HISTORICAL SKETCH' OF SOME OF THE MEANS THAT HAVE BEEN ADOPTED FOR THE SUPPLY OF

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

HISTORICAL SKETCH' OF SOME OF THE MEANS THAT HAVE BEEN ADOPTED FOR THE SUPPLY OF

' WATER TO OITIES AND TO?VNH.

INTRODUOTION—ANOIENT WELLS—EGYPTIAN RESERVOIRS—POOLS OF JERUSALEM—AQUEDUCT OF CARTHAGE—GREEOE: AQUEDUOT NEAR PATARA—ROME: ITS AQUEDUOTS; KNOWLEDGE OF THE PRINCIPLES AND ACTION OF THE SYPHON; DISTRIBUTION OF THE WATER—

CONSTANTINOPLE: ITS RESERVOIRS, AQUEDUCTS, AND CISTERNS—ROMAN AQUEDUCTS IN-SPAIN AND FRANCE—RUINS OF AQUEDUCTS IN PERU—«INDIAN RESERVOIRS—WA’I‘ER SUPPLF OF PARIS—WATER SUPPLY OF LONDON: SPRINGS,BROOKS,AND WELLS; CONDUIT HOUSES;

CONVEYANCE OF WATER FROM ‘TYBORNE’; THAMES WATER; WATER BROUGHT IN FROM HAMPSTEAD; LONDON BRIDGE WATERWORKS;

YORK BUILDINGS WATERWORKS; MERCHANTS’ WATERWORKS; NEW RWER COMPANY; CHELSEA, LAMBETH, GRAND JUNC"ION‚ WEST MIDDLESEX, EAST LONDON, SOUTHWARK AND VAUXHALL, AND KENTWATERWORKS COMPANIES ; VARIOUS SOHEMES PROPOSED FOR THE SUPPLY OF WATER TO LONDON; JUDGMENT OF THE ROYAL COMMISSION—CONOLUSION . . . .

CHAPTER II.

WATER AND THE FOREIGN MATTER USUALLY ASSOCIATED WITH IT.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER—PHENOMENA OF FREEZING AND BOILINO—LATENT BEAT OF WATER AND STEAM—SQLVENT POWER OF WATER SOUROES OF WATER: RAIN; IMPDRITIESOF RAIN WATER—LAKES, STREAMS, AND RWERS:

SOFT RIVERWATER FROM INFERVIOUS DISTRICTS; EFFEOT OF SOFT WATERS ON IRON PIPES; RIVER WATERS FROM DIS'I‘RICTS WHERE CARBONATE OF LIME PREVAILS; RIVER POLLUTION ; ORGANIO IMFURITIES, AND THECAPABILITY OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS TO ESTIMATE THE SAME; ACTION OF ATMOSPHERIO OXYGEN IN RENDERING THE IMPURITIES INNOOUOUS; NITRATES AND NITRITES; ALBUMENOID MATTER; GERMS; MISCROSCOPICAL EXAMINATIONOF WATERASPRING AND WELL WATER: IMPURITIES OF THE WATER FROMSHALLOW

OR SURFACE WELLS; QUALITY OF DEEP WELL WATER FROM THE CHALK AND THE NEW RED SANDSTONEAACTION OF WATER ON

LEAD—DR. CLARKE’S SOA? TEST—TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT HARDNESS—HARD WATER versus SOFT, VIEWED WITH REGARD TO HEALTH, AND DOMESTIC AND MANUFAOTURING ECONOMY—CLARKE’S SOFTENINGPROCESS—ANALYSIS OF THE SOFTENED WATER FROM

THE CANTERBURY WORKS . . . .

CHAPTER III. _

RAINFALL AND E VAPORA TION.

EARLY OBSERVATIONS—VARIOUS DESCRIPTIONS OF RAIN GAUGES—EFFEOT OF THE PHYSICAL CONFIGURATION OF THE DIS'I‘RICT ON RAINFAI‚L—INFLUENOE OF RAILWAYS UPON WEATHER—TABLES OF RAINFALL IN VARIOUS DISTRIOTS—DECADAL LAW OF RAINFALL—

ESTIMATION OF THE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM FROM THE MEAN ANNUAL FALL—AVAILAELE RAINFALL—DISTRIBUTION OF RAIN OVER THE VARIOUS SEASONS—MAXIMUM FALL IN TWENTY—FOUR HOURS—GAUGE FOR ASOERTAININO THE RATE OF FALL—EVAPORATION AND

ARSORPTION—EVAPORATION FROM SURFACES OF WATER . . . .

