pollen and plant macrofossil data from the former Soviet Union and Mongolia

Present-day and mid-Holocene biomes reconstructed from

pollen and plant macrofossil data from the former Soviet Union and Mongolia

PE. T^1,2, TWIII³, AA. A⁴, NB. A’⁵, NA. B⁵, L G. B⁶, T A. B⁷,

NS. B¹, R C⁸, M M. C⁴,

GM. C⁹, N I. D¹⁰, V G. D⁹, GA. E¹¹, LV. F¹¹, F Z. G¹², JG⁸, V S. G¹,

S P. H², D J¹³, VI. K¹⁴, E V. K¹⁵, IM. O¹⁶, N K. P¹⁷, I. C P¹³, L S¹⁸,

DV. S⁹, V S. V¹⁹and VP. Z

1Department of Geography, Moscow State University, Vorobievy Gory, Moscow 119899, Russia (Fax:+7095 9392123),

2Dynamic Palaeoclimatology, Lund University, Box 117, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden (Fax:+46 46 2223635),³Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Rhode Island 02912–1846, USA (Fax:+1401 8632058),⁴Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Staromonetny 29, Moscow 109017, Russia (Fax:+7095 2302090),⁵Department of Biology, Moscow State University, Vorobievy Gory, Moscow119899, Russia,⁶Institute of Biology, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Repina 2, Kiev, Ukraine,⁷Institute of Biology and Biophysics, Tomsk State University, Prospekt Lenina 36, Tomsk 634050, Russia,⁸Laboratoire de Botanique Historique et Palynologie, CNRS UA 1152, Faculte´ de St-Je´roˆme, Case 451, F-13397 Marseille cedex 20, France (Fax:+33 91 208668),⁹Department of Geography & Geoecology, St.-Petersburg University, 10 Liniya 33, St.-Petersburg 199178, Russia,¹⁰Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Piatnitskaya 47, Stroenie 3, Moscow 109017, Russia (Fax:+7095 9530713),¹¹Institute of Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences (Karelian Branch), Pushkinskaya 11, Petrozavodsk 185610, Russia,¹²Forest Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences (Siberian Branch), Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia,¹³Department of Plant Ecology, Lund University, Ekologihuset, So¨lvegatan 37, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden (Fax:+46 46 2223742),¹⁴Institute of Limnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Sevastyanova 9, St.-Petersburg 196199, Russia (Fax:+7812 2987327),¹⁵Institute of Palaeobiology, Georgian Academy of Sciences, Potomaja 4, Tbilisi 380004, Georgia (Fax:+78832 998823),¹⁶Central Geological Laboratory, Zvenigorodskoe Shosse 9, Moscow, Russia (Fax:+7095 4308458),¹⁷Forest Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences (Ural Branch) Bilimbaevskaya 32 A, Ekaterinburg 620134, Russia (Fax:+73432 520853),¹⁸Institute of Geology, Estonian Academy of Sciences, Estonia Avenue 7, Tallinn EE-0105, Estonia (Fax:+372 6312074),¹⁹Institute of Geology, Russian Academy of Sciences (Siberian Branch), Universitetskii 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia (Fax:+73832 351351),²⁰Institute of Geological Sciences, Zhodinskaya 7, Minsk 220141, Belarus (Fax:+70172 636398)

Abstract. Fossil pollen data supplemented by tree Ural Mountains temperate deciduous forest extended both northward and southward from its modern range. The macrofossil records were used to reconstruct the vegetation

of the Former Soviet Union and Mongolia at 6000 years. northern limits of cool mixed and cool conifer forests were also further north than present. Taiga was reduced in Pollen spectra were assigned to biomes using the plant-

functional-type method developed by Prenticeet al. (1996). European Russia, but was extended into Yakutia where now there is cold deciduous forest. The northern limit of Surface pollen data and a modern vegetation map provided

a test of the method. This is the first time such a broad-scale taiga was extended (as shown by increased Picea pollen percentages, and by tree macrofossil records north of the vegetation reconstruction for the greater part of northern

Eurasia has been attempted with objective techniques. The present-day forest limit) but tundra was still present in north-eastern Siberia. The boundary between forest and new results confirm previous regional palaeoenvironmental

studies of the mid-Holocene while providing a steppe in the continental interior did not shift substantially, and dry conditions similar to present existed in western comprehensive synopsis and firmer conclusions. West of the

Mongolia and north of the Aral Sea.

