ❛♥❞ ✇%❛♣( ❛%♦✉♥❞ #❤❡ ❍❝♣✲#✉❜❡✳ M♦❧②♠❡%✐③❛#✐♦♥

♦❢ #❤❡ (❤❡❛#❤ ✐( ♠❡❞✐❛#❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❚((❆ ❝❛♣ ❛# #❤❡ ❣%♦✇✐♥❣ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ #❤❡ (❤❡❛#❤✱ ♦♣♣♦(✐#❡ ♦❢

#❤❡ ❜❛(❡♣❧❛#❡✳ ❚❤❡ (❤❡❛#❤ ✐( ❛ (✐①✲(#❛%# ❤❡❧✐① ♦❢ ❚((❇ ❛♥❞ ❚((❈ ✭❱✐♣❆ ❛♥❞ ❱✐♣❇✮ ❛♥❞

✐#( ♣%♦#♦♠❡%( ❢♦%♠ ❛♥ ✐♥#❡%❧❛❝❡❞ ♥❡#✇♦%❦ #❤❛# ✐( ❡((❡♥#✐❛❧ ❢♦% (#❛❜✐❧✐#② ♦❢ #❤❡ (❤❡❛#❤✳

M%❡(✉♠❛❜❧②✱ #❤❡ ❜❛(❡♣❧❛#❡ #%✐❣❣❡%( ❝♦♥#%❛❝#✐♦♥ ♦❢ #❤❡ (❤❡❛#❤✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❧❡❛❞( #♦ ❛♥ ✐♥❝%❡❛(❡

✐♥ #❤❡ ❤❡❧✐❝❛❧ #✇✐(#✱ ✇✐❞❡♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ #❤❡ ❞✐❛♠❡#❡% ❛♥❞ (❤♦%#❡♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ #❤❡ ❧❡♥❣#❤ ♦❢ #❤❡ (❤❡❛#❤✳

❚❤❡ ❝♦♥#%❛❝#✐♦♥ ♣✉(❤❡( #❤❡ ✐♥♥❡% #✉❜❡ ✇✐#❤ #❤❡ ❛((♦❝✐❛#❡❞ (♣✐❦❡ ❛♥❞ ❡✛❡❝#♦%( ✐♥#♦ #❛%❣❡#

❝❡❧❧(✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥#%❛❝#❡❞ (❤❡❛#❤ ✐( (♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❧❧② %❡❝♦❣♥✐③❡❞ ❜② #❤❡ ❆❆❆✲♣%♦#❡✐♥ ❈❧♣❱ #❤❛#

❞✐(❛((❡♠❜❧❡( ✐#✳

■♥ %❡❝❡♥# ②❡❛%( ♦✉% ✉♥❞❡%(#❛♥❞✐♥❣ %❡❣❛%❞✐♥❣ (#%✉❝#✉%❡ ❛♥❞ ❢✉♥❝#✐♦♥ ♦❢ #❤❡ ❚✻❙❙ ❛❞✲

✈❛♥❝❡❞ %❛♣✐❞❧②✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡%✱ ❝❡%#❛✐♥ ❛(♣❡❝#( ❛%❡ ♥♦# ②❡# ✉♥❞❡%(#♦♦❞✳ ❚❤✐( #❤❡(✐( ✇✐❧❧ ❛❞❞%❡((

♣%♦❣%❡(( ♦♥ ✉♥❞❡%(#❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❞✐✛❡%❡♥# ❛(♣❡❝#( ♦❢ #❤❡ ❚✻❙❙ ♠♦(#❧② ❢%♦♠ ❛ (#%✉❝#✉%❛❧ ❛♥❞

♠❡❝❤❛♥✐(#✐❝ ♣❡%(♣❡❝#✐✈❡✳

(4)

❋✐"#$✱ ■ ✇✐❧❧ ❜"✐❡✢② ❞❡#❝"✐❜❡ ♦$❤❡" ❜❛❝$❡"✐❛❧ #❡❝"❡$✐♦♥ #②#$❡♠# ❛♥❞ $❤❡♥ ♣"❡#❡♥$ ♦✉"

✜♥❞✐♥❣# ♦♥ ✭✐✮ $❤❡ #$"✉❝$✉"❡ ♦❢ $❤❡ ❚✻❙❙ #❤❡❛$❤ ✐♥ ❛ ❝♦♥$"❛❝$❡❞ #$❛$❡✱ ✭✐✐✮ $❤❡ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐#♠

♦❢ ❝♦♥$"❛❝$✐♦♥ ♦❢ $❤❡ #❤❡❛$❤✱ ✭✐✐✐✮ $❤❡ #$"✉❝$✉"❡ ♦❢ $❤❡ #❤❡❛$❤ ✐♥ ❛♥ ❡①$❡♥❞❡❞ #$❛$❡ ❛♥❞

✭✐✈✮ #$"✉❝$✉"❡# ♦❢ ❛##♦❝✐❛$❡❞ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥$#✱ ♥❛♠❡❧② $❤❡ ❜❛#❡♣❧❛$❡ ❛♥❞ $❤❡ ❝❛♣✳

❲❡ #♦❧✈❡❞ $❤❡ #$"✉❝$✉"❡ ♦❢ $❤❡ ❚✻❙❙✲#❤❡❛$❤ ✐♥ ❛ ❝♦♥$"❛❝$❡❞ #$❛$❡✱ ❞✐#❝♦✈❡"❡❞ $❤❛$ ✐$

❢♦"♠# ❛♥ ✐♥$❡"❧❛❝❡❞ ❤❡❧✐① ❛♥❞ $❤❛$ $❤❡ ✐♥$❡"❧❛❝✐♥❣ ❧✐♥❦❡"# ❛"❡ ✐♠♣♦"$❛♥$ ❢♦" ✐$# ❢✉♥❝$✐♦♥✳

❲❡ ❛❧#♦ ♣"♦♣♦#❡❞ ❤♦✇ #♣❡❝✐✜❝✐$② ♦❢ ❈❧♣❱ ❜✐♥❞✐♥❣ $♦ $❤❡ ❝♦♥$"❛❝$❡❞ #❤❡❛$❤ ✐# ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞✳

❋✉"$❤❡" $❛"❣❡$❡❞ ♠✉$❛❣❡♥❡#✐# ❧❡❛❞ $♦ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ ❤♦✇ #❤❡❛$❤ ❝♦♥$"❛❝$✐♦♥ ✐# ♣"♦♣❛❣❛$❡❞

$❤"♦✉❣❤ $❤❡ #❤❡❛$❤✳ ❙♦♠❡ ♠✉$❛$✐♦♥# #$❛❜✐❧✐③❡❞ $❤❡ #❤❡❛$❤ ✐♥ ❛♥ ❡①$❡♥❞❡❞ #$❛$❡ ❛♥❞ ♠❛❞❡

✐$ ♣♦##✐❜❧❡ $♦ ✐#♦❧❛$❡ ✐$✳ ❊①$❡♥❞❡❞ #❤❡❛$❤# ❝♦♥$❛✐♥ $❤❡ ✐♥♥❡" ❍❝♣✲$✉❜❡✳ ❲❡ $❤❡♥ #$"✉❝$✉"❛❧❧②

❝❤❛"❛❝$❡"✐③❡❞ $❤❡ ❡①$❡♥❞❡❞ #❤❡❛$❤✲$✉❜❡ ❛##❡♠❜❧② ❛♥❞ ❣❛✐♥❡❞ ❢✉"$❤❡" ✐♥#✐❣❤$# ✐♥$♦ $❤❡

"❡❛""❛♥❣❡♠❡♥$ ♦❢ ❞♦♠❛✐♥# ❛# ✇❡❧❧ ❛# ❛ ❞❡❡♣❡" ✉♥❞❡"#$❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ $❤❡ ❜✐♥❞✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡ ♦❢ ❈❧♣❱✳

❚❤❡ ❡①$❡♥❞❡❞ #❤❡❛$❤# ✇❡"❡ ❛❧#♦ #♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❧❧② ❛##♦❝✐❛$❡❞ ✇✐$❤ ♣"♦$❡✐♥# ♦❢ $❤❡ ❜❛#❡♣❧❛$❡ ❛♥❞

$❤❡ ❝❛♣✳ ❲❡ ❞❡#❝"✐❜❡❞ $❤❡ #$"✉❝$✉"❛❧ ❛""❛♥❣❡♠❡♥$ ♦❢ ❜❛#❡♣❧❛$❡ ♣"♦$❡✐♥# ❛♥❞ $❤❡ ❝❛♣ ❛♥❞

❣❛✐♥❡❞ ✜"#$ ✐♥#✐❣❤$# ✐♥ $❤❡ "❡❧❛$✐✈❡ ♦"✐❡♥$❛$✐♦♥ ✇✐$❤ $❤❡ #❤❡❛$❤ ✐♥ ❛ ♥❡❛"✲♥❛$✐✈❡ ❛##❡♠❜❧②✳

■ ✇✐❧❧ ♣"♦✈✐❞❡ ✐♥#✐❣❤$# ✐♥$♦ $❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡$❡ ❛##❡♠❜❧② ♦❢ $❤❡ ❝②$♦#♦❧✐❝ ♣❛"$ ♦❢ $❤❡ ❚✻❙❙✳

❚❤❡ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❛❜♦✉$ $❤❡ ❚✻❙❙ $❤❛$ ✐# ♣"❡#❡♥$❡❞ ❤❡"❡✱ ❝❛♥ ❧✐❦❡❧② ❜❡ $"❛♥#❢❡""❡❞ $♦ "❡❧❛$❡❞

#②#$❡♠# ❛# ❝♦♥$"❛❝$✐❧❡ $❛✐❧❡❞ ♣❤❛❣❡# ♦" ❘✲$②♣❡ ♣②♦❝✐♥#✳

✲✷✲

(5)

❈♦♥#❡♥#%

■ ■♥"#♦❞✉❝"✐♦♥ ✸

■✳✶ ❇❛❝&❡(✐❛❧ ❙❡❝(❡&✐♦♥ ❙②/&❡♠/ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹

■✳✶ 2(♦&❡✐♥ ❙❡❝(❡&✐♦♥ ❛❝(♦// &❤❡ ❈②&♦♣❧❛/♠✐❝ ▼❡♠❜(❛♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹

■✳✶✳✶ ❚❤❡ ❙❡❝✲2❛&❤✇❛② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺

■✳✶✳✷ ❚❤❡ ❚❛&✲2❛&❤✇❛② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻

■✳✷ ❙❡❝(❡&✐♦♥ ❙②/&❡♠/ ♦❢ ❉✐❞❡(♠ ❇❛❝&❡(✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼

■✳✷✳✶ ❚❤❡ ❚②♣❡ ■ ❙❡❝(❡&✐♦♥ ❙②/&❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽

■✳✷✳✷ ❚❤❡ ❚②♣❡ ■■ ❙❡❝(❡&✐♦♥ ❙②/&❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾

■✳✷✳✸ ❚❤❡ ❚②♣❡ ■■■ ❙❡❝(❡&✐♦♥ ❙②/&❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶

■✳✷✳✹ ❚❤❡ ❚②♣❡ ■❱ ❙❡❝(❡&✐♦♥ ❙②/&❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸

■✳✷✳✺ ❚❤❡ ❚②♣❡ ❱ ❙❡❝(❡&✐♦♥ ❙②/&❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺

■✳✷✳✻ ❚❤❡ ❚②♣❡ ❱■ ❙❡❝(❡&✐♦♥ ❙②/&❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻

■✳✷✳✼ ❚❤❡ ❚②♣❡ ❱■■ ❙❡❝(❡&✐♦♥ ❙②/&❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼

■✳✷✳✽ ❚❤❡ ❚②♣❡ ■❳ ❙❡❝(❡&✐♦♥ ❙②/&❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼

■✳✷ ❱✐❜#✐♦ ❝❤♦❧❡#❛❡ ❛♥❞ ✐&/ ❚②♣❡ ❱■ ❙❡❝(❡&✐♦♥ ❙②/&❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽

■✳✶ ❇✐♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ ❱✐❜#✐♦ ❝❤♦❧❡#❛❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽

■✳✷ ❘❡❣✉❧❛&✐♦♥ ♦❢ &❤❡ ❚✻❙❙ ✐♥ ❱✳ ❝❤♦❧❡#❛❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾

■✳✸ ❚❤❡ ❚②♣❡ ❱■ ❙❡❝(❡&✐♦♥ ❙②/&❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵

■✳✸✳✶ ❚❤❡ ▼❡♠❜(❛♥❡ ❈♦♠♣❧❡① ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷

■✳✸✳✷ ❚❤❡ ❇❛/❡♣❧❛&❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸

■✳✸✳✸ ❚❤❡ ❙❤❡❛&❤✲❚✉❜❡ ❈♦♠♣❧❡① ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺

■✳✸✳✹ ❚②♣❡ ❱■ ❙❡❝(❡&✐♦♥ ❙②/&❡♠ ❊✛❡❝&♦(/ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺

■✳✸ ❖&❤❡( ❈♦♥&(❛❝&✐❧❡ ❚❛✐❧ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡/ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻

■✳✶ ❘✲&②♣❡ 2②♦❝✐♥/ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼

■✳✷ ❈♦♥&(❛❝&✐❧❡ ❚❛✐❧❡❞ 2❤❛❣❡/ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽

✲✶✲

(6)

❈❖◆❚❊◆❚❙

■■ ❘❡)✉❧,) ✸✷

■■✳✶ ❘❡%❡❛'❝❤ ❆'+✐❝❧❡ ■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸

■■✳✷ ❘❡%❡❛'❝❤ ❆'+✐❝❧❡ ■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶

■■✳✸ ❆❞❞✐+✐♦♥❛❧ ❘❡%✉❧+% ❘❡❧❛+❡❞ +♦ ❘❡%❡❛'❝❤ ❆'+✐❝❧❡ ■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶

■■✳✶ ❱✐♣❆✲◆✺ ❝♦✲❛%%❡♠❜❧❡% ✇✐+❤ ✇✐❧❞✲+②♣❡ ❱✐♣❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶

■■✳✷ ▼✉+❛♥+ ❘✲+②♣❡ ♣②♦❝✐♥ %❤❡❛+❤% ❞♦ ♥♦+ ❛%%❡♠❜❧❡ ❛ ❢✉♥❝+✐♦♥❛❧ ❘✲+②♣❡

♣②♦❝✐♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷

■■✳✹ ❘❡%❡❛'❝❤ ❆'+✐❝❧❡ ■■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹

■■✳✺ ❆❞❞✐+✐♦♥❛❧ ❘❡%✉❧+% ❘❡❧❛+❡❞ +♦ ❘❡%❡❛'❝❤ ❆'+✐❝❧❡ ■■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸

■■✳✶ ●❡♥❡'❛+✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠✐♥✐❝❡❧❧% ✐♥ ❱✳ ❝❤♦❧❡'❛❡ ❛♥❞ )✳ ❛❡'✉❣✐♥♦.❛ ✇♦'❦%

❞✐✛❡'❡♥+ +❤❛♥ ✐♥ ❊✳ ❝♦❧✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸

■■✳✻ ❘❡%❡❛'❝❤ ❆'+✐❝❧❡ ■❱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺

■■✳✼ ❆❞❞✐+✐♦♥❛❧ ❘❡%✉❧+% ❘❡❧❛+❡❞ +♦ ❘❡%❡❛'❝❤ ❆'+✐❝❧❡ ■❱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵

■■✳✶ ❆✣♥✐+② ♣✉'✐✜❝❛+✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜❛%❡♣❧❛+❡% ✇✐+❤ ❛ +'✉♥❝❛+❡❞ %❤❡❛+❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵

■■✳✷ ❆❧+❡'❡❞ %❤❡❛+❤ ♣✉'✐✜❝❛+✐♦♥ ♣'♦+♦❝♦❧% ❢♦' ✐♥❝'❡❛%❡❞ ②✐❡❧❞ ♦❢ ❜❛%❡♣❧❛+❡% ✾✶

■■■ ❉✐)❝✉))✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❖✉,❧♦♦❦ ✾✷

■■■✳✶ ❲❤❛+ ❞✐❞ ✇❡ ❧❡❛'♥❄ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸

■■■✳✷ ❲❤❛+ ✐% +❤❡ ❛+♦♠✐❝ %+'✉❝+✉'❡ ♦❢ +❤❡ ❜❛%❡♣❧❛+❡ ❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ ✐% ✐+ ❝♦♥♥❡❝+❡❞ +♦

+❤❡ ♠❡♠❜'❛♥❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❄ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹

■■■✳✸ ❲❤❛+ ✐% +❤❡ '♦❧❡ ♦❢ +❤❡ ❝❛♣ ❞✉'✐♥❣ ❚②♣❡ ❱■ ❙❡❝'❡+✐♦♥❄ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺

■■■✳✹ ❲❤❛+ ✐% +❤❡ ✉♥❞❡'❧②✐♥❣ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛' ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐%♠ ❢♦' '❡❝②❝❧✐♥❣ ❜② ❈❧♣❱❄ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻

■■■✳✺ ❲❤❛+ +'✐❣❣❡'% +❤❡ ❜❛%❡♣❧❛+❡ +♦ ❝♦♥+'❛❝+❄ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻

❘❡❢❡9❡♥❝❡) ✾✾

■❱ ❆♣♣❡♥❞✐① ✶✺✻

■❱✳✶ ❘❡✈✐❡✇ ❆'+✐❝❧❡ ■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✼

✲✷✲

(7)

❈❤❛♣$❡& ■

■♥"#♦❞✉❝"✐♦♥

✲✸✲

(8)

■✳ ■♥"#♦❞✉❝"✐♦♥

■✳✶ ❇❛❝&❡(✐❛❧ ❙❡❝(❡&✐♦♥ ❙②/&❡♠/

❇❛❝#❡%✐❛ ✐♥#❡%❛❝# ✇✐#❤ ❛♥❞ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛#❡ #❤❡✐% /✉%%♦✉♥❞✐♥❣/ ❜② #❤❡ /❡❝%❡#✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣%♦#❡✐♥/✳ ❚❤❡

❜❛❝#❡%✐❛❧ ❡♥✈❡❧♦♣❡ /❡%✈❡/ ❛/ ❛ ♥❛#✉%❛❧ ❞✐✛✉/✐♦♥ ❜❛%%✐❡% ❛♥❞ /❤✐❡❧❞/ #❤❡ ❜❛❝#❡%✐❛ ❛❣❛✐♥/#

✈❛%✐♦✉/ ❢❛❝#♦%/✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡%✱ ❜❛❝#❡%✐❛ ❤❛✈❡ #♦ ❛❞❤❡%❡ #♦ /✉%❢❛❝❡/✱ ❜❡ ♠♦#✐❧❡✱ /❡♥/❡ #❤❡✐% ❡♥✈✐✲

%♦♥♠❡♥#✱ ✐♠♣♦%# ♥✉#%✐❡♥#/✱ ❡①♣♦%# #♦①✐♥/✱ ✐♥✈❛❞❡ ❤♦/# #✐//✉❡/ ❜✉# ❛❧/♦ ❦✐❧❧ ♦#❤❡% ❜❛❝#❡%✐❛

❛♥❞ ♠♦❞✉❧❛#❡ ❡✉❦❛%②♦#✐❝ ❝❡❧❧/ ✐♥ #❤❡✐% /✉%%♦✉♥❞✐♥❣/✳ ❚♦ ❝✐%❝✉♠✈❡♥# #❤❡ ✐♥#%✐♥/✐❝ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡

♦❢ #%❛♥/♣♦%# #❤%♦✉❣❤ ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡/✱ ❜❛❝#❡%✐❛ ❡✈♦❧✈❡❞ ❛ ♣❧❡#❤♦%❛ ♦❢ ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧/ ❛♥❞

❛❝#✐✈❡ #%❛♥/♣♦%#❡%/ ❛/ ✇❡❧❧ ❛/ /❡❝%❡#✐♦♥ /②/#❡♠/✳ ❚❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡% ♦❢ ❞✐/❝♦✈❡%❡❞ ♣%♦#❡✐♥ /❡❝%❡✲

#✐♦♥ /②/#❡♠/ ✐/ /#✐❧❧ ❡①♣❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❢%♦♠ ✷✵✵✻ #♦ ✷✵✶✼✱ ❢♦✉% ♥❡✇ ♣%♦#❡✐♥ /❡❝%❡#✐♦♥ /②/#❡♠/

❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❞✐/❝♦✈❡%❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❛✇❛✐# ❝❤❛%❛❝#❡%✐③❛#✐♦♥✳

❙❡❝%❡#✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣%♦#❡✐♥/ ❛❝%♦// ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡/ ✐/ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞ ❜② /❡❝%❡#✐♦♥ /②/#❡♠/✳ ■♥ #❤❡ /✐♠✲

♣❧❡/# ❝❛/❡✱ ❛ /❡❝%❡#✐♦♥ /②/#❡♠ ♦♥❧② ❝♦♥/✐/#/ ♦❢ ♦♥❡ ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡ /♣❛♥♥✐♥❣ ♣%♦#❡✐♥ ✇❤♦/❡

♣%✐♠❛%② ♣✉%♣♦/❡ ✐/ #❤❡ #%❛♥/♣♦%# ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦❣♥❛#❡ ❝❛%❣♦ ♣%♦#❡✐♥✳ ❚%❛♥/♣♦%#❡❞ ♣%♦#❡✐♥/ ❛%❡

✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥ ♠❛♥② ❞✐✛❡%❡♥# ♣%♦❝❡//❡/ ❛♥❞ #❤✉/ ❛❧/♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❞✐✛❡%❡♥# ❢❛#❡/✳ ❙♦♠❡ ❛%❡ /❡❝%❡#❡❞

✐♥#♦ #❤❡ ❡①#%❛❝❡❧❧✉❧❛% ♠✐❧✐❡✉✱ ♦#❤❡%/ %❡/✐❞❡ ♦♥ #❤❡ ♦✉#❡% ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡ ♦% %❡❛❝❤ #❤❡✐% #❛%❣❡#

✐♥ ❛♥♦#❤❡% ❝❡❧❧✳ ❙♦♠❡ /❡❝%❡#✐♦♥ /②/#❡♠/ ❛%❡ ✇✐❞❡/♣%❡❛❞ ❜❡#✇❡❡♥ /♣❡❝✐❡/ ❛♥❞ #%❛♥/❧♦❝❛#❡ ❛

✇✐❞❡ ✈❛%✐❡#② ♦❢ #❛%❣❡# ♣%♦#❡✐♥/ ✇❤❡%❡❛/ ♦#❤❡%/ ❛%❡ ❝♦♥✜♥❡❞ #♦ ❢❡✇❡% /♣❡❝✐❡/ ♦% #%❛♥/❧♦❝❛#❡

❛ ♥❛%%♦✇❡% /♣❡❝#%✉♠ ♦❢ ♣%♦#❡✐♥/✳ ■♥ #❤❡ ♠♦/# ❡①#%❡♠❡ ❝❛/❡✱ ♦♥❡ /❡❝%❡#✐♦♥ /②/#❡♠ #%❛♥/❧♦✲

❝❛#❡/ ♦♥❡ ♣%♦#❡✐♥✳ ❆❞❞✐#✐♦♥❛❧❧②✱ /❡✈❡%❛❧ /❡❝%❡#✐♦♥ /②/#❡♠/ ♦❢ ♣❛#❤♦❣❡♥✐❝ ❜❛❝#❡%✐❛ ❛%❡ ♦❢#❡♥

%❡H✉✐%❡❞ ❢♦% ♣❛#❤♦❣❡♥❡/✐/ ❛♥❞ ♣❧❛② ❝%✉❝✐❛❧ %♦❧❡/ ✐♥ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛#✐♥❣ #❤❡ ❤♦/# ❝❡❧❧ ✐♥ ❢❛✈♦% ♦❢