CHAPTER IV.

SPRINGS; AND THE WATER—BEARING FORMATIONS OF VARIOUS' DISTRICT.SÜ

INFILTRATION OF RAINFALI.;EXPERIMENTS BY DICKENSON, DALTON7 AND CHARNOCK; BARLOW’SSUGGESTIONS CONCERNING THE DALTON GAUGE;

ESTIMATE OF ABSORFTION INTO THE TERTIARY SANDS AND GREENSANDS; ABSORBENT CAPACITIES OF VARIOUS ROCKS; EXPERIMENTS As TO ADSORRENT CAPACITY OF SAND, BY PRESTWIOH; AND OF CHALK, BY DR. SMITH—CAVERNS AND FISSURES IN LIMESTONE SPRINGS—

WATER-BEARING STRATA—GENERAI. CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH SPRINGS ARE FOUND; SPRINGS CAUSED BY FAULTS; ARTESIAN SPRINGS—

RANOE‚ LITHOLOGICAI. CHARAOTER, AND HYDROGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS OF THE SEVERAL GEOLOGIOAL FORMATIONS: ALLUVIUM; NEWER PLIOOENE; LATER TERTIARY DEPOSITS; DRIFT, RED CRAO, CORALINE CRAG, NORWIOH CRAG, _MIOOENE, EOOENE; BAGSHOT

SANDs; THE LONDON CLAY; LOWER TERTIARY STRATA; THE CHALK, CHALK MARL, UPPER GREENSAND, GAULT‚ LOWER GREENSAND;

THE WEALDEN; UPPER OOLITIO; PORTLAND STONE, PORTLAND SAND, KIMMERIDGE CLAY; THE MIDDLE OOLITIC; CORAL RAG, CALCAREOUS GRIT, OXFORD CLAY; LOWER OOLITIC ; CORNBRASH, FOREST MARBLE, GREAT OR BATH OOLITE‚ FULLER’s EARTH; INFERIOR OOLITE AND SAND; LIAS BEDS; THE NEW RED SANDSTONE, OR TRIAS; THE MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE, OR PERMIAN GROUP; CARBONI- FEROUS SERIES; COAL MEASURES, MILLSTONE GRIT, CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE; DEVONIAN OR OLD RED SANDSTONE; SILERIAN,

CAMERIAN, AND IGNEOUS ROCKSACONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

a. ?.

PAGE

18

43

x CONTENTS.

CHAPTER V.

MEASUREMENT AND ESTIMATION OF THE FLOW OF WATER.

PAGE,

\VEIGHT OF WATER—UNITS OF VOLUME AND TIME—DISCHAROE——ACTION OF GRAVITYATHEORETICAI. VELOOITY——PATH TRAVERSED BY A JET

OF WATER ISSUING WITH A KNOWN VELOOITY—ORIFICES IN THIN PI.ATES‚OR THIN—EDGED ORIFICES: COEFFIOIENT OF VELOOITY; TRUE MEAN VELOCITY ITNDER SMALL CHARGES; CONTRAOTION OF THE FLUID VEIN; COEFFIOIENT OF DISOHARGE; CIROULAR ORIFIOES;

REOTANGULAR ORIFIOES; TRIIE MEAN VELOCITY; EXPERIMENTS BY PONOELET AND LESEROS—NOTOHES AND WEIRS: REOTANGULAR AND TRIANGULAR NOTCHES; RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANOULAR NOTCHES; EXPERIMENTS BY MESSRS. BLACKWELL AND SIMPSON, AND BOILEAU;

SUPPRESSED CONTRACTION; VELOCITY OF APPROAOH; SEPARATING WEIES; SUBMEEOED ORIFIOES AND WEIRS—ADJUTAGES:

CYLINDRICAL,CONICALLY CONVERGING, AND CONICALLY DIVERGING—SHOOTS—DISOHARGE UNDER A VARIAELE HEAD; TIME OF EMPTYING PRISMATIC AND OTHER RESERVOIRS; DISCHARGE FROM ONEVESSEL INTO ANOTHER—FLOW OF WATER THROUGH UNIFORM CHANNELS:

MEAN VELOCITY DETERMINED BY MAXIMUM SURFAOE VELOCITY; AOCELERATING AND RETARDING FOROES; MEAN VELOOITY OF FLOW IN RIVERS AND OPEN CHANNELS, AND THROUGH LONG AND SHORT PIPES; FRICTION OAUSED BY BENDS AND SDDDEN ENLARGEMENTS;

TOTAL Loss OF HEAD AND FINAL VELOCITY—DE’I‘ERMINATION OF THE SEOTION WHEN THE DISCI-IARGE AND HEAD ARE GIVEN . . 68

CHAPTER VI.