Key words.Biome, vegetation changes, vegetation maps,

Correspondence: Dr Pavel E. Tarasov, Department of Geography, Moscow

plant functional types, pollen taxa, Russia, Former Soviet

State University, Vorobievy Gory, Moscow 119899, Russia.

E-mail: pavel@climate.geogr.msu.su Union, Mongolia.

ranges of north-eastern and eastern Siberia from≈160°E INTRODUCTION

at the north to≈110°E at the south. The political boundary generally corresponds to the natural limit of present-day Data from the large area of the countries of the Former

Soviet Union (FSU) and Mongolia are of major importance Pacific monsoon activity. Data from the Russian Far East are being compiled separately within the BIOME 6000 to global palaeoenvironmental studies. The broad plains of

this area support vegetation and climate distributed in a project.

generally zonal pattern and thus provide a good opportunity for modelling and data-model comparison. Modern

Modern pollen data vegetation ranges from polar desert and tundra north of

67–70°N, through a broad (1500–2500 km) forest belt A set of 844 surface pollen spectra was compiled from published and unpublished sources (Fig. 1a). The larger dominated by the boreal conifer species, to the steppe and

deserts occupying the continental interior south of 50°N. part of this data set (471 samples) consists of primary pollen counts including all identified taxa. This number includes Studies of the vegetation history in Russia and the FSU

countries, derived mainly from pollen analysis, date back eleven samples (core tops) from Belarus (for the references see Table 1), fifty-eight from the Ukraine (Bezusko, personal almost a century (Sukachev, 1906; Dokturovskii, 1918;

Dokturovskii & Kudryashov, 1923). Neishtadt (1957), communication), sixty from Karelia (Elina, 1981; Elina &

Lak, 1989; Elinaet al. 1994; 1995, 1998; Filimonova, 1985, Khotinskii (1977, 1984), and Peterson (1983a, 1993)

compiled the available pollen data mainly from the forest 1995; personal communication; Filimonova & Elovicheva, 1988), sixteen from European Russia (Afanas’eva, personal zone of the USSR and demonstrated that large vegetation

changes occurred during the Holocene. These changes were communication; Gunova, 1975; Bolikhovskaya, 1990), nineteen from the Ural region (Makovskii & Panova, 1977;

explained in terms of regional changes in temperature and

precipitation that are related to global climate changes. Panova, 1981a, 1981b, 1982, 1986, 1990, 1991; Panova &

Korotkovskaya, 1990; Panova & Makovskii, 1991; Panova However, large areas currently without forests were poorly

represented in these syntheses. Peterson (1983a, 1983b) also et al., 1996, 1998), ninety-four from the Russian Arctic and Yakutia (Gitterman, 1963; Popova, 1961; Savvinova, 1975a, used isopoll maps to analyse the relationships of modern-

pollen spectra to present-day vegetation. His work 1975b; Klimanov & Andreev, 1992; Tarasovet al., 1995), twenty from Tuva (Dirksen, personal communication), supported the conclusions of numerous papers published in

Russian showing that the spatial patterns in the modern ninety-one from Kazakhstan and Kirghizstan (Chupina, 1974; Sevastyanov et al., 1980; Tarasov, 1992), and 102 pollen data reflect the zonal vegetation.