#❤❡ ✐♥✈❛❞✐♥❣ ❜❛❝#❡%✐✉♠✳

❍✐/#♦%✐❝❛❧❧②✱ ●%❛♠✲/#❛✐♥✐♥❣ ✇❛/ ✉/❡❞ #♦ ❞✐✈✐❞❡ ❜❛❝#❡%✐❛ ✐♥#♦ ❣%❛♠✲♥❡❣❛#✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❣%❛♠✲

♣♦/✐#✐✈❡✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ ✐❢ #❤❡② ❛%❡ ❛❜❧❡ #♦ ❜❡ /#❛✐♥❡❞ ✭❣%❛♠✲♣♦/✐#✐✈❡✮ ♦% ♥♦# ✭❣%❛♠✲

♥❡❣❛#✐✈❡✮ ❬✶❪✳ ●%❛♠✲/#❛✐♥✐♥❣ %❡❧✐❡/ ♦♥ ❝%②/#❛❧ ✈✐♦❧❡# #❤❛# /#❛✐♥/ ♣❡♣#✐❞♦❣❧②❝❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❢♦%

♠❛♥② ❜❛❝#❡%✐❛ #❤✐/ ✐/ /✉✣❝✐❡♥# ❛♥❞ ❡♥❛❜❧❡/ ❡❛/② ❝❧❛//✐✜❝❛#✐♦♥✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡%✱ /♦♠❡ ❜❛❝#❡%✐❛✱

♥♦#❛❜❧② ▼②❝♦❜❛❝&❡(✐❛✱ ❝❛♥♥♦# ❜❡ ❝❧❛//✐✜❡❞ ✉/✐♥❣ ●%❛♠✲/#❛✐♥✐♥❣✳ ❋♦% #❤❡ /❝♦♣❡ ♦❢ #❤✐/

#❤❡/✐/✱ #❤❡ #❡%♠ ♠♦♥♦❞❡%♠ ♦% ❞✐❞❡%♠ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ✉/❡❞ ✐♥/#❡❛❞ #♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛#❡ ✐❢ #❤❡ ❜❛❝#❡%✐✉♠

❞✐/❝✉//❡❞ ❤❛/ ♦♥❡ ♦% #✇♦ ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡/✱ %❡/♣❡❝#✐✈❡❧② ❬✷✱✸❪✳

Q%♦#❡✐♥ /❡❝%❡#✐♦♥ ✐♥ ♠♦♥♦❞❡%♠ ❛♥❞ ❞✐❞❡%♠ ❜❛❝#❡%✐❛ ✇♦%❦/ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥#❛❧❧② ❞✐✛❡%❡♥#✱

❛/ ✐♥ ♠♦♥♦❞❡%♠ ❜❛❝#❡%✐❛✱ ♣%♦#❡✐♥/ ❤❛✈❡ #♦ ❜❡ #%❛♥/♣♦%#❡❞ #❤%♦✉❣❤ ♦♥❡ ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡ ❛♥❞

♣❛// ❛ #❤✐❝❦ ♣❡♣#✐❞♦❣❧②❝❛♥ ❧❛②❡% ✇❤❡%❡❛/ ✐♥ ❞✐❞❡%♠ ❜❛❝#❡%✐❛✱ ❛ /❡❝♦♥❞ ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡ ❢✉%#❤❡%

❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛#❡/ ♣%♦#❡✐♥ #%❛♥/♣♦%#✳

■✳✶ #$♦&❡✐♥ ❙❡❝$❡&✐♦♥ ❛❝$♦-- &❤❡ ❈②&♦♣❧❛-♠✐❝ ▼❡♠❜$❛♥❡

Q%♦#❡✐♥ /❡❝%❡#✐♦♥ ❛❝%♦// #❤❡ ❝②#♦♣❧❛/♠✐❝ ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡ ✐/ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞ ❜② #❤❡ ❙❡❝%❡#✐♦♥ ✭❙❡❝✲✮

❛♥❞ ❚✇✐♥ ❛%❣✐♥✐♥❡ #%❛♥/❧♦❝❛#✐♦♥ ✭❚❛#✲✮ ♣❛#❤✇❛②/ ❬✹✱✺❪✳ ❚❤❡ ❙❡❝✲♣❛#❤✇❛② ✐/ %❡/♣♦♥/✐❜❧❡ ❢♦%

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■✳ ■♥"#♦❞✉❝"✐♦♥

!❛♥$♣♦! ♦❢ ♣!♦ ❡✐♥$ ❛❝!♦$$ ❤❡ ♠❡♠❜!❛♥❡ ✐♥ ❛♥ ✉♥❢♦❧❞❡❞ $ ❛ ❡✱ ✇❤❡!❡❛$ ❤❡ ❚❛ ✲♣❛ ❤✇❛② !❛♥$♣♦! $ ♣!♦ ❡✐♥$ ✐♥ ❛ ❢♦❧❞❡❞ ❝♦♥❢♦!♠❛ ✐♦♥✳ ❇♦ ❤ ♣❛ ❤✇❛②$ !❡❝♦❣♥✐③❡ ❛ $✐❣♥❛❧ $❡:✉❡♥❝❡

✐♥ ❤❡ $❡❝!❡ ♦!② ♣!♦ ❡✐♥✳ ❋♦! ❤❡ ❚❛ ✲♣❛ ❤✇❛②✱ ❤✐$ ✐$ ❤❡ ♣!❡$❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ ✸✵ ❛♠✐♥♦ ❛❝✐❞ ❧♦♥❣

◆✲ ❡!♠✐♥❛❧ ♣❡♣ ✐❞❡ ❝♦♥ ❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❛ ✇✐♥ ❛!❣✐♥✐♥❡ ♠♦ ✐❢ ❛♥❞ ❢♦! ❙❡❝ ❛ ✷✵ ❛♠✐♥♦ ❛❝✐❞ ❧♦♥❣ ◆✲

❡!♠✐♥❛❧ $ !❡ ❝❤ ✇✐ ❤♦✉ $✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥ ❝♦♥$❡!✈❛ ✐♦♥✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡!✱ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❝❤❛!❛❝ ❡!✐$ ✐❝$ ❝❛♥

❜❡ ❞❡❞✉❝❡❞ ❬✻❪✳ ❇♦ ❤ $✐❣♥❛❧ $❡:✉❡♥❝❡$ ❤❛✈❡ ❛♥ ♥✲!❡❣✐♦♥ ✇✐ ❤ ❛ ♣♦$✐ ✐✈❡ ♥❡ ❝❤❛!❣❡✱ ❛♥

❤✲!❡❣✐♦♥ ❤❛ ✐$ ❤②❞!♦♣❤♦❜✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❤❛$ ❛ ❝❡! ❛✐♥ ♣!♦♣❡♥$✐ ② ♦ ❢♦!♠ ❛♥α✲❤❡❧✐① ❛♥❞ ❛ $❤♦!

♣♦❧❛! ❝✲!❡❣✐♦♥✱ ♦❢ ❡♥ ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❜② ❛ ♣❡♣ ✐❞❛$❡ ❝❧❡❛✈❛❣❡ $✐ ❡✳ ❇❛$❡❞ ♦♥ ❤❡ $✐❣♥❛❧ $❡:✉❡♥❝❡✱

$✉❜$ !❛ ❡$ ♦❢ ❜♦ ❤ ♣❛ ❤✇❛②$ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♣!❡❞✐❝ ❡❞ ❜② ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ♦♦❧$ ❬✼❪✳

■✳✶✳✶ ❚❤❡ ❙❡❝✲)❛+❤✇❛②

❚❤❡ ❙❡❝✲♣❛ ❤✇❛② ✐$ ❛♥ ❡$$❡♥ ✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ✉♥✐✈❡!$❛❧❧② ❝♦♥$❡!✈❡❞ ♣!♦ ❡✐♥ !❛♥$❧♦❝❛ ✐♦♥ ♣❛ ❤✇❛②

♦❢ ❤❡ ✐♥♥❡! ♠❡♠❜!❛♥❡ ❬✽✕✶✵❪✳ K!♦ ❡✐♥ ❛!❣❡ ✐♥❣ ♦✇❛!❞$ ❤❡ ❙❡❝✲♣❛ ❤✇❛② ❛❧!❡❛❞② $ ❛! $

❝♦✲ !❛♥$❧❛ ✐♦♥❛❧❧② ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞ ❜② ✇♦ ❞✐✛❡!❡♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐$♠$✳

❊✐ ❤❡! ❙❡❝❇ ❜✐♥❞$ ♦ ❤❡ ♥❛$❝❡♥ ♣♦❧②♣❡♣ ✐❞❡ ❝❤❛✐♥ ❛♥❞ $ ❛❜✐❧✐③❡$ ✐ ✐♥ ❛♥ ✉♥❢♦❧❞❡❞ ❝♦♥✲

❢♦!♠❛ ✐♦♥ ♦! ❛!❣❡ ✐♥❣ ✐$ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❡❞ ❜② ❤❡ $✐❣♥❛❧ !❡❝♦❣♥✐ ✐♦♥ ♣❛! ✐❝❧❡ ✭❙❘K✮✳ ■ ❛♣♣❡❛!$

❤❛ ❤❡ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡$ ✐♥❛ ✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡ $✉❜$ !❛ ❡ ❞✐❝ ❛ ❡$ ❤❡ ♣❛ ❤✇❛② ❜② ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐ ✐$ ❛!❣❡ ❡❞ ♦ ❤❡ ❙❡❝✲ !❛♥$❧♦❝♦♥ ❬✶✶❪✳ ❲❤❡!❡❛$ ✐♥♥❡!✲♠❡♠❜!❛♥❡ ♣!♦ ❡✐♥$ ❛!❡ ❛!❣❡ ❡❞ ✈✐❛ ❙❘K✱ ♣❡!✐♣❧❛$✲

♠✐❝ ❛♥❞ ♦✉ ❡!✲♠❡♠❜!❛♥❡ ♣!♦ ❡✐♥$ !❡❧② ♦♥ ❙❡❝❇ ❬✶✷✕✶✺❪✳

❙❘K ✐$ ❛ ♣!♦ ❡✐♥✲❘◆❆ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ❤❛ ❜✐♥❞$ ♥❛$❝❡♥ ♣❡♣ ✐❞❡ ❝❤❛✐♥$ ❛ ❤❡ ❡①✐ ✉♥♥❡❧

♦❢ ❤❡ !✐❜♦$♦♠❡ ❛♥❞ ❛!❣❡ $ ✐ ♦ ❋ $❨✱ ❛♥ ✐♥♥❡! ♠❡♠❜!❛♥❡✲❜♦✉♥❞ ♣!♦ ❡✐♥ ❬✶✸✱ ✶✻✕✷✵❪✳

❋ $❨ $❡!✈❡$ ❛$ $✐❣♥❛❧ !❡❝♦❣♥✐ ✐♦♥ ♣❛! ✐❝❧❡ !❡❝❡♣ ♦! ✭❙❘K✲❘✮✱ !❡❝♦❣♥✐③✐♥❣ ❙❘K ❛♥❞ ❞❡❧✐✈❡!$

❤❡ ♥❛$❝❡♥ ❝❤❛✐♥ ♦ ❤❡ ❙❡❝❨❊● ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ✇❤❡!❡ ❤❡ ❛!❣❡ ♣!♦ ❡✐♥ ✐$ ✐♥$❡! ❡❞ ✐♥ ♦ ❤❡

❙❡❝❨❊●✲❝♦♠♣❧❡① ✇✐ ❤ ❤❡ ❤❡❧♣ ♦❢ ❙❡❝❆ ❬✷✵✱✷✶❪✳ ❙❘K✲♠❡❞✐❛ ❡❞ ❛!❣❡ ✐♥❣ ♦ ❤❡ ❙❡❝❨❊●✲

❝♦♠♣❧❡① ❧❡❛❞$ ♦ ❝♦✲ !❛♥$❧❛ ✐♦♥❛❧ !❛♥$❧♦❝❛ ✐♦♥ ♦❢ $✉❜$ !❛ ❡$ ❛♥❞ !❛♥$❧♦❝❛ ✐♦♥ ✐$ ❤♦✉❣❤