ON THE SELECTION OF THE SOUROE OF SUPPLY.

INTRODUCTORY—ESTIMATION OF QUANT1TY REQUIRED: POPULATIQN; CONSUMPTION PER HEAD FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSES; WASTE; CON- STANT AND INTERMITTENT SYSTEMS OF SUPPLY; CONSUMPTION IN LONDON; TRADE AND PUBLIC PURPOSES—QUALITY OF THE WATER

—DELIVERY OF WATER UNDER PRESSURE—VARIOUS SOUROES—‘GRAVITATION SOHEMES: CATOHMENT AREA; MEAN AND AVAILAELE RAINFALL; GAUGING STREAMS; COMPENSATION; STORAGE CAFAOITY IN RELATION TO DRAINAGE AREA; ILLIISTRATIONS; PURIFIOATION AND DISTRIBUTION—RIVER SOHEMES: FLOW FROM LARGE DISTRIOTS; MEASUREMENT OF THE FLOW OF RIVERS; NECESSITY FOR PUMPING; INTAKES; CHICAGO—SPRINGS—WELL SCHEMES—MISCELLANEOUS. . . '. . , 83

CHAPTER VII.

W'ELLS .

DIFFERENT KINDS OF WELLS—SHALLOW WELLS: THEIR LIABILITY TO BE CONTAMINATED WHEN IN CERTAIN LOOALITIES; YIELD OF SHALLOW WELI.S; ‘DRIP-WATER.'—DEEF WELLS SUNK UNDER VARIOUS CONDITIONS: FAULTS—ARTESIAN WELLS: LONDON AND PARIS BASINS; OTHER CONDITIONS GIVING RISE TO ARTESIAN WELLS; ‘BLOW’ WELLS.—CHANOES OF FAILURE: FAULTS; DEEP WFLL AT ST. LOUIS, U.S.; RIDGE OF OLD ROCKS UNDER THE LONDON BASIN.—YIELD OF WELLS: QUANTITY OF WATER PAsSING INTO THE STRATUM; INFILTRATION OF TIDAL AND OTHER WATERS; LINE OF SATURATION; CONE THEORY; UNITED EFFECT OF PUMPING FROM NEIGHBOURING WELLS; MEANS AVAILAELE FOR INOREASING THE YIELD OF A WELL; HEADINGS'versus ADDITIONAL

BORINO; How THE YIELD OF WELLS SHOULD BE RECORDED; TEMPERATURE OF WELL WATER.—WELL SINKINO: EchVATING;

FORM OF WELL AND HEADINGS; MATERIALS USED FOR STEINING WELLS; METHOD OF PROCEEDING WITH THE WORK; GASTAND WROUGHT IRON CYLINDERS; DIAMETER OF A WELL; CARBONIC ACID IN WELLS.—WELL BORING: CHINESE SYSTEM AND ITS DEFECTS; ROD SYSTEMS; RODS, THEIR JOINTING, DIMENSIONS, AND RESISTANOE TO TORSION; BORING TOOLS; THE ‘MISER’; AD—

VANTAGES OF SINKING A WELL PREVIOUS TO BORING; SHELL-PUMFS; MODIFIOA'I‘IONS IN BO_RING APPARATUS BY M. KINO AND M.

DRU; MATHER’S BORING APPARATUS; FAUVELLE’S SYSTEM; RECOVERY OF BROKEN RODS AND TOOLS FROM BORE—HOLES; WROUGHT AND GAST IRON BORE-PIPES; COST OF SINKING AND BORING. . . , 95

CHAPTER VIII.

RESEEVOIRS.