Recently Prentice et al. (1996) developed a systematic from Mongolia (Mal’gina, 1971; Metel’tseva, personal communication; Sokolovskaya, personal communication).

method of biome reconstruction from palaeoecological data

and successfully tested it in Europe and northern Africa. To improve coverage over the western part of the FSU, an additional 373 modern pollen spectra were derived from This method is designed to aid in constructing global

palaeovegetation maps for key times during the late published data sets of digitized pollen abundances (Peterson, 1983a, 1983b, 1993). These data were previously used in Quaternary. Our study is an application of this method and

is a contribution to the BIOME 6000 Project (Prentice & climate (Guiotet al., 1993; Peterson, 1993; Cheddadiet al., 1997) and biome reconstructions (Prenticeet al., 1996) for Webb, 1998), which was established in order to produce

global palaeovegetation maps from palaeoecological data. the European part of the FSU. The number of pollen taxa was limited to twenty-four in the digitized data sets The purpose of this study has been to reconstruct biome

distributions at 6000¹⁴C-years(6000 years) for the FSU (Peterson, 1993). We decided to use both data sets in order to see how well biomization works for each of them.

and Mongolia based on expanded modern and 6000 year

pollen and macrofossil data sets. The number of radiocarbon Because the pollen data came from different sources, including prior compilations, the data were carefully dated pollen records has increased during the last 15 years,

and we compiled a 6000 year data set of 216 sites: four screened to avoid duplications. Thirty-five samples were excluded as probable duplicates, and priority was given to times more than in the most recent compilation for 6000

years by Peterson (1983a, 1993). A set of 844 surface modern those with a greater number of pollen taxa, i.e. to primary pollen counts as opposed to digitized pollen data.

pollen samples were used to check the method and to adapt it for the vegetation of northern Eurasia.

Pollen data for 6000 years DATA AND METHODS

We compiled a set of 216 pollen spectra that date to 6000 years (±about 500 years) from different sources (Table 1).

Area of study

The majority are published and unpublished primary data derived from the European (EPD, Arles, France) and Global Most of the data come from the western and central parts

of the Former Soviet Union and Mongolia, approximating (GPD, Boulder, U.S.A.) pollen data bases (Fig. 1b). We also included thirty-six samples compiled from published pollen

‘northern Eurasia’. This is mainly a rather flat area with a

zonal pattern to the vegetation. To the east is the Russian diagrams (Peterson, 1993) to improve the coverage, especially in the central Russian Plain and in Siberia. In each case we Far East, which extends east of the political boundaries of

Yakutia and Buriatia with Khabarovskii Krai, Primorskii selected the pollen sample closest to 6000 years in the profile rather than interpolating between pollen spectra. Most of the Krai and Amurskaya Oblast, going along the mountain

FIG. 1. Distribution of sites with (a) modern pollen data and (b) 6000 year pollen and macrofossil data. Closed circles indicate recently compiled sites with primary pollen data, open circles sites with digitized pollen data from Peterson (1983a, 1983b, 1993), and closed triangles sites with plant macrofossil data (Texieret al., 1997).

sites have enough radiocarbon dates to create an age model from the Russian Arctic (Table 1) with radiocarbon-dated tree macrofossils from Texieret al. (1997).

by linear interpolation between bracketing dates. Pollen- stratigraphic correlation was used to date the samples at a few sites. For duplicate data, we gave priority to the original counts

Biome reconstruction: the method rather than to digitized data, as for the set of modern data.

In order to map the changes in the forest–tundra Prentice et al. (1996) developed an objective method to relate pollen taxa to plant functional types (PFTs) that boundary at 6000 years better, we added seventeen sites