♦ ❜❡ ♣♦✇❡!❡❞ ❜② ❤❡ !❛♥$❧❛ ✐♥❣ !✐❜♦$♦♠❡ ❬✷✷❪✳

❙❡❝❇ ✐$ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥ ❤❡ ♣♦$ ✲ !❛♥$❧❛ ✐♦♥❛❧ !❛♥$❧♦❝❛ ✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✉♥❢♦❧❞❡❞ ♣!♦ ❡✐♥$ ❛♥❞ ❜✐♥❞$

❤❡ ◆✲ ❡!♠✐♥❛❧ $✐❣♥❛❧ $❡:✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ✐ $ ❛!❣❡ ♣!♦ ❡✐♥ ❛♥❞ ❞✐!❡❝ $ ✐ ♦ ❤❡ ❝② ♦♣❧❛$♠✐❝

♣!♦ ❡✐♥ ❙❡❝❆ ❤❛ ✐♥ ✉!♥ ✐♥ ❡!❛❝ $ ✇✐ ❤ ♣!♦ ❡✐♥$ ♦❢ ❤❡ !❛♥$❧♦❝❛ ✐♦♥ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡!② ❙❡✲

❝❨❊● ❬✷✸✕✷✺❪✳ ■♥ ❤✐$ ❝♦♥ ❡① ✱ ❙❡❝❇ $❡!✈❡$ ❛$ ❛ ❝❤❛♣❡!♦♥❡ ❛♥❞ ❤❡ ❆❚K❛$❡ ❙❡❝❆ ♣♦✇❡!$

!❛♥$❧♦❝❛ ✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣!♦ ❡✐♥$ ❤!♦✉❣❤ ❤❡ ❙❡❝❨❊● ♣❛ ❤✇❛② ✐♥ ❛♥ ❆❚K✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥ ♠❛♥♥❡! ❬✷✻❪✳

❚❤❡ ❙❡❝❨❊●✲❝♦♠♣❧❡① ❢♦!♠$ ❤❡ ❛❝ ✉❛❧ ♣!♦ ❡✐♥ !❛♥$❧♦❝❛ ✐♦♥ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ✐♥ ❤❡ ❝② ♦♣❧❛$♠✐❝

♠❡♠❜!❛♥❡ ❤❛ ✐$ ❢♦!♠❡❞ ♠♦$ ❧② ❜② ✐$♦❧❡✉❝✐♥❡$ ❬✷✼✱ ✷✽❪✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ✐$ ❛♥ ❛❧❧ α✲❤❡❧✐❝❛❧

$ !✉❝ ✉!❡ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❙❡❝❨ ✐$ ❤❡ ❝❡♥ !❛❧ ♣!♦ ❡✐♥✱ ❜♦ ❤ ❢♦! ❙❡❝❆✲!❡❝♦❣♥✐ ✐♦♥ ❛$ ✇❡❧❧ ❛$ ❢♦!

❢♦!♠❛ ✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡ ♣!♦ ❡✐♥ ❝♦♥❞✉❝ ✐✈❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧✳ ❙❡❝❨ ❛❧$♦ ♣❧✉❣$ ❤❡ $ !✉❝ ✉!❡ ♦ ❛✈♦✐❞ ❧❡❛❦✲

❛❣❡ ♦❢ ♦ ❤❡! ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛! ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ $ ❬✷✼❪✳ ❆❚K✲❤②❞!♦❧②$✐$ ❜② ❙❡❝❆ ✇❤❡♥ ❜♦✉♥❞ ♦ ❙❡❝❨❊●

✲✺✲

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■✳ ■♥"#♦❞✉❝"✐♦♥

✐♥❞✉❝❡& ❝♦♥❢♦)♠❛,✐♦♥❛❧ ❝❤❛♥❣❡& ✐♥ ,❤❡ ♣)♦,❡✐♥ ,)❛♥&❧♦❝❛,✐♦♥ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ❛♥❞ ♣)❡♣❛)❡& ,❤❡

❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ❢♦) ,)❛♥&♣♦),✳ ❚❤❡ ❙❡❝❨❊● ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ✐& ❢✉♥❝,✐♦♥❛❧ ❛& ❛ ❞✐♠❡) ✭♦) ❤✐❣❤❡) ♦)❞❡)

♦❧✐❣♦♠❡)✮ ❛♥❞ ❜✐♥❞& ❡✐,❤❡) ♦♥❡ ♦) ,✇♦ ❝♦♣✐❡& ♦❢ ❙❡❝❆✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡)✱ ,❤❡ ❡①❛❝, ♦)✐❡♥,❛,✐♦♥ ♦❢

,❤❡ ❙❡❝❨❊● ♣)♦,♦♠❡)& ,♦✇❛)❞& ❡❛❝❤ ♦,❤❡) )❡♠❛✐♥& ✉♥❦♥♦✇♥ ❬✷✷✱ ✷✾✕✸✶❪✳ ■♥,❡)❡&,✐♥❣❧②✱

❜♦,❤ ❙❡❝❨❊● &✉❜❛&&❡♠❜❧✐❡& ❛)❡ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥ ,)❛♥&❧♦❝❛,✐♦♥✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡)✱ ♦♥❧② ♦♥❡ ♦❢ ,❤❡♠ ✐&

❛❝,✐✈❡❧② ,)❛♥&❧♦❝❛,✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ,❤❡ ♦,❤❡) &✉❜❛&&❡♠❜❧② ❤❛& ❛ &✉♣♣♦),✐✈❡ ❢✉♥❝,✐♦♥ ❬✸✵✱ ✸✷✱ ✸✸❪✳

■♥ ❛ ✜)&, &,❡♣ ♦❢ ,)❛♥&❧♦❝❛,✐♦♥✱ ❙❡❝❆ ❜✐♥❞& ,♦ ,❤❡ ❙❡❝❨❊● ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ❛& ✇❡❧❧ ❛& ,♦ ❙❡❝❇✱

✇❤✐❝❤ ✐& ❜♦✉♥❞ ,♦ ,❤❡ &❡❝)❡,♦)② ♣)♦,❡✐♥✳ ❆❚L✲❜✐♥❞✐♥❣ ,♦ ❙❡❝❆ ❧❡❛❞& ,♦ ❛ ❝♦♥❢♦)♠❛,✐♦♥❛❧

❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✐♥ ❙❡❝❆ ,❤❛, ✐♥&❡),& ❛ ✸✵ ❦❉❛ ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ♦❢ ✐,&❡❧❢ ✐♥,♦ ,❤❡ ♠❡♠❜)❛♥❡ ,♦❣❡,❤❡) ✇✐,❤

,❤❡ &✐❣♥❛❧ &❡O✉❡♥❝❡ ✐♥,♦ ❙❡❝❨❊● ❬✸✹❪✳ ❙❡❝❉ ❛♥❞ ❙❡❝❋ &,❛❜✐❧✐③❡ ❙❡❝❆ ✐♥ ,❤❡ ♠❡♠❜)❛♥❡✲

✐♥&❡),❡❞ &,❛,❡ ❬✸✹❪✳ ❆❚L✲❤②❞)♦❧②&✐& ❜② ❙❡❝❆ ❧❡❛❞& ,♦ ❞✐&&♦❝✐❛,✐♦♥ ♦❢ ,❤❡ &❡❝)❡,♦)② ♣)♦,❡✐♥

❢)♦♠ ❙❡❝❆ ❛♥❞ ❙❡❝❆ ❞✐&&♦❝✐❛,❡& ❢)♦♠ ❙❡❝❨❊●✱ ✐& )❡♣❧❛❝❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❝②,♦♣❧❛&♠✐❝ ❙❡❝❆ ❛♥❞

❢✉),❤❡) ♣)♦,❡✐♥ ,)❛♥&❧♦❝❛,✐♦♥ ✐& ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞ ❜② ,❤❡ ♣)♦,♦♥ ♠♦,✐✈❡ ❢♦)❝❡ ❬✷✻✱ ✸✹✕✸✻❪✳ ❇② ,❤✐&✱

,❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ ♣)♦,❡✐♥ ✐& ,❤)❡❛❞❡❞ ,❤)♦✉❣❤ ,❤❡ ,)❛♥&❧♦❝♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛❢,❡) &✉❝❝❡&&❢✉❧ ,)❛♥&❧♦❝❛,✐♦♥✱

,❤❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ✐& ❝❧♦&❡❞ ❜② ❛♥ α✲❤❡❧✐❝❛❧ ♣❧✉❣ ♦❢ ❙❡❝❨ ❬✷✽✱ ✸✺❪✳

❚❤❡ ❙❡❝✲♣❛,❤✇❛② ❤❛& ❜❡❡♥ ✇❡❧❧✲❝❤❛)❛❝,❡)✐③❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✐& &,✉❞✐❡❞ ✐♥ ❣)❡❛, ❞❡,❛✐❧✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡)✱ ❛ )❡❝❡♥, &,✉❞② ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡& ,❤❡ ❡①✐&,✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡❧ ,❤❛, ❝♦✲,)❛♥&❧❛,✐♦♥❛❧ ,)❛♥&❧♦❝❛,✐♦♥ ✐& ♠❡❞✐❛,❡❞

❜② ❙❘L✱ ✇❤❡)❡❛& ♣♦&,✲,)❛♥&❧❛,✐♦♥❛❧ ,)❛♥&❧♦❝❛,✐♦♥ ✐& ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞ ✇✐,❤ ,❤❡ ❤❡❧♣ ♦❢ ❙❡❝❇✱ ❛& ❛♥

✐♥,❡)❛❝,✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❙❡❝❆ ✇✐,❤ ,❤❡ ♥❛&❝❡♥, ♣♦❧②♣❡♣,✐❞❡ ❝❤❛✐♥ ❤❛& ❜❡❡♥ ❞❡,❡❝,❡❞ ❬✶✶✱ ✸✼❪✳ ❚❤❡

&,✉❞② &❤♦✇& ,❤❛, ❙❡❝❆ ❝❛♥ ❜✐♥❞ ,♦ ,❤❡ ♥❛&❝❡♥, ♣❡♣,✐❞❡ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥, ♦❢ ❙❡❝❇ ❛♥❞ ♣)♦♣♦&❡&

❛♥ ✐♥,❡)♠❡❞✐❛,❡ ❜❡,✇❡❡♥ ❝♦✲ ❛♥❞ ♣♦&,✲,)❛♥&❧❛,✐♦♥❛❧ ,)❛♥&❧♦❝❛,✐♦♥ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ,)❛♥&❧♦❝❛,✐♦♥

✐& ♣♦✇❡)❡❞ ❜② ❙❡❝❆ ✭✐♥&,❡❛❞ ♦❢ ,❤❡ )✐❜♦&♦♠❡✮ ✇❤✐❧❡ ,❤❡ ♠❘◆❆ ✐& &,✐❧❧ ,)❛♥&❧❛,❡❞ ❬✸✼❪✳

■✳✶✳✷ ❚❤❡ ❚❛(✲*❛(❤✇❛②

❚❤❡ ❚❛,✲L❛,❤✇❛② ,)❛♥&♣♦),& ❢♦❧❞❡❞ ♣)♦,❡✐♥& ❛❝)♦&& ,❤❡ ❝②,♦♣❧❛&♠✐❝ ♠❡♠❜)❛♥❡✳ ❲❤❡)❡❛&

,❤❡ ❙❡❝✲♣❛,❤✇❛② ✐& ❡&&❡♥,✐❛❧✱ ,❤❡ ❚❛,✲♣❛,❤✇❛② ✐& ❞✐&♣❡♥&❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ ♠♦&, &♣❡❝✐❡&✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐& ❛❧&♦

)❡✢❡❝,❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❧♦✇❡) ♥✉♠❜❡) ♦❢ &✉❜&,)❛,❡ ♣)♦,❡✐♥& ❬✶✵✱ ✸✽✱ ✸✾❪✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡)✱ ,❤❡ ❚❛,✲♣❛,❤✇❛②