DIFFERENT KINDS OF RESERVOIRS—AVAILABLE CAPAOITY—STORAGE RESERVOIRS: CAPACITY; VARIOUS METHODS AND RULES—COMPEN- SATION RESERVOIRS—DEPOSITING RESERVOIRS; THEORY, DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS; AREA RELATIVELY WITH FILTER BEDS—- SERVICE RESEIWOIRS: THEIR VARIOUS USES; CAPACITY REQUIRED—NATL‘RAL RESERVOIRS OR LAKES: SALMON STAIRS—SEMI- NATURAL RESERVOIRS: THEORY AND CONSTRDOTION OF EARTIIWORK AND MASONRY DA‘AIS; PUDDLE WALLS; SPRINGS ON THE SITE OF THE DAM; OUTLET ARRANGEMENTS; WASTEWEIF. AND BYEWASH; SYPHON WEIR; SEPARATING VVEIR—RESERVOIRS ENTIRELY ARTIFICIAL; ECONOMIOAL PROPORTIONS; COST; COVERING; REGULATOR—WATER TOWERS _ . . ‚ , . ‚ _ . 115

CHAPTER IX.

THE PURIFIOATION OF WATER.

INTRODUOTION—VARIODS METHODS OF PURIFIOATION: DISTILLATION, AERATION, PREOIPITATION,STRAINING, FILTRATION—THEORIES OF THE.

ACTION OF SAND FILTERS, CHARCOAL FILTERS, AND ‘ CARBIDE’ FILTERS—FILTRATION THROUGH NATURAL STRATA: FILTERING GAL.

LERIESAT GENOA, TOULOIISE, LYONS, PERTH—FILTRATION THROUGH ARTIFICIAL STRATA OF SAND AND GRAVEL: EARLY FAILURES AT GLASGOW; FIRST FILTERS OF THE CHELSEA WATERWORKS COMPANY; RATE OF FILTRATION; FILTERING MEDIA OFTHE METRO-.

FOLITAN COMPANIES—CONSTRIIOTION OF FILI‘ER BEDS: HEAD AND DEP‘IH OF WATER; INLET ARRANGEMENTS ; DRAINS AND CUL- VERTS: AIR PIPES‚ OVERFLOWS, AND WASI-LOU'I‘S; CLEANSINO FILTER BEDS; SAND WASHING APPLIANOES; CLEANSING BY BACK- FLOW: GBEENOCK WATERWORKS; DUNKERQUE WATERWORKS; LEGHORN WATERWORA'S; WAKEFIELD WATERWORKS; COST OF

FILTRATION . . . .' . . . 136

CONTENTS. _ xi

CHAPTER X.

PUMPS. .

VALVR PUMPS: L1FT AND FORCE Pumps; BUCKE'I‘ Pumps; PLUNOER Pumps; DOUBLE-ACTING Pumps; BUCKET-AND-PLUNGER PUMPs.

PISTON-AND-PLUNGER PUMPS—PUMP VALVES: FLAP VALVES; PO'F-LID, DOUBLE-BEAT AND FOUR—BEAT VALVES; VARIOUS INDIA_’

RUBBER VALVES—POINTS TO BE REGARDED IN DESIGNING PUIIP VVORIC—AIR VESSELS AND STAND PIPES—CENTRIFUGAL PU:IIPS.

FORM OF VANES; PRA0TIOAI. EXANPLES OF CENTRIFUGAI. PUMPS . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

CHAPTER XI.

PUMPING MA CHINERY.

ANIMAL POWER—WIND POWER-WATER POWER: VERTIOAL WHEELS; TURBI'NES; PRESSURE ENGINEs—STEAM POWER: SINGLE-AOTING NON—ROTATIVE ENGINES; DOUBLEAOTING NON—ROTATIVE ENGINES; DOURLE-AOI‘ING ROTATIVE ENGINES; VERTICAL AND HORIzONTAL

ENGINES; THECORNISH AND THE DOUBLE-CYLINDER ROTATIVE ENGINE; PUMPS WORKED BY DIFFERENT KINDS OF ENGINES; BOILERS 138

CHAPTER XII.

OOND HITS.

CONSIDERATIONS AFFECTING THE CHOICE OF A ROUTR—STAB_ILITY OF THE BED OF THE CONDUIT—CROSS SECTIONS OF CONDUITS OF GLASGOW, ARERDEEN, MARSEILLES; CONDUITS OF THE PROPOSED WVELSII AND LAKE SOHEAIES FOR THE ME'IROPOLIS, AND THEIR

COST‘OPEN versus OOVERED CONDUITS—TUNNELs—AQUEDUCTS: ROQUEFAVOUR; LOOH KATRINE; PIPE AQUEDL'CTS—EARTHENWARF]

PIPE CONDUITS—CONTROLLING AI’PARATUS . . . 169

CHAPTER XIII.