TABLE1.Summaryforsiteswithpollenandmacrofossildataat6000(±500)years. NNSitenameLat.Lon.Elev.No.14CSourceDat.DataReferenceBIOP (N)(E)(m)datesofevid.contr.base 1Achit-Nur6∗49,5090,6014353p(c)3CEPDDorofeyuk&Tarasov,personalcommunicationDESE 2Achit-Nur849,5090,6014354p(c)3DEPDDorofeyuk&Tarasov,personalcommunicationSTEP 3AntuSinija¨rv59,1326,33957p(c)2CEPD/GPDSaarse,1994;Saarse&Liiva(1995)COMX 4Arkad’evo174556,5084.00701p(c)2DBerezina&Liss,personalcommunicationTAIG 5Baidara68,8566,901212p(c)1CEPDAndreev&Tarasov,personalcommunicationTUND 6Bezdonnoe62,0332,771213p(c)2CEPDElina&Filimonova(1996)COCO 7Boguda63,67123,251198p(c)1CEPD/GPDAndreev&Klimanov(1989)TAIG 8Bol.Eravnoe52,63111,489473p(c)1CVipper&Tarasov,personalcommunicationTAIG 9Bolotnoye51,0524,4718416p(c)2DEPDBezusko,personalcommunicationTEDE 10Bolotnya50,3323,951900p(c)7EPDArtushenko,Arap&Bezusko(1982a)COMX 11Bugor60,3390,008012p(c)1CGlebov&Karpenko(1989)TAIG 12Bugristoe58,0085,001255p(c)2CBlyakharchuk(1990)TAIG 13Chabada161,98129,372905p(c)2CEPD/GPDAndreev&Klimanov(1989)TAIG 14Chabada261,98129,372902p(c)4CEPD/GPDAndreev,personalcommunicationTAIG 15Chany55,0077,501064p(c)2DBerdovskaya(1982)STEP 16Chatyrkel140,7275,3035364p(c)1DSevastyanovetal.(1980)STEP 17Chechkino262,2534,07553p(c)2CElina,personalcommunicationCOCO 18Chernikhovo53,1526,151354p(c)2CEPDZernitskaya(1985)CLMX 19Chernoe51,37106,575004p(c)1CVipper&Tarasov,personalcommunicationTAIG 20Chudesnoe62,9336,0215031p(c)1CElina(1981)COCO 21Chuvashi56,3378,821105p(c)1DBerezina&Liss,personalcommunicationTAIG 22Daba-Nur348,2098,7924652p(c)1CEPDDorofeyuk&Tarasov,personalcommunicationSTEP 23Daba-Nur848,2098,7924656p(c)1CEPDDorofeyuk&Tarasov,personalcommunicationSTEP 24Derput57,03124,127004p(c)1CEPD/GPDAndreev&Klimanov(1991)TAIG 25Dlinnoe62,3233,85663p(c)1CEPDFilimonova&Elovicheva(1988)COCO 26Dolgoe255,2328,182601p(c)3DEPDZernitskaya,personalcommunicationCOMX 27Dood-Nur451,3399,3815382p(c)4CEPDDorofeyuk&Tarasov(1998)TAIG 28Dovjok48,7528,251009p(c)2DGPDKremenetskii(1991)TEDE 29Dudinka69,4586,22604p(c)1CKind(1974)TAIG 30Dukhovoe53,17109,875000p(c)7Vipper&Tarasov,personalcommunicationTAIG 31Dund-Nur2∗49,5089,7920972p(c)4DEPDDorofeyuk&Tarasov,personalcommunicationDESE 32Dund-Nur849,5089,7920972p(c)4DEPDDorofeyuk&Tarasov,personalcommunicationSTEP 33Dzhulajsuo64,5830,472472p(c)1CElina,personalcommunicationCLDE 34Entarnoe60,0379,02475p(c)2CArkhipov,Levina&Panychev(1980)TAIG 35Ezerische55,8530,001650p(c)7EPDBogdel’(1984)COMX 36Gagra43,2840,2702p(c)5DEPDKvavadze(1982)TEDE 37Gancevichi52,7326,501441p(c)1DEPDZernitskaya(1991)COMX 38Gelmazevskoye49,6731,831207p(c)1CEPDArtushenkoetal.(1982b)COMX 39Gladkoe55,0083,00806p(c)1CFirsovetal.(1982)COCO 40Glubokoe61,0736,05501p(c)1DEPDElina(1981)TAIG 41Gotnavolok62,2033,801102p(c)3CEPDElina&Filimonova(1996)COMX 42Gun-Nur50,25106,606007p(c)2CEPDDorofeyuk&Tarasov(1998)CLDE 43Hoit-Gol50,0594,039253p(c)2CSevastyanov,Seliverstov&Chernova(1993)DESE 44Hoton-Nur48,6788,3020836p(c)1CEPDDorofeyuk&Tarasov,personalcommunicationTAIG [continued]