♣❧❛②& ❝)✉❝✐❛❧ )♦❧❡& ✐♥ ♣❛,❤♦❣❡♥❡&✐& ♦❢ ♣❧❛♥, ❛♥❞ ❛♥✐♠❛❧ ♣❛,❤♦❣❡♥& ❛♥❞ ✐& ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥

♠❛♥② ❞✐✈❡)&❡ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛) ♣)♦❝❡&&❡& ❛& ♠♦,✐❧✐,②✱ ✐)♦♥ ❛❝O✉✐&✐,✐♦♥ ♦) ❜✐♦✜❧♠ ❢♦)♠❛,✐♦♥ ❬✹✵✕✹✸❪✳

❆ ✈❡)② ♣)♦♠✐♥❡♥, ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ✐& ,❤❡ ❡①♣♦), ♦❢ ❙❤✐❣❛ ,♦①✐♥ ✭❙,①✮ ❜② ,❤❡ ❚❛,✲♣❛,❤✇❛② ♦❢

❙❤✐❣❡❧❧❛ ❞②)❡♥+❡,✐❛❡ ❛♥❞ ❙❤✐❣❛✲❧✐❦❡ ,♦①✐♥& ✭❙▲❚&✮ ♦❢ ❡♥,❡)♦❤❡♠♦))❤❛❣✐❝ ❊✳ ❝♦❧✐ &,)❛✐♥&

❬✹✶✱✹✹❪✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦&, &,)✐❦✐♥❣ ❞✐✛❡)❡♥❝❡ ,♦ ,❤❡ ❙❡❝✲♣❛,❤✇❛② ✐& ,❤❡ ❛❜✐❧✐,② ♦❢ ,❤❡ ❚❛,✲♣❛,❤✇❛② ,♦ ,)❛♥&❧♦❝❛,❡ ♣)♦,❡✐♥& ❛❝)♦&& ,❤❡ ✐♥♥❡) ❜❛❝,❡)✐❛❧ ♠❡♠❜)❛♥❡ ✐♥ ❛ ❢♦❧❞❡❞ ❝♦♥❢♦)♠❛,✐♦♥

❬✸✽✱ ✹✺❪✳ ❚❤❡ ,)❛♥&♣♦), ♦❢ ❢♦❧❞❡❞ &✉❜&,)❛,❡& ❤❛& ,❤❡ ❛❞✈❛♥,❛❣❡ ,❤❛, ♣)♦,❡✐♥& ,❤❛, )❡O✉✐)❡

&♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❝❤❛♣❡)♦♥❡& ❢♦) ,❤❡✐) ❝♦))❡❝, ❢♦❧❞✐♥❣ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❢♦❧❞❡❞ ✐♥ ,❤❡ ❝②,♦♣❧❛&♠ ♦) ,❤❛, ❤❡,❡)♦✲

♦❧✐❣♦♠❡)& ♦❢ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♦♥❧② ♦♥❡ ♣)♦,♦♠❡) ❝♦♥,❛✐♥& ❛ &✐❣♥❛❧ &❡O✉❡♥❝❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ,)❛♥&❧♦❝❛,❡❞

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■✳ ■♥"#♦❞✉❝"✐♦♥

♦❣❡ ❤❡% ❬✹✻❪✳ ❆❞❞✐ ✐♦♥❛❧❧②✱ ♣%♦ ❡✐♥4 ❤❛ ♥❡❡❞ ❝♦✲❢❛❝ ♦%4 ❧✐❦❡ ✐%♦♥✲4✉❧❢✉% ❝❧✉4 ❡%4 ♦% ❝❡% ❛✐♥

✐♦♥4 ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛44❡♠❜❧❡❞ ❝♦%%❡❝ ❧② ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ 4❤✐❡❧❞❡❞ ❢%♦♠ ❝♦♠♣❡ ✐♥❣ ✐♦♥4 ✐♥ ❤❡ ♣❡%✐♣❧❛4♠

❬✹✼✱✹✽❪✳

❆❢ ❡% ❡♠❡%❣❡♥❝❡ ❢%♦♠ ❤❡ %✐❜♦4♦♠❛❧ ❡①✐ ✉♥♥❡❧✱ ♥❛4❝❡♥ ♣❡♣ ✐❞❡ ❝❤❛✐♥4 ❛%❡ ✜%4 ❛%✲

❣❡ ❡❞ ❜② %✐❣❣❡% ❢❛❝ ♦%✱ ❛ ❣❡♥❡%❛❧ ❜❛❝ ❡%✐❛❧ %✐❜♦4♦♠❛❧❧② ❛44♦❝✐❛ ❡❞ ❝❤❛♣❡%♦♥❡ ❬✹✾✱ ✺✵❪✳

❋♦% 4♦♠❡ ❚❛ ✲4❡❝%❡ ♦%② ♣%♦ ❡✐♥4✱ %✐❣❣❡% ❢❛❝ ♦% ✐4 ❝%✉❝✐❛❧ ❢♦% 4 ❛❜✐❧✐③❛ ✐♦♥ ❜② ❜✐♥❞✐♥❣ ♦ ❤❡ 4✐❣♥❛❧ 4❡F✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❤❡ 4✉❜4 %❛ ❡ ♣%♦ ❡✐♥✱ ♣%♦❜❛❜❧② ♦ ♣%❡✈❡♥ ♣%❡♠❛ ✉%❡ ❜✐♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢

❤❡ 4✐❣♥❛❧ 4❡F✉❡♥❝❡ ♦ ❤❡ ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡✲❜♦✉♥❞ %❛♥4❧♦❝♦♥ ❬✹✾❪✳ ❋♦❧❞✐♥❣ ✐4 ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞ ❜② ❚❛ ✲ 4✐❣♥❛❧ 4❡F✉❡♥❝❡ 4♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❝❤❛♣❡%♦♥❡4 ❛4 ✇❡❧❧ ❛4 ❣❡♥❡%❛❧ ❝② ♦4♦❧✐❝ ❝❤❛♣❡%♦♥❡4 ❧✐❦❡ ❙❧②❉ ❛♥❞

❉♥❛❑ ❬✺✶✕✺✸❪✳

❖♥❝❡ ❢♦❧❞❡❞✱ 4✉❜4 %❛ ❡ ♣%♦ ❡✐♥4 ♦❢ ❤❡ ❚❛ ✲♣❛ ❤✇❛② ❛44♦❝✐❛ ❡ ✇✐ ❤ ❤❡ ✐♥♥❡% ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡

❞✉❡ ♦ ❤❡ ✐♥ %✐♥4✐❝ ❛✣♥✐ ② ♦❢ ❤❡ 4✐❣♥❛❧ 4❡F✉❡♥❝❡ ♦ ❤❡ ✐♥♥❡% ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡ ❬✺✹❪✳ ❇❡❢♦%❡ 4✉❜✲

4 %❛ ❡ %❡❝♦❣♥✐ ✐♦♥✱ ❚❛ ❆ ♦❢ ❤❡ ❤❡ ❚❛ ✲❝♦♠♣❧❡① ✐4 ❤♦✉❣❤ ♦ ❜❡ ♣%❡4❡♥ ✐♥ ❤❡ ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡

✐♥ ❛ ♠♦♥♦♠❡%✐❝ ❢♦%♠✱ ✇❤❡%❡❛4 ❚❛ ❇ ❛♥❞ ❚❛ ❈ ❢♦%♠ ♦❧✐❣♦♠❡%4 ❬✺✺✱✺✻❪✳ ❚❤❡ 4✐❣♥❛❧ 4❡F✉❡♥❝❡

♦❢ ❤❡ 4❡❝%❡ ♦%② ♣%♦ ❡✐♥ ✐4 %❡❝♦❣♥✐③❡❞ ❜② ❚❛ ❈ ❛♥❞ ❛❧ ❤♦✉❣❤ 4❡✈❡%❛❧ ❝♦♣✐❡4 ♦❢ ❚❛ ❈ ❛%❡

♣%❡4❡♥ ✐♥ ❛ ❤❡ ❡%♦✲♦❧✐❣♦♠❡%✱ ♦♥❧② ♦♥❡ ❚❛ ❈ ✐4 ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥ %❡❝♦❣♥✐ ✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡ 4❡❝%❡ ♦%②

♣%♦ ❡✐♥ ❬✺✻✱✺✼❪✳ ❯♣♦♥ 4✉❜4 %❛ ❡ ♣%♦ ❡✐♥ ❜✐♥❞✐♥❣ ♦ ❚❛ ❈✱ ♣%♦ ♦♠❡%4 ♦❢ ❚❛ ❆ ❛%❡ %❡❝%✉✐ ❡❞

✐♥ ♦ ❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ❛♥❞ ❢♦%♠ ❤❡ ❛❝ ✉❛❧ ♣%♦ ❡✐♥ %❛♥4❧♦❝❛ ✐♦♥ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ❬✺✽✱ ✺✾❪✳ ■♥ ❊✳ ❝♦❧✐✱

❚❛ ❆ ❢♦%♠4 ❛ ❤♦♠♦✲♦❧✐❣♦♠❡%✐❝ ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ❤❛ ❛❧❧♦✇4 ♣❛44❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❛%❣❡ ♣%♦ ❡✐♥4

✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♦♥❡ ❤❡❧✐① ♦❢ ❛ ♣%♦ ♦♠❡% ✐4 ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥ ❢♦%♠❛ ✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ❛♥❞ ❛♥♦ ❤❡% ❛♠✲

♣❤✐♣❛ ❤✐❝ ❤❡❧✐① ✐4 ❛44♦❝✐❛ ❡❞ ✇✐ ❤ ❤❡ ❝② ♦♣❧❛4♠✐❝ 4✐❞❡ ♦❢ ❤❡ ✐♥♥❡% ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡ ❬✺✽❪✳ ❚❤❡

4✉❜4 %❛ ❡ ✐4 %❛♥4❧♦❝❛ ❡❞ ❤%♦✉❣❤ ❤❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ❢♦♠❡❞ ❜② ❚❛ ❆✱ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❡❞ ❜② ❚❛ ❈ ❛♥❞ %❡❣✲

✉❧❛ ❡❞ ❜② ❚❛ ❇✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡%✱ ❤❡ 4✐❣♥❛❧ 4❡F✉❡♥❝❡ 4 ❛②4 ❛ ❛❝❤❡❞ ♦ ❤❡ ❚❛ ❇❈✲❝♦♠♣❧❡① ✉♥ ✐❧

❤❡ ❛%❣❡ ✐4 ❝♦♠♣❧❡ ❡❧② %❛♥4❧♦❝❛ ❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❤❡ 4✐❣♥❛❧ 4❡F✉❡♥❝❡ ✐4 ❝❧❡❛✈❡❞ ❜② ❛ ♣❡%✐♣❧❛4♠✐❝

4✐❣♥❛❧ ♣❡♣ ✐❞❛4❡ ❬✻✵✕✻✸❪✳ ❚❤❡ ❢❛ ❡ ♦❢ ❤❡ 4✐❣♥❛❧ ♣❡♣ ✐❞❡ %❡♠❛✐♥4 ✉♥❝❧❡❛% ❬✸✽❪✳ ■♥ ❝♦♥ %❛4 ♦ ❤❡ ❙❡❝✲ %❛♥4❧♦❝❛4❡✱ ❤❡ ❚❛ ✲♠❛❝❤✐♥❡%② ✐4 ♣♦✇❡%❡❞ ♥♦ ❞✐%❡❝ ❧② ❜② ❆❚U✲❤②❞%♦❧②4✐4 ❜✉

%❛ ❤❡% ❜② ❤❡ ♣%♦ ♦♥ ♠♦ ✐✈❡ ❢♦%❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✐4 ♥♦ ❡F✉✐♣♣❡❞ ✇✐ ❤ ❛ ♣❧✉❣ ❜✉ ❞✐4❛44❡♠❜❧❡4

✐♥ ♦ ♠♦♥♦♠❡%4 ❛❢ ❡% ❤❡ %❛♥4❧♦❝❛ ✐♦♥ ♣%♦❝❡44 ❬✻✷✱ ✻✹✱ ✻✺❪✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ ❛♥ ♦❧✐❣♦♠❡%✐❝

♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ❛❧4♦ ✐♠♣❧✐❡4 ❤❛ 4✉❜4 %❛ ❡4 ✇✐ ❤ ❞✐✛❡%❡♥ 4✐③❡4 ❝❛♥ ❜❡ %❛♥4♣♦% ❡❞ ❜②

✈❛%✐❛ ✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡%4 ♦❢ ♣%♦ ♦♠❡%4 ❤❛ ❢♦%♠ ❤❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ❬✻✷❪✳

■✳✷ ❙❡❝&❡'✐♦♥ ❙②,'❡♠, ♦❢ ❉✐❞❡&♠ ❇❛❝'❡&✐❛

❇❛❝ ❡%✐❛ ✇✐ ❤ ❛♥ ✐♥♥❡%✱ ❝② ♦♣❧❛4♠✐❝ ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❞❞✐ ✐♦♥❛❧❧② ❛♥ ♦✉ ❡% ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡ ❢❛❝❡

♦♥❡ ♠♦%❡ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡✳ ❚❤❡② ♥❡❡❞ ♦ %❛♥4♣♦% ❛ 4✉❜4❡ ♦❢ ♣%♦ ❡✐♥4 ❛❝%♦44 ✇♦ ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡4✳

❚❤✐4 ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ♦♥❡✲4 ❡♣ ✭❚②♣❡ ■✱ ■■■✱ ■❱✱ ❱■ ❛♥❞ ❱■■ ❙❡❝%❡ ✐♦♥ ❙②4 ❡♠4✮ ♦% ✐♥

❛ ✇♦✲4 ❡♣ ♣%♦❝❡44 ✭❚②♣❡ ■■✱ ■❱✱ ❱ ❛♥❞ ■❳ ❙❡❝%❡ ✐♦♥ ❙②4 ❡♠✮✳ ❆❧❧ ♦❢ ❤❡ 4❡❝%❡ ✐♦♥ 4②4✲

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■✳ ■♥"#♦❞✉❝"✐♦♥

❡♠# ❤❛ &❛♥#♣♦& ♣&♦ ❡✐♥# ✈✐❛ ❛ ✇♦✲# ❡♣ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐#♠ &❡❧② ♦♥ ❡✐ ❤❡& ❤❡ ❙❡❝✲ ♦& ❤❡ ❚❛

♣❛ ❤✇❛② ❜② ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❡ ♣&♦ ❡✐♥# ❛&❡ ✜&# &❛♥#♣♦& ❡❞ ✐♥ ♦ ❤❡ ♣❡&✐♣❧❛#♠ ✇❤❡&❡ ❤❡② ❛&❡

❤❡♥ &❡❝♦❣♥✐③❡❞ ❜② ❤❡ &❡#♣❡❝ ✐✈❡ #❡❝&❡ ✐♦♥ ❛♣♣❛&❛ ✉#✳ :&♦ ❡✐♥# ❤❛ ❛&❡ &❛♥#♣♦& ❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ✇♦✲# ❡♣ ♣&♦❝❡## ❛♥❞ ❙❡❝✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥ ❛&❡ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❢✉& ❤❡& &❡<✉✐&❡♠❡♥ ✿ ❚❤❡② ♥❡❡❞

♦ ❜❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❛✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ ❛♥ ✉♥❢♦❧❞❡❞ ❜✉ ❢♦❧❞✐♥❣✲ ❛♥❞ #❡❝&❡ ✐♦♥✲❝♦♠♣❡ ❡♥ # ❛ ❡✱ ②❡ ❤❛✈❡ ♦

❜❡ &❡#✐# ❛♥ ♦ ❞❡❣&❛❞❛ ✐♦♥✳ ❋♦& #♦♠❡ #❡❝&❡ ✐♦♥ #②# ❡♠#✱ ♣❛& # ♦❢ ❤❡ &❛♥#♣♦& #✉❜# &❛ ❡

❤♦✇❡✈❡&✱ ❤❛✈❡ ♦ ❢♦❧❞ ♦ ❛❧❧♦✇ ❡✣❝✐❡♥ &❛♥#♣♦& ❛♥❞✴♦& &❡❝♦❣♥✐ ✐♦♥ ❜② ❤❡ ❝♦❣♥❛ ❡ #❡✲

❝&❡ ✐♦♥ #②# ❡♠✳ ❚❤✐# ✐# ❡#♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❤❡ ❝❛#❡ ❢♦& ❚②♣❡ ❱ ❙❡❝&❡ ✐♦♥ ❙②# ❡♠ ❛✉ ♦ &❛♥#♣♦& ❡&#

❤❛ &❡❧② ♦♥ ♣❡&✐♣❧❛#♠✐❝ ❝❤❛♣❡&♦♥❡# ❧✐❦❡ ❙✉&❆✱ ❙❦♣ ♦& ❋❦♣❆ ❬✻✻✕✼✶❪✳ ❆❞❞✐ ✐♦♥❛❧ ♦ #❡❝&❡✲

✐♦♥ #②# ❡♠ #✉❜# &❛ ❡# ❤❛ ❝❛♥ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ ♦♥ ❤❡ ❙❡❝✲ ♦& ❤❡ ❚❛ ✲:❛ ❤✇❛②✱ ❛❧#♦ ❤❡ ❛##❡♠❜❧②

♦❢ ❤❡ #❡❝&❡ ✐♦♥ ❛♣♣❛&❛ ✉# ✐ #❡❧❢ ❝❛♥ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ ♦♥ ❡✐ ❤❡& ❙❡❝✲ ♦& ❚❛ ✲:❛ ❤✇❛② ❛# ❛❧#♦ #♦♠❡

♣&♦ ❡✐♥# ♦❢ ❤❡ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡&② ❤❛✈❡ ♦ ❜❡ &❛♥#❧♦❝❛ ❡❞ ✐♥ ♦ ❤❡ ♣❡&✐♣❧❛#♠✳

■✳✷✳✶ ❚❤❡ ❚②♣❡ ■ ❙❡❝+❡,✐♦♥ ❙②0,❡♠

❚❤❡ ❚②♣❡ ■ ❙❡❝&❡ ✐♦♥ ❙②# ❡♠ ✭❚✶❙❙✮ ❝♦♥#✐# # ♦❢ ❤&❡❡ ❞✐✛❡&❡♥ ♣&♦ ❡✐♥#✱ ❛❧❧ ♦❢ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛&❡

❡##❡♥ ✐❛❧ ❢♦& ✐ # ❢✉♥❝ ✐♦♥ ❬✼✷❪✳ ❚✇♦ ♣&♦ ❡✐♥# ❛&❡ ❧♦❝❛ ❡❞ ❛ ❤❡ ✐♥♥❡& ♠❡♠❜&❛♥❡✱ ❛ ❤♦♠♦❞✲

✐♠❡&✐❝ ❆❚:✲❜✐♥❞✐♥❣ ❝❛##❡ ❡ ✭❆❇❈✲✮ ♣&♦ ❡✐♥ ✇✐ ❤ ❛ &❛♥#♠❡♠❜&❛♥❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ✭❚▼❉✮ ❛♥❞

❛ ♠❡♠❜&❛♥❡ ❢✉#✐♦♥ ♣&♦ ❡✐♥ ✭▼❋:✮✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥♥❡& ♠❡♠❜&❛♥❡ ♣&♦ ❡✐♥# ❛&❡ ✉#✉❛❧❧② #♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❢♦&

❤❡✐& #✉❜# &❛ ❡✱ ✇❤❡&❡❛# ❛♥ ❛❞❞✐ ✐♦♥❛❧ ♦✉ ❡& ♠❡♠❜&❛♥❡ ♣&♦ ❡✐♥✱ ❚♦❧❈ ✐# ❛ ♠✉❧ ✐✲♣✉&♣♦#❡

♣&♦ ❡✐♥ ❤❛ ✐# ✈❡&② ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ✐♥ ❜❛❝ ❡&✐❛❧ ♠❡♠❜&❛♥❡# ❛♥❞ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥ ♠❛♥② ❞✐✛❡&❡♥ ♣&♦✲

❝❡##❡# ❬✼✸❪✳ ■♥ ❡&❡# ✐♥❣❧②✱ ❤❡ ✐♥♥❡& ♠❡♠❜&❛♥❡ ♣&♦ ❡✐♥# ❛♥❞ ❤❡ ❝❛&❣♦ ❛&❡ ❡♥❝♦❞❡❞ ✐♥ ❤❡

#❛♠❡ ♦♣❡&♦♥ ❛♥❞ &❡❣✉❧❛ ❡❞ ♦❣❡ ❤❡&✱ ✇❤❡&❡❛# ❤❡ ♦✉ ❡& ♠❡♠❜&❛♥❡ ♣&♦ ❡✐♥ ✐# ❡♥❝♦❞❡❞

❡❧#❡✇❤❡&❡ ❛♥❞ &❡❣✉❧❛ ❡❞ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥ ❧② ❬✼✸❪✳

❙❡❝&❡ ✐♦♥ ✈✐❛ ❚✶❙❙# ✐# ❙❡❝✲ ❛♥❞ ❚❛ ✲✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥ ❛♥❞ ❤✉# ♣&♦ ❡✐♥# ❛&❡ &❛♥#♣♦& ❡❞

❛❝&♦## ❜♦ ❤ ♠❡♠❜&❛♥❡# ✐♥ ♦♥❡ # ❡♣✳ ❙✉❜# &❛ ❡# ♦❢ ❚✶❙❙ ❤❛&❜♦& ❛ ❈✲ ❡&♠✐♥❛❧ #✐❣♥❛❧ #❡✲

<✉❡♥❝❡ ❤❛ ✐# ♥♦ ❝❧❡❛✈❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♥❡✐ ❤❡& ✐ # #❡<✉❡♥❝❡ ✐# ❝♦♥#❡&✈❡❞ ♥♦& ❝❧❡❛& ❝♦♠♠♦♥ # &✉❝✲

✉&❛❧ ❢❡❛ ✉&❡# ✇❡&❡ ✐❞❡♥ ✐✜❡❞ ❬✼✹✕✼✻❪✳ ❚❤❡ ❊✳ ❝♦❧✐ ❍❡♠♦❧②#✐♥ ❆ ✭❍❧②❆✮ ❚②♣❡ ■ ❙❡❝&❡ ✐♦♥

✇❛# ❤❡ ✜&# ❞❡#❝&✐❜❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✐# ❤❡ ❜❡# ❝❤❛&❛❝ ❡&✐③❡❞ ❚✶❙❙ ♦ ❞❛ ❡ ❛♥❞ ❤✉# ♥♦♠❡♥❝❧❛ ✉&❡

♦❢ ❤✐# ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡&② ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ✉#❡❞ ❤❡&❡ ❬✼✷❪✳ ❆❧❧ ♣&♦ ❡✐♥# ♦❢ ❤❡ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡&② ✇❡&❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ♦ ❜❡

❡##❡♥ ✐❛❧ ❢♦& ❡①♣♦& ♦❢ ❍❧②❆✱ ❛ ♣&♦ ❡✐♥ &❡#♣♦♥#✐❜❧❡ ❢♦& ❧②#✐# ♦❢ ✐♠♠✉♥❡ ❝❡❧❧# ❛♥❞ ❤✉# ✐♥✲

✈♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥ ✐♠♠✉♥❡ ❡✈❛#✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ✈✐&✉❧❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ✉&♦♣❛ ❤♦❣❡♥✐❝ ❊✳ ❝♦❧✐ ✭❯:❊❈✮ # &❛✐♥# ❬✼✼❪✳

❇❡❢♦&❡ #❡❝&❡ ✐♦♥✱ ❍❧②❆ ✐# ❛❝②❧❛ ❡❞ ❜② ❍❧②❈ ❛ ✇♦ ❞✐✛❡&❡♥ ♣♦#✐ ✐♦♥# ♦❢ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❜♦ ❤ ❛&❡

♥❡❝❡##❛&② ❢♦& ✐ # ❤❡♠♦❧② ✐❝ ❛❝ ✐✈✐ ② ❬✼✽✱✼✾❪✳

❆##❡♠❜❧② ♦❢ ❤❡ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡&② # ❛& # ✇✐ ❤ ❤❡ ✐♥♥❡& ♠❡♠❜&❛♥❡ ♣&♦ ❡✐♥# ❍❧②❇ ✭❆❇❈✲