DISTRIBÜ’I’ION OF WATER.

AOTUAL DISCHARGE FROM MAINS, CO)IPARED WITH THE USUAL FORMULIE—DETERMINATION OF THE DIAMETERS OE WATER MAINS—

CORROSION AND FURRING—UP OF MAINS—MEANS AND APPARATUS FOR REMOVING ACOUIIULATIONS_CONDITIONS TO RE OBSERVED IN CASTING PIPES—APPARATUS FOR TESTING PIPES WITH HYDRAULIC PRESSURE—FORIIULE FOR CALCULATING THE THICKNESS OE PIPES—INSTRUMENTS FOR GAUGINO THE THICKNESS OF PIPESvVARIOUS KINDS OE JOINTS—APPARATUS FOR TAL‘PING MAINS WH[LST UND.ER PRESSURE—SAFETI VALVES—RRFLUX OR STOP-BACK VALVES—BY-PIPES—SLUICE VALVES—‘HIDRANTS AND FIRE Cocxs—

STREET-WATERING APPARATUS . . . 179

CHAPTER XIV.

METERS, _ SERVIOEPIPES, AND HOUSE FITTINGS.

INTRODUCTION—I/VATER METERS: HIGH AND LOW PRESSURE METERS; POSI’I‘IVE AND INFERENTIAL METERS; KENNEDY’S, VVINSDARROW‘S,

THE MANOIIESTER METER, SIEMENS & ADAIISON’S, PONTIFEX & WOOD’S, HORSLEY’S, THE EUREKA; REMARKS ON POSITIVE versus INFERENTIAL METERS; LOW-PRESSURE METERS; RELATIVE VALUE OF HIGH AND LOW PRESSURE METERS; APPLICATION OF METERS;

DEAOON’S WASTE—WATER METER; ADVANTAGE OF INSPEOTION BY :METER—HOUSE SERVICES: IRON, LEAD, AND TIN-LINED LEAD SERVICES; MEDICAL TESTIMONY ON THE USE OF LEAD PIPES; EXPERIMENTS ON LEAD AND TIN»LINED LEAD PIPES; HEAP’S PATENT JOINT- FoR LEAD PIPES; MOORE’S PIPE PROTECTOR; COIIII0N’S DIfITO+FERRULES—STOP COCKS: BIB COCKS AND TAPS; SELF- CLOSING TAPS; BALL COOKS—CISTERNS: IRON, LEAD-I.INED, SLATE, AND EARTHENWARE—WASTE PF:EVENTERS: CHANDLER’S, DALZIELL’S ; DOURI.E CISTERN AND WASTE PREVENTERS FOR CLOSETS: PINN’S APPARA'J‘US . . . 202

CHAPTER XV.

THE LAW AND EOONOMY OF WATERWORKS.

SUI3IIARY OF THE LAWS AFFECTING WATERWORKS—COST OF NUMEROUS GRAVITATION, PUIIPING, AND COMBL\'ED GRAVITATJON AND

PUMPING WORKS—FORMS OE WATER COIIPANIE3’ AOOOUNTs—RATES CHARGED IN VAI(IOUS BRITISH AND CONTINENTAL TOWNs—

PUBLIC versus PRlVATE O\\'NFRSIIIP—FALSE ECONOMIES. . . 219

ADDENDA TO CHAPTER XV.

THE LAWS AND ECONOMY OF WATE'RII'ORKS.

. 244

PUBLIC HEALTII ACT 1875. . . . . . . . . .

xii OONTENTS.

CHAPTER XVI.

OONSTANT AND INTERMITTENT SUPPLY.

PAGE

INTERMITTENT SUPPLV: CHARACTERISTIC FEATURE; REASONS FOR ADOPI‘ING; REGULATION OF SERVICE; COMPLAINTS AGAINST THE SYSTEM; THE LONDON WATER COMPANIES AND THE SMALL HOUSES; WASTE; PURITY OF THE WATER; EXTINCTION OE FIRES——

CONSTANT SUPPLY: DEFINITION; GREAT ADVANTAGE OE THE SYSTEM; ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH PRESSURE; LIAELE TO BE RENDERED INCONSTANT BY MISHAP5, &C.; CONSUMPTION; CASES OF CHANGINS FROM INTERMITTENT TO CONSTANT AND FROM CONSTANT TO INTERMITTENT; INCREASE IN C NSUMPTION WITH THE PRESENT FITTINGS; EXPERIMENTS WITH THE CONSTANT SERVICE IN LONDON ;.

