Bericht des Generalsekretärs Nitin Desai

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Bericht des Generalsekretärs Nitin Desai

zum World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, 2002

http://www.johannesburgsummit.org

Datei: WS2002_criticaltrends_1408.pdf

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1. Population, Poverty and Inequality 2. Food and Agriculture

3. Fresh Water

4. Forests ( Biodiversity ) 5. Health and Hygiene

6. Energy and Climate (siehe Datei V00neu_Energie_Klimawandel.ppt)

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1. Population, Poverty and Inequality

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Quelle: UN Report „Global Change - Global Opportunity“, World Summit 2002, Johannesburg, p.4

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Population Density

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Income poverty is declining in Asia and Latin America

• Definition of „poverty“ is based on an income threshold of $1 per day

• In the 1990s,

the poverty rate in developing countries declined

from 29 % of the population to 23 %

the total number of people (world) living in poverty declined slightly from about 1.3 billion to 1.2 billion .

• The poverty rate is highest in sub-Saharan Africa

(almost 50% of the population ).

• A large majority of the world’s people living in poverty are in Asia,

particularly in rural areas.

• Most of the decline in the poverty rate in the 1990s

has been in East Asia .

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Quelle: UN Report „Global Change - Global Opportunity“, World Summit 2002, Johannesburg, p6

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Quelle: UN Report „Global Change - Global Opportunity“, World Summit 2002, Johannesburg, p 6

Hunger is slowly declining in all regions

• Today, almost 800 million people in developing countries are

chronically undernourished , since 1990: a reduction of over 40 million

since 1970: a significant reduction of over 150 million

• During the 1990s, hunger declined in all regions , even where per capita income fell, due in part to increasing global food production and

declining trend in food prices .

• Millenium Declaration Goal:

halving, by 2015 , the proportion of people who suffer from hunger

Regional trends indicate that East Asia and Latin America are on track

while sub-Saharan Africa is falling well short of the goal .

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Inequality is an obstacle to sustainable development

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Standard of living:

Asian countries reduced the gap in standards of living with developed countries through: rapid economic growth

and a decline in the rate of population growth.

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2. Food and Agriculture

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Food production and consumption are increasing

• projected (2030)

in developing countries : increasing in

food production and

imports.

• Declining food prices have generally

benefited consumers and improved nutrition,

even in countries where incomes have

declined.

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Potential to expand crop production is limited

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Potential to expand crop production is limited

• About 11 per cent of the world’s land surface is used in crop production, including cultivated land and land under permanent crops.

• In South Asia, East Asia and Europe,

most land is already used for agriculture

and there is little scope for expansion in agricultural land or in irrigation.

• In developing Asia, increasing demand for food

resulting from economic development and population growth will need to be met

by increasing yields with existing water resources and by increasing imports.

• In West Asia and North Africa, increasing agricultural production is

constrained by limited water resources, and imports are expected to increase to meet growing demand.

• In Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa, there is still potential

for expansion of agricultural land as well as for increased productivity.

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Agricultural trade is increasing:

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Agricultural trade is increasing:

• In most of the developing world, food imports have been growing ,

as demand has increased faster than production.

Net imports of grain in developing regions increased from 39 [Mt] of grain in the mid- 1970s

to 107 [Mt] in the mid- 1990s,

or from 4 % of their total grain consumption to 10 %.

The historical developing country surplus in agricultural trade

has recently turned into a deficit of 2.5 G$ .

• The agricultural trade deficit of developing countries is expected to increase

as consumption continues to grow more rapidly than production.

• The greatest increase in imports is expected in countries

where there is little unused agricultural land or water resources,

articular , North Africa, West Asia and East Asia.

• It is expected that the growing demand for imports can be met

by increased production and exports from developed country exporters,

in particular North America and the European Union .