TABLE1.Continued NNSitenameLat.Lon.Elev.No.14CSourceDat.DataReferenceBIOP (N)(E)(m)datesofevid.contr.base 45Hubsugul50,53100,1716452p(c)1DEPDDorofeyuk&Tarasov(1998)TAIG 46Hudo-Nur348,1399,5320602p(c)4CEPDDorofeyuk&Tarasov,personalcommunicationSTEP 47Hudo-Nur848,1399,5320604p(c)1CEPDDorofeyuk&Tarasov,personalcommunicationSTEP 48Igarka67,5286,55603p(c)1DLevkovskayaetal.(1970)TAIG 49Il’inskoe60,0038,381301p(c)4DAfanas’eva&Berezina,personalcommunicationCOCO 50Imatu59,1329,43453p(c)4CEPD/GPDKimmel(1995)TEDE 51Iosipovo51,2028,0082p(c)1CEPDChernavskaya&Fogel(1989)COMX 52Ivano-49,9223,773001p(c)7EPDArtushenkoetal.(1982a)COMX Frankovskoe 53Kalsa58,1727,453812p(c)1CEPD/GPDKimmel(1995)COCO 54KamennyiMokh63,5736,422302p(c)4CElina&Yurkovskaya(1988)COMX 55Karakaba49,1386,4221205p(c)1CGeoekologiyagornykhkotlovin(1992)STEP 56Karas’e53,0370,224356p(c)3DEPDTarasov(1992)STEP 57Kardashinski46,5232,625013p(c)1CGPDKremenetskii(1991)TEDE 58Karginskii70,0083,00855p(c)1CLevina&Nikitin(1973)TUND 59Karuja¨rv58,3822,203210p(c)1CEPD/GPGSaarse(1994)COMX 60Kayakskoe55.1380,971004p(c)1CLevinaetal.(1987)COCO 61Kepskoe65,0832,171242p(c)1DEPDElina(1981)CLMX 62Khoiba60,6789,50573p(c)3DKarpenko(1966)TAIG 63KhominMokh∗51,2028,0084p(c)1CEPDChernavskaya&Fogel(1989)TEDE 64Khomustakh63,82121,621209p(c)1CEPD/GPDAndreevetal.(1989)TAIG 65Kirikuma¨e57,6727,251836p(c)1DEPDSaarse(1994)COMX 66Kojvusuo61,8033,48202p(c)1CEPDElina,personalcommunicationTEDE 67Komaritsa58,7568,82406p(c)1CVolkovetal.(1973)COCO 68Konda60,5069,35365p(c)1CVolkova,personalcommunicationCOCO 69Kotokol52,83108,174605p(c)1CKhotinskii(1977)TAIG 70Kubenskoe61,0033,001100p(c)7EPD/GPDKhomutova(1977)COCO 71Kulichkovskoe50,3324,122000p(c)7EPDBezusko,personalcommunicationCOMX 72Ladoga61,5631,3451p(c)2DEPD/GPDArslanovetal.(inpress)TAIG 73Lagodehi41,9346,4227500p(c)7EPDKvavadze&Efremov(1990)STEP 74Ladruchie61,0039,001201p(c)5DEPD/GPDKhomutova(1989)COCO 75Landshaftnoe64,5730,532072p(c)2CEPDElina,personalcommunicationCOCO 76Larino60,5277,68509p(c)1CGlebov(1988)TAIG 77Lebedinoe60,5086,67674p(c)1DKarpenko(1966)TAIG 78Liman49,7337,671500p(c)7EPDBezusko(1973)TEDE 79Lisi41,7844,686760p(c)7EPDKvavadze&Vekua(1989)COCO 80Lochinskoe53,5528,601660p(c)7EPDBogdel’(1984)COMX 81Lopatin50,2224,832000p(c)7EPDArtushenkoetal.(1982a)COMX 82Lovozero1∗68,0235,001618p(c)1CEPDElinaetal.(1995)CLDE 83Lovozero268,0235,001601p(c)1DEPDElinaetal.(1995)CLMX 84Luganskoe43,7240,6824283p(c)6DEPDKvavadzeetal.(1994)STEP 85LukashkinYar60,3378,404513p(c)1CGlebov(1988)TAIG 86LukashkinYar60,3378,404510p(c)1CGlebovetal.(1974)TAIG 87Maardu59,4325,00323p(c)2CEPD/GPDVeski(1992)COMX [continued]