GREAT W'ASTE UNDER THE CONSTANT SERVICE AT GLASGOW,EDINRURGH, CROVDON, BRIGHTON, &C.; SUCCESS OE CONSTANT SERVICE AT CAMBRIDGE, NEWCASTLE, SHEFEIELD, &C.; IMPORTANCE OE STRICT RECULATIONS; REGULATIONS AT CAMBRIDGE WITH REGARD TO FITTINGS; RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE NORWICH WATERWORNS COMPANY; INSPECTION BY WATERWORKS AUTHORITIES; THE CHANGE FROM AN INTERMITTENT TO A CONSTANT SYSTEM; THE TWO SYSTEMS COMPARED. . . 247

CHAPTER XVII.

DESORIPTION OF PLATES.

WELLS: RESERVOIR DAMS AND FILTER BEDS. BRADFORD AND SHEFEIELD VVATERWORKS: DAMS, &c.; BOMBAY WATERWORKS: DAM AND TOWER; NEW RIVER COIIPANT’S FILTER BEDS: LEIOESTER WATERWORKS: FILTER BEDS AND SPENCER’S CARDIDE FILTER; COVERED RESERVOIRS: DIAGRAMS OE PUMPING ENGINES: EASTBOURNE WATERWORNS: ENGINE AND PUMPS ; LAMBETH WATERWORKS: ENGINE AND PUMVS; STAND PIPES AND AIRVALVES: MAINS: DUBLIN VVATERWORKS uVALVES; LIVERPOOL WATERWORKS: VALVES, &C.:

STREET APPENDAGES: HVDRANTS, METERS‚ &C.; BIDEEORD WATERWORKS: GENERAL PLAN AND SECTIONS; RESERVOIR DAM; FILTER BEDS AND SERVICE RESERVOIR; DUNDEE WATERWORKS : PLAN OFSTORAGE RESERVOIR :EMRANRMENT, &c. ; ROTHERHAM WATERWORKS:

PLAN OF STORAGE RES_ERVOIR; SECTIONS OE EMBANKMENT, BYEWASH, &c.; VALVE WELL, FOOT BRIDGE, FILTER BEDS, &C.; PORT GLASGOW WATERWORRS: EMEANKMENT, FILTERS, &C.; MANCHESTER WATERWORKS: RESERVOIRS, EMBANKMENTS, SLUICES, VALVES, COMPENSATION GAUGES, &C.; LOCH KATRINE WATERWORKS: GAUGE WEIN,AQUEDUCT, BRIDGE, &c.; INLET SLUICE, SALMON STAIRS, SECTIONS OF AQUEDUCT, &C.; SLUICE VALVES, STRAINING WELL, &C.; HALIFAX CORPORATION WATERWORKS: PLAN OF RESERVOIRS, WASTE WEIN, SECTION OE EMBANKMENT, &C.; FOOT BRIDGE, VALVE WELL, &C.; ABERDEEN WATERWORNS: SERVICE RESERVOIR, INTAKE, RESERVOIR EMBANKMENT, INLET DETAILS, FILTERS, &C.; CAST-IRON AQUEDUCT, &C.; HIGH SERVICE RESERVOIR,SECTIONS, DETAILS, &C.; SECTIONS OE AQUEDUCT, CULVERTS, AND OVERFLOW TANKS; COCKERMOUTH WATERWORKS: RESERVOIR AND FILTEB.