♣&♦ ❡✐♥✮ ❛♥❞ ❍❧②❉ ✭▼❋:✮ ❤❛ ❢♦&♠ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ❛♥❞ &❡❝♦❣♥✐③❡ ❤❡ #✉❜# &❛ ❡ ♣&♦ ❡✐♥ ❍❧②❆

❬✽✵✱✽✶❪✳ ❯♣♦♥ #✉❜# &❛ ❡ &❡❝♦❣♥✐ ✐♦♥✱ ❤❡ ♦✉ ❡& ♠❡♠❜&❛♥❡ ♣&♦ ❡✐♥ ❚♦❧❈ ✐# &❡❝&✉✐ ❡❞✱ ❤✉#✱

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■✳ ■♥"#♦❞✉❝"✐♦♥

❤❡ #❛♥&❧♦❝❛ ✐♦♥ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ✐& ❡& ❛❜❧✐&❤❡❞ ❛♥❞ &✉❜& #❛ ❡ #❛♥&❢❡# & ❛# & ❬✽✷✕✽✹❪✳ ❚#❛♥&❧♦❝❛✲

✐♦♥ ✐& ♣♦✇❡#❡❞ ❜② ❆❚<✲❤②❞#♦❧②&✐& ❜② ❍❧②❇ ❬✽✵❪✳

❍❧②❇ ✐& ❛ ♠❡♠❜❡# ♦❢ ❤❡ ❢❛♠✐❧② ♦❢ ❆❇❈✲♣#♦ ❡✐♥&✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛#❡ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥ ❤❡ #❛♥&♣♦#

♦❢ &♠❛❧❧ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❡&✱ ♥♦ ❛❜❧② ❛♥ ✐❜✐♦ ✐❝&✱ ❛❝#♦&& ❤❡ ✐♥♥❡# ♠❡♠❜#❛♥❡✳ ❆❇❈✲♣#♦ ❡✐♥& ❜✐♥❞

✐♥ #❛❝❡❧❧✉❧❛# &♠❛❧❧ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❡&✱ ❤❡♥✱ ❆❚<✲❜✐♥❞✐♥❣ ✐♥❞✉❝❡& ❛ ❝♦♥❢♦#♠❛ ✐♦♥❛❧ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❢#♦♠

❛♥ ✐♥✇❛#❞✲❢❛❝✐♥❣ ♦ ❛♥ ♦✉ ✇❛#❞✲❢❛❝✐♥❣ ❝♦♥❢♦#♠❛ ✐♦♥ ✇✐ ❤ ❧♦✇❡# ❛✣♥✐ ② ♦ ❤❡ &✉❜& #❛ ❡

❛♥❞ #❡❧❡❛&❡& ✐ ♦ ❤❡ ♣❡#✐♣❧❛&♠ ❬✽✺✕✽✾❪✳ ❆❚<✲❤②❞#♦❧②&✐& ❤❡♥ #❡✈❡# & ❤❡ ❝♦♥❢♦#♠❛ ✐♦♥ ♦

✐♥✇❛#❞✲❢❛❝✐♥❣ ❬✽✻❪✳ ❊✈❡♥ ❤♦✉❣❤✱ ❤❡ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐&♠ ♦❢ ❛❝ ✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❆❇❈✲♣#♦ ❡✐♥& ❛& ❞#✉❣ ❡✤✉①

♣✉♠♣& ✐& ❡& ❛❜❧✐&❤❡❞✱ ✐ #❡♠❛✐♥& ❡❧✉&✐✈❡✱ ❤♦✇ ✇❤♦❧❡ ♣#♦ ❡✐♥& ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡①♣♦# ❡❞✳

❚❤❡ ♠❡♠❜#❛♥❡ ❢✉&✐♦♥ ♣#♦ ❡✐♥ ❍❧②❉ #❡&✐❞❡& ✇✐ ❤ ♦♥❡ #❛♥&♠❡♠❜#❛♥❡ ❤❡❧✐① ✐♥ ❤❡ ✐♥♥❡#

♠❡♠❜#❛♥❡✱ ❤❛& ❛ &♠❛❧❧ ✻✵ #❡&✐❞✉❡ ❝② ♦♣❧❛&♠✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❧❛#❣❡α✲❤❡❧✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞β✲& #❛♥❞ ❞♦♠❛✐♥

❤❛ ✐& ❡①♣❡❝ ❡❞ ♦ ❜#✐❞❣❡ ❆❇❈✲ #❛♥&♣♦# ❡# ❛♥❞ ❤❡ ♦✉ ❡# ♠❡♠❜#❛♥❡ ♣#♦ ❡✐♥ ❚♦❧❈ ❬✽✸✱✾✵❪✳

❚❤❡ &✉❜& #❛ ❡ ♣#♦ ❡✐♥ ❤❡♥ #❛✈❡#&❡& ❤❡ ♦✉ ❡# ♠❡♠❜#❛♥❡ ❤#♦✉❣❤ ❛ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ❢♦#♠❡❞ ❜②

❚♦❧❈ ❬✾✶❪✳

❇❡&✐❞❡& ❤❡ ❈✲ ❡#♠✐♥❛❧ &✐❣♥❛❧ &❡O✉❡♥❝❡✱ &♦♠❡ ❚✶❙❙✲&✉❜& #❛ ❡& ❛❧&♦ ❝♦♥ ❛✐♥ ❛ #❡♣❡❛ &✲

✐♥✲ ♦①✐♥✲✭❘❚❳✮✲❞♦♠❛✐♥✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦♥ ❛✐♥& #❡♣❡❛ & ♦❢ ❛ ♥♦♥❛♣❡♣ ✐❞❡ #✐❝❤ ✐♥ ❣❧②❝✐♥❡ ❛♥❞ ❛&✲

♣❛# ❛ ❡✳ ❚❤❡&❡ #❡♣❡❛ & ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ &❤♦✇♥ ♦ ♣#♦♠♦ ❡ ❢♦❧❞✐♥❣ ✇❤❡♥ ❜♦✉♥❞ ♦ ❈❛✷✰ ❬✾✷❪✳

❆& ❝② ♦&♦❧✐❝ ❧❡✈❡❧& ♦❢ ❈❛✷✰❛#❡ ❧♦✇❡# ❤❛♥ ❤❡ ❛✣♥✐ ② ♦❢ ❤❡ #❡♣❡❛ & ✭✸✵✵ ♥▼ ♦ ✶✵✵ ▼✮✱

❤❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❝❛♥ ♦♥❧② ♣#♦♠♦ ❡ ❢♦❧❞✐♥❣ ♦♥❝❡ ❤❡ ♣❡♣ ✐❞❡ #❡❛❝❤❡❞ ❤❡ ❡① #❛❝❡❧❧✉❧❛# &✉#❢❛❝❡✱

✇❤❡#❡ ❈❛✷✰✲❝♦♥❝❡♥ #❛ ✐♦♥& ✐♥ ❤❡ #❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ♠▼ ❛#❡ ❡♥❝♦✉♥ ❡#❡❞ ❬✾✸✱ ✾✹❪✳ ❊① #❛❝❡❧❧✉❧❛#

❢♦❧❞✐♥❣ ❤❛& #❡❝❡♥ ❧② ❜❡❡♥ &❤♦✇♥ ♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐ ❛ ❡ #❛♥&❧♦❝❛ ✐♦♥ ❜② ❜❧♦❝❦✐♥❣ ❤❡ ✇❛② ❜❛❝❦ ❛&

✇❡❧❧ ❛& ❡♥❡#❣✐③✐♥❣ ❤❡ #❛♥&❧♦❝❛ ✐♦♥ ❬✾✹✱✾✺❪✳

■✳✷✳✷ ❚❤❡ ❚②♣❡ ■■ ❙❡❝*❡+✐♦♥ ❙②/+❡♠

❙✉❜& #❛ ❡& ♦❢ ❤❡ ❚②♣❡ ■■ ❙❡❝#❡ ✐♦♥ ❙②& ❡♠ #❡❧② ♦♥ ❡✐ ❤❡# ❤❡ ❙❡❝✲ ♦# ❤❡ ❚❛ ✲♣❛ ❤✇❛②

❢♦# #❛♥&♣♦# ❢#♦♠ ❤❡ ❜❛❝ ❡#✐❛❧ ❝② ♦&♦❧ ✐♥ ♦ ❤❡ ♣❡#✐♣❧❛&♠ ❬✾✻❪✳ ❚❤❡ ❚②♣❡ ■■ ❙❡❝#❡ ✐♦♥

❙②& ❡♠ #❛♥&♣♦# & ❢♦❧❞❡❞ ♣#♦ ❡✐♥& ❛❝#♦&& ❤❡ ♦✉ ❡# ♠❡♠❜#❛♥❡ ❛♥❞ ✐& ❤❡ ♦♥❧② ❦♥♦✇♥

❡①♣♦# &②& ❡♠ ❢♦# ❢♦❧❞❡❞ ♣❡#✐♣❧❛&♠✐❝ ♣#♦ ❡✐♥& ❬✾✻✕✾✽❪✳ ❋♦# ❤✐& #❡❛&♦♥✱ &❡✈❡#❛❧ ♣#♦ ❡✐♥&

#❡O✉✐#✐♥❣ ❝♦❢❛❝ ♦#& ♦# ♣❡#✐♣❧❛&♠✐❝ ❝❤❛♣❡#♦♥❡& ❛#❡ #❛♥&♣♦# ❡❞ ❜② ❤✐& ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐&♠ ❬✾✼✱✾✾❪✳

❙❡❝#❡ ✐♦♥ ✈✐❛ ❚✷❙❙ ✐& ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ ❡❞ ✐♥ ♠❛♥② ❞✐✈❡#&❡ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛# ♣#♦❝❡&&❡& #❛♥❣✐♥❣ ❢#♦♠ ♥✉ #✐❡♥

✉♣ ❛❦❡✱ ♠♦ ✐❧✐ ② ❛♥❞ ❛❞❤❡&✐♦♥ ♦ ♣❛ ❤♦❣❡♥❡&✐& ❛♥❞ ❝♦❧♦♥✐③❛ ✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤♦& & ❬✶✵✵✕✶✵✻❪✳ ❊❛#❧②

& ✉❞✐❡& ♦❢ ❤❡ ❈❤♦❧❡#❛ ❚♦①✐♥ ✭❈❚✮ ❡①♣♦# &❤♦✇❡❞ ❤❛ ❡✈❡♥ ♦❧✐❣♦♠❡#& ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡①♣♦# ❡❞ ❜②

❚✷❙❙ ❬✶✵✷✱✶✵✼❪✳ ❈❚ ✐& ❛ ❤❡ ❡#♦❤❡①❛♠❡#✐❝ ❆❇✲ ♦①✐♥✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐& ❝♦♠♣♦&❡❞ ♦❢ ♦♥❡ ❡♥③②♠❛ ✐❝

&✉❜✉♥✐ ✭❆✮ ❛♥❞ ✜✈❡ #❡❝❡♣ ♦#✲❜✐♥❞✐♥❣ &✉❜✉♥✐ & ✭❇✮ ❤❛ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❡ ❡♥ #② ♦❢ ❤❡ ❆✲&✉❜✉♥✐

✐♥ ♦ ❤❡ ❛#❣❡ ❝❡❧❧ ❬✶✵✼✱✶✵✽❪✳ ▼❛♥② ♣#♦ ❡✐♥& ♦❢ ❤❡ ❚✷❙❙ ✐ &❡❧❢ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ ♦♥ ❤❡ ❙❡❝✲♣❛ ❤✇❛② ♦ ❜❡ #❛♥&❧♦❝❛ ❡❞ ❛❝#♦&& ❤❡ ✐♥♥❡# ♠❡♠❜#❛♥❡ ✐♥ ♦ ❤❡ ♣❡#✐♣❧❛&♠ ❬✶✵✾✱ ✶✶✵❪✳