TABLE1.Continued NNSitenameLat.Lon.Elev.No.14CSourceDat.DataReferenceBIOP (N)(E)(m)datesofevid.contr.base 88Madjagara64,83120,971607p(c)3DEPD/GPDAndreev&Klimanov(1989)TAIG 89MaksimkinYar58,6585,001253p(c)1CBlyakharchuk(1990)TAIG 90Mal.Kheta69,7584,25422p(c)2CKind(1974)TAIG 91Mardy-Yakha70,3067,3650p(c)7Volkova,personalcommunicationTAIG 92Mezhgornoe66,3730,701901p(c)4CEPDElina(1981)COCO 93Mochazhina60,3390,00808p(c)1CGlebov&Karpenko(1989)TAIG 94Moshkarnoe162,2534,05589p(c)1CEPDFilimonova(1995)COCO 95Moshkarnoe262,2534,05588p(c)1CFilimonova(1995)COCO 96Moskovskiy50,5534,501350p(c)7EPDArtushenko(1960)TEDE Bobrik 97Mustusuo61,8133,501012p(c)4CEPDElina(1981)COCO 98Naroch54,0026,001202p(c)5CEPDYakushkoetal.(1992)COCO 99Nazino60,5277,684516p(c)1CGlebov(1988)TAIG 100Neinasuo66,3530,631102p(c)4CEPDElina(1981)TAIG 101Nenazvannoe61,8133,481001p(c)4CEPDElina(1981)COCO 102Nero274∗57,1739,48930p(c)7EPDGunova(1975)COCO 103Nero2P57,1739,48933p(c)1CEPDGunova(1975)COMX 104Nigula58,0024,675511p(c)1CEPD/GPDSarv&Ilves(1976)TEDE 105Nikulino-160,5086,67594p(c)3DGlebov,personalcommunicationTAIG 106Nikulino-260,5086,67711p(c)4DGlebov,personalcommunicationTAIG 107Njukhchinskii63,9236,30201p(c)4DEPDElina(1981)TAIG Mokh 108Nusuo64,5730,831631p(c)4CEPDElina(1981)COMX 109NowyGutiski50,2726,832100p(c)7EPDArtushenkoetal.(1982a)COMX 110Nulsaveito67,6770,17555p(c)1CPanova(1990)TAIG 111Onego661,7234,92330p(c)7EPD/GPDKhomutova(1976)TAIG 112Onego861,7234,92330p(c)7EPD/GPDKhomutova(1976)TAIG 113Osoyevka50,9035,221600p(c)7EPDBezusko(1973)COMX 114Osvea56,0528,081290p(c)7EPDZernitskaya,personalcommunicationCOMX 115Ozerki50.4280,472109p(c)1CEPDTarasov(1992)STEP 116Paanajarvi66,2729,951371p(c)4CElinaetal.(1994)COCO 117Pa¨idre58,2725,63513p(c)1CEPD/GPDSaarse,1994;Saarseetal.(1995)COMX 118Pashennoe49,3775,4087114p(c)1CEPDTarasov(1992)STEP 119Pelisoo58,4722,38335p(c)3CEPD/GPDSaarse(1994)COMX 120Peschanoe51,9825,481390p(c)7EPDZernitskaya(1989)TEDE 121Peschanoe(Ural)56,9060,323100p(c)7Panova&Korotkovskaya(1990)COCO 122Petrilovo56,0031,981751p(c)4CEPD/GPDGunova&Sirin(1995)COMX 123Petropavlovskii58,3383,001254p(c)3DBlyakharchuk(1990)TAIG 124Pit-Gorodok59,2593,80451p(c)7Kind(1974)TAIG 125Polonichka50,2724,752000p(c)7EPDArtushenkoetal.(1982a)COMX 126Popovschina50,4234,001350p(c)7EPDBezusko(1973)TEDE 127Ptichje66,3530,571202p(c)3DEPDElina(1981)COCO 128Punso57,6827,2518312p(c)1CEPD/GPDSaarse(1994)COMX 129Pur-Taz66,7079,73605p(c)1CAndreev,personalcommunicationTAIG [continued]