BEDS; SUNDERLANDWATERWORKS: PLAN, SECTIONS, DETAILS OE SERVICE RESERVOIR, &C.; ENGINE AND BOILER HOUSE; CHIMNEY SHAET7 &C.; ENGINE AND BOILERHOUSE; DETAILS OE ENGINE FRAME, &c.; SECTIONS OE WELL AND STAPLE, SHOWING PUMPS, &C.;

DETAILS OF PUMPS, &C.; CANTERBURY WATERWORKS: DEPOSITING AND LIME WATER RESERVOIRS; GENERAL PLAN, &C.; DEPOSlTING AND LIME WATER RESERVOIRS; ENGINE AND BOILER HOUSE, &C.; ENGINE, BOILER, AND WELL HOUSES; SERVICE RESERVOIRSAND FILLING PIPES; PUMPS; EMPTYING PIPES FOR DEPOSITING RESERVOIRS, &C.; DR. CLARKE’S SOETENINO PROCESS: PLANS AND SECTIONS OE DEPOSITING, LIME-WATER AND SERVICE RESERVOIRS, &C.; WATER TOWERS: WALLASEV, CROYDON, BIRKENHEAD . 261

APPENDIX A.——TARLE SHOWING THE MEAN VELOCITIES OF WATER FLOWING IN PIPES AND OTHER UNIFORM CHANNELS . . . 293

APPENDIX B.—TABI.E SHOWING SUPPLY PER MINUTE, DAY, AND YEAR; AND DRAINAGE AREA REQUIRED FOR A GIVEN POPULATION . 294 APPENDIX C.—TABLE SHOWING THE SIZE, WEISHT, SAFE—HEAD‚ AND STRENGTH OE CAST-IRON WATER PIPES . . . . 295 APPENDIX D.—TABLE SHOWING THE COST OE CAST-IRON PIPES FROM 2 TO 48 INCHES DIAMETER; GIVING THE LENGTH OE EACH

PIPE; THICKNESS; SAFE—HEAD; WEIGHT PERPIPE; AND COST PER YARD AT £5 PER TON, AND ALSO AT 581 PER TON . . . 296

APPENDIX E.

SPEOIFIOATIONS OF WATERWORKS.

GOSPORT WATERWORKS: WELLS . . . (JAMES PILBROW, ENGINEER) . . . . 297 BROMPTON, CHATHAM,GILLINGHAM, AND ROCHESTER WATERWORKS: SERVICE RESERVOIR (JAMES PII.BROW‚ ENGINEER) . . .“ . 298

LAAIBETH WATERWORKS: DECIMUS BURTON ROAD RESERVOIR . . . . . (JAMES SIMPSON, ENGINEER) . . . . 300

DUBLIN CORPORATION \VATERWORKS: SOCKET PIPES AND OTHER CASTINGS; PIPE-

LAVING, &C. . . (PARKE NEVILLE, ENGINEER) . . . . 302

BII‘F.FORD WATERWORI<S: IMPOUNDING RESERVOIR; FILTER BEDS AND A COVERED SERVICE RESERVOIR; CAST-IRON SOCI(ET PIPES, AND GLAZED AND UNGLAZED

SOCKET PIPES; LAYING AND JOINTINC. MAINS; SLUICE VALVES‚ HYDRANTS, &c. . (BALDWIN LATHAM, ENGINEER) . . . 313 DUNDEE WATERWORKS: STORE AND COMPENSATION RESERVOIR . . . . (JAMES LESLIE, ENGINEER) . , . . 322, ROTIIERHAM WATERWORKS: RESERVOIR, FILTER BEDS, PUREWATER BASIN,OVERELOWS,

EARTHENWARE, AND GAST-IRON PIPE CONDUI'I'S AND OTHER WORKS . . . (MESSRS. LAWSON AND MANSEROH‚ ENGINEERS) . 325 ARERDEEN WATERWORI<S: INLET TANKS, AQUEDUCT, RESERVOIRS. FILTERS, CAST-IRON

AQUEDUCTS, GAST—[RON PIPES, AND PIPE-LAYING EMRANKMENTS, WITH DBY—

RUDDLE HEARTINO CELVERTS; HYDRAULIC ENGINE AND PUMPS AND BUILDINGS:

ENGINES, &c. . . (JAMES SIMPSON, ENGINEER) . . . . 335

CANTERBURY VVATER\VORKS: CAST-IRON PIPES . . . . . ." . . (SAMUEL C. HOMERSHAM, ENGINEER) . . 348

HALIFAX CORPORATION W'ATERWORES: FLOOD AND WASTE WATERCOURSES; WASTE WEII:S; TWO RESERVOIRS; SHAETS; TUNNELS; PIPE-LAVING, BASIN; DIVERSION

OF FULSHAW STREAM; PIPE-LAYINO; WEIRS‚ &C. . . (JOHN F. BATEMAN, ENGINEER) . . . 350

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‚ . _367