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■✳ ■♥"#♦❞✉❝"✐♦♥

❚✷❙❙# ❛%❡ ❝♦♠♣♦#❡❞ ♦❢ ♠❛♥② ❞✐✛❡%❡♥1 ✭≈✶✺✮ ♦❢1❡♥ ♦❧✐❣♦♠❡%✐❝ ♣%♦1❡✐♥#✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❢♦%♠

❛ ♣✐❧✉#✲❧✐❦❡ #1%✉❝1✉%❡ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ♣#❡✉❞♦♣✐❧✉# 1❤❛1 ✐# ❛♥❝❤♦%❡❞ 1♦ ❜♦1❤ ❜❛❝1❡%✐❛❧ ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡#

❬✶✶✶✱ ✶✶✷❪✳ ❊✈❡♥ 1❤♦✉❣❤ #❡✈❡%❛❧ ♣%♦1❡✐♥# #❤♦✇ #♦♠❡ ❤♦♠♦❧♦❣② 1♦ ❚②♣❡ ■❱ ♣✐❧✐ ♣%♦1❡✐♥#✱

1❤❡② ❤❛✈❡ ❞✐#1✐♥❝1 ❢✉♥❝1✐♦♥# ❛♥❞ ❝❛%%② 1❤❡%❡❢♦%❡ 1❤❡ ♣%❡✜① ✏♣#❡✉❞♦✲✑ ❬✶✶✸✕✶✶✺❪✳ ❆# 1❤❡

❚②♣❡ ■■ ❙❡❝%❡1✐♦♥ ❙②#1❡♠ ✇❛# ❞✐#❝♦✈❡%❡❞ ✈❡%② ❡❛%❧② ❛♥❞ ✐♥✐1✐❛❧❧② 1❤♦✉❣❤1 1♦ ❜❡ %❡#♣♦♥#✐❜❧❡

❢♦% 1❤❡ ❡①♣♦%1 ♦❢ ♠♦#1 #❡❝%❡1♦%② ♣%♦1❡✐♥#✱ ✐1 ✇❛# 1❡%♠❡❞ ●❡♥❡%❛❧ ❙❡❝%❡1✐♦♥ N❛1❤✇❛② ✭●❙N✮

❛♥❞ 1❤✉# ♣%♦1❡✐♥# ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ❛%❡ ♥❛♠❡❞ ●#♣❳ ❬✶✶✻❪✳

❆##❡♠❜❧② ♦❢ ❚✷❙❙ #1❛%1# ✇✐1❤ ●#♣❙✱ ❛ ♣%♦1❡✐♥ ❛❧#♦ %❡❢❡%%❡❞ 1♦ ❛# ♣✐❧♦1✐♥✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐# ❛

❧✐♣♦♣%♦1❡✐♥ ♦❢ 1❤❡ ♦✉1❡% ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥ %❡❝%✉✐1✐♥❣ ♠♦%❡ ♣%♦1❡✐♥# ♦❢ 1❤❡ ❝♦♠✲

♣❧❡①✳ ❚❤❡ #❡❝%❡1✐♥ ●#♣❉ ✐# ✜%#1 %❡❝%✉✐1❡❞ ❜② ●#♣❙ ❛♥❞ ❢♦%♠# 1❤❡ ♦✉1❡% ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧

1❤❛1 ✐♥ 1✉%♥ ❧❡❛❞# 1♦ 1❤❡ ❛❝❝✉♠✉❧❛1✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣#❡✉❞♦♣✐❧✐♥#✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ #1✐❧❧ ❝♦♥1❛✐♥ 1❤❡ ❤②❞%♦♣❤♦❜✐❝

♣❛1❝❤ ♦❢ 1❤❡ #✐❣♥❛❧ #❡Q✉❡♥❝❡ 1❤❛1 ❛♥❝❤♦%# 1❤❡♠ 1♦ 1❤❡ ✐♥♥❡% ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡ ❬✶✵✾✱ ✶✶✼❪✳ ●#♣❉

❢♦%♠# ❛ ❞♦❞❡❝❛♠❡%✐❝ ♦✉1❡% ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡✲#♣❛♥♥✐♥❣ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ✇✐1❤ 1✇♦ ❝♦♥#1%✐❝1✐♦♥#✱ ♦♥❡ ❧✐❡#

❛1 1❤❡ ❤❡✐❣❤1 ♦❢ 1❤❡ ✐♥♥❡% ❛♥❞ 1❤❡ ♦1❤❡% ♦♥❡ ❛1 1❤❡ ♦✉1❡% ❧❡❛✢❡1 ♦❢ 1❤❡ ♦✉1❡% ❜❛❝1❡%✐❛❧

♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡ ❬✶✶✽❪✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥#1%✐❝1✐♦♥# ❛%❡ ❡①♣❡❝1❡❞ 1♦ ♣%❡✈❡♥1 ❧❡❛❦❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛% ❝♦♥1❡♥1#✳

❊✈❡♥ 1❤♦✉❣❤ 1❤❡ ❚✷❙❙ ♦♥❧② 1%❛♥#♣♦%1# ♣%♦1❡✐♥# 1❤%♦✉❣❤ 1❤❡ ♦✉1❡% ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡✱ ✐1 ✐#

❛❧#♦ ❛♥❝❤♦%❡❞ ✐♥ 1❤❡ ✐♥♥❡% ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡ ❜② ●#♣❈✱ ✲❋✱ ✲▲ ❛♥❞ ✲▼ ❛♥❞ ❛##❡♠❜❧② ♦❢ 1❤❡

✐♥♥❡% ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡ ♣%♦1❡✐♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ✐# #✉♣♣♦%1❡❞ ❜② 1❤❡ #❡❝%❡1✐♥ ✐♥ 1❤❡ ♦✉1❡% ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡

❬✶✶✾❪✳ ❖♥❝❡ 1❤❡ ♦✉1❡% ❛♥❞ ✐♥♥❡% ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡ ♣%♦1❡✐♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡# ❛%❡ ❛##❡♠❜❧❡❞✱ 1❤❡ ❡##❡♥1✐❛❧

1%❛♥#❧♦❝❛1✐♦♥ ❆❚N❛#❡✱ ●#♣❊ ✐# %❡❝%✉✐1❡❞ ❬✶✷✵❪✳ ❚❤❡ ❆❚N❛#❡ ❜✐♥❞# 1♦ ●#♣▲ ✐♥ 1❤❡ ✐♥♥❡%

♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡ ❛♥❞ ✐# ❛❝1✐✈❛1❡❞ ❜② 1❤✐# ✐♥1❡%❛❝1✐♦♥✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛❧#♦ ✐♥❞✉❝❡# ❤❡①❛♠❡%✐③❛1✐♦♥ ❬✶✷✵✕

✶✷✸❪✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❛❥♦% ♣#❡✉❞♦♣✐❧✐♥ ●#♣● ❛# ✇❡❧❧ ❛# 1❤❡ ♠✐♥♦% ♣#❡✉❞♦♣✐❧✐♥# ●#♣❍✱ ✲■✱ ✲❏ ❛♥❞ ✲❑

❛##❡♠❜❧❡ ♦♥ 1❤❡ ✐♥♥❡% ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ✇✐1❤ ❛♥ ✉♥❦♥♦✇♥ #1♦✐❝❤✐♦♠❡1%② ❬✶✵✾✱✶✷✹✱✶✷✺❪✳

❚❤❡ ♠✐♥♦% ♣#❡✉❞♦♣✐❧✐♥# ❢♦%♠ 1❤❡ 1✐♣ ♦❢ 1❤❡ ♣#❡✉❞♦♣✐❧✉# ❛♥❞ 1❤❡ ♠❛❥♦% ♣#❡✉❞♦♣✐❧✐♥# ❢♦%♠

1❤❡ %❡#1 ♦❢ 1❤❡ ♣#❡✉❞♦♣✐❧✉# ❬✶✷✺❪✳ ▼✐♥♦% ♣#❡✉❞♦♣✐❧✐♥# ❝♦✉❧❞ ❛❧#♦ ❜❡ ✐♥❝♦%♣♦%❛1❡❞ ❜❡1✇❡❡♥

#✉❜✉♥✐1# ♦❢ 1❤❡ ♠❛❥♦% ♣#❡✉❞♦♣✐❧✐♥ ❬✶✷✻❪✳

❖♥❝❡ ❛##❡♠❜❧❡❞✱ 1❤❡ ❆❚N❛#❡ ●#♣❊ ❜✐♥❞# 1♦ ❛ ❝❧❡❢1 ❜❡1✇❡❡♥ 1✇♦ ❞♦♠❛✐♥# ❛1 1❤❡ ❝②1♦✲

♣❧❛#♠✐❝ #✐❞❡ ♦❢ ●#♣▲ ❬✶✷✵❪✳ ❆❚N✲❤②❞%♦❧②#✐# ❧❡❛❞# 1♦ ❝♦♥❢♦%♠❛1✐♦♥❛❧ ❝❤❛♥❣❡#✱ ✜%#1 ✐♥ 1❤❡

❆❚N❛#❡ 1❤❛1 ❛%❡ 1❤❡♥ 1%❛♥#♠✐11❡❞ 1♦ ♦1❤❡% ♣%♦1❡✐♥# ♦❢ 1❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ❛♥❞ ❧❡❛❞ 1♦ 1%❛♥#❧♦❝❛✲

1✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣#❡✉❞♦♣✐❧✐♥# ❛♥❞ ❢✉%1❤❡% ✐♥❝♦%♣♦%❛1✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠♦%❡ ♣#❡✉❞♦♣✐❧✐♥# ❛♥❞ 1❤✉# 1♦ ❡❧♦♥❣❛1✐♦♥

♦❢ 1❤❡ ♣#❡✉❞♦♣✐❧✉# ❬✶✷✵✱ ✶✷✷✱ ✶✷✸✱ ✶✷✼❪✳ ❚❤❡ ❛##❡♠❜❧② ❛♥❞ ❛%❝❤✐1❡❝1✉%❡ ♦❢ 1❤❡ ♦✉1❡% ♠❡♠✲

❜%❛♥❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥1# ♦❢ ❚✷❙❙ ❛# ✇❡❧❧ ❛# 1❤❡ ❣❡♥❡%❛❧ ♠♦❞❡ ♦❢ #❡❝%❡1✐♦♥ ❛%❡ ✇❡❧❧ ❡#1❛❜❧✐#❤❡❞✱

❤♦✇❡✈❡%✱ ❤♦✇ #✉❜#1%❛1❡# ❛%❡ 1%❛♥#❧♦❝❛1❡❞ ✐# #1✐❧❧ ♥♦1 ❝♦♠♣❧❡1❡❧② ✉♥❞❡%#1♦♦❞ ❬✶✵✺✱ ✶✷✻❪✳

❚✇♦ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐#♠# ♦❢ ❡✛❡❝1♦% #❡❝%❡1✐♦♥ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♣%♦♣♦#❡❞ ❬✶✷✻✱ ✶✷✽❪✳ ❖♥❡ ♠♦❞❡❧✱ 1❤❡

✏♣✐#1♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧✑ #1❛1❡# 1❤❛1 #✉❜#1%❛1❡ ♣%♦1❡✐♥# ❛%❡ ❧♦❛❞❡❞ ♦♥1♦ ♠✐♥♦% ♣#❡✉❞♦♣✐❧✐♥#✱ ✇❤✐❝❤

❢♦%♠ 1❤❡ #♣✐❦❡ ♦❢ 1❤❡ ♣#❡✉❞♦♣✐❧✉#✳ ❆##❡♠❜❧② ♦❢ 1❤❡ ♣#❡✉❞♦♣✐❧✉# 1❤❡♥ ♣✉#❤❡# 1❤❡ #❡❝%❡✲

1♦%② ♣%♦1❡✐♥# 1❤%♦✉❣❤ 1❤❡ ♠❡♠❜%❛♥❡ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ♣%♦1❡✐♥ ●#♣❉ ✐♥1♦ 1❤❡ ❡①1%❛❝❡❧❧✉❧❛% #♣❛❝❡✳

✲✶✵✲

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