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3. Fresh Water

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Agriculture dominates global water use:

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Industrial water use increases with development:

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Aquaculture is expanding to meet growing demand for fish

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Nearly half of the world‘s people will experience

water shortages by 2025

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4. Forests ( Biodiversity )

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World’s forested area continues to decline:

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Agricultural expansion is the main cause of deforestation Change in Tropical Forest

fallow =Brache

shrub = Strauch, Busch

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Protected areas are increasing in all regions

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5. Health and Hygiene

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Communicable= übertragbar, amsteckend

Most deaths in the least developed countries are readily preventable

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.

In sub-Saharan Africa and the least developed countries, disease and death—often in childhood—

mainly due to communicable, environment-related diseases.

Most common are :

• diarrhoeal diseases due to lack of clean water and sanitation facilities, and

• respiratory infections due to indoor air pollution.

These diseases are readily preventable through simple and inexpensive technologies .

Most deaths in the least developed countries are readily preventable

In developed countries,

illness and death are primarily due to non-communicable diseases,

especially heart disease and cancer, which strike primarily in old age

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**5_1 Health and Water

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**5_1 Health and Water

1 GPeople still lack access to safe water

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xx5_1 Health and Water

1 GPeople still lack access to safe water

2,5 GPeople still lack adequate sanitation facilities

( mostly in rural Asia and Africa )

Improved access to safe water improves health , particularly for children . and gives more time and energy

for more productive purposes including education.

In rural Asia and Africa, women on average

walk about 6 km for water.

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xx5_1 Health and Water

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xx5_1 Health and Water

During the 1990s, in Africa, Asia and Latin America,

some 15 G$ /a was invested water supply and sanitation:

over 12 G$/a was invested in drinking water supply, and about 3 G$/a in sanitation.

The investments were largely concentrated in urban areas, although the great majority of people

without access to safe drinking water live in rural areas.

Investment in Water Supply:

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Progress is being made towards targets

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1. Goal : 50 per cent reduction in child mortality due to diarrhoeal diseases,

(adopted in 1990 at World Summit for Children)

The number of children under five who die each year from diarrhoeal diseases due to contaminated water and food, poor hygiene and inadequate sanitation

is estimated to have fallen from 4.6 million in 1980 to 3.3 million in 1990 and 1.7 million in 1999 .

Contributing factors for achieving this goal have been:

better water supply and sanitation,

increasing use of oral rehydration therapy (ort), and better nutrition, including breastfeeding of infants.

Progress is being made towards targets:

2. Goal : The General Assembly, in its Millennium Declaration, resolved

to halve, by the year 2015,

the proportion of people who are unable to reach or to afford

safe drinking water.

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Malaria - the main water related illness

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xx5_1 Health and Water

Malaria is increasing in Africa

• About 300 million people suffer each year from acute malaria .

• ^About 1 million people die each year of malaria,

mostly children in Africa.

• Malaria deaths in Africa have been rising since the 1980s

primarily due to the declining effectiveness of the anti-malarial medication chloroquine.

In addition, development of dams and irrigation systems, deforestation and global warming

are favouring the development and spread of malaria-carrying mosquitoes .

• Malaria is estimated to reduce the economic growth of African

countries

by more than -1 % /a , amounting to economic losses of about 12 G$12 /a.

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Zum Vergleich:

Aids is undermining development in Africa

In sub-Saharan Africa :

Aids is now ,

• by far the leading cause of death

• reducing life expectancy by 15 a, to 47 years.

• predominantly strikes

young adults,

leaving millions of orphans.

Economic growth

in the countries most affected may be reduced by 1–2 % or

more.

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**5_2 Health and Air Pollution

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**5_2 Health and Air Pollution

Indoor air pollution is a major killer

A great majority of the deaths are among children in developing countries

who die of acute respiratory infections.

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**5_2 Health and Air Pollution

More than 3 million deaths each year are caused by air pollution, mostly due to particulate matter.

A great majority of the deaths are

among children in developing countries .

Children die of acute respiratory infections due to indoor air pollution

resulting from burning fuelwood,

crop residues or animal dung

for cooking and heating ^.

Yet most pollution control efforts and expenditures address

outdoor air pollution in developed

countries.

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**5_2 Health and Air Pollution

Increase of air pollution

in the early phase of

industrialisation

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