TABLE1.Continued NNSitenameLat.Lon.Elev.No.14CSourceDat.DataReferenceBIOP (N)(E)(m)datesofevid.contr.base 130Quartzevoe43,6741,1727261p(c)6DEPDKvavadze&Efremov(1996)STEP 131Raigastvere58,6026,735211p(c)1CEPD/GPDPirrus,Ro˜uk&Liiva(1987)COMX 132Rittusuo61,7733,55201p(c)4CElina,personalcommunicationCOCO 133Rudushskoe56,5027,551501p(c)4CEPDKhomutova(1989)COMX 134Rugozero64,0832,631402p(c)2CEPDElina(1981)COCO 135S19kstrm57,0040,001270p(c)7EPD/GPDOsipova,personalcommunicationCOMX 136S269saht56,0039,001500p(c)7Osipova,personalcommunicationCOMX 137Salekhard66,5566,5852p(c)2CVolkova,personalcommunicationTAIG 138Samandon-70,78136,26107p(c)1DEPD/GPDVelichko,Andreev&Klimanov(1994)TUND Kazach’e 139Sambalskoe61,7734,1512045p(c)1CElina,Arslanov&Klimanov(1996)COMX 140Saviku58,4227,24306p(c)1CEPD/GPDSarv&Ilves(1975)COMX 141Sebboloto64,6743,33651p(c)4CYurkovskaya,Elina&Klimanov(1989);COMX Yurkovskaya&Elina(1991) 142Selyahi51,8323,751540p(c)7EPDZernitskaya(1991)TEDE 143Serny43,6740,4824852p(c)5DEPDKvavadze&Efremov(1995)STEP 144Shiret-Nur46,53101,8225003p(c)3CEPDDorofeyuk&Tarasov,personalcommunicationSTEP 145Shombashuo165,1232,981002p(c)1CEPDElina(1981)COCO 146Shombashuo265,1232,98992p(c)2CElina,personalcommunicationCOCO 147Solenoe47,9046,17−194p(c)3CBolikhovskaya(1990)COMX Zaimishche 148Solokiya50,4224,171900p(c)7EPDArtushenkoetal.(1982a)CLDE 149Sosvyatskoe56,2032,001751p(c)4CEPD/GPGunova&Sirin(1995)COMX 150Starniki50,2726,0219810p(c)1CEPDBezusko,Klimanov&Shelyag-Sosenko(1988)COMX 151Stav50,4235,401550p(c)7EPDBezusko(1973)STEP 152Stoyanov-150,3824,631980p(c)7EPDBezusko,personalcommunicationCOMX 153Stoyanov-250,3824,631988p(c)1CEPDBezusko,Klimanov&Shelyag-Sosenko(1988)COMX 154Stupino52,2539,83951p(c)3DEPDChernavskaya,personalcommunicationCLMX 155Sudoble54,0328,601658p(c)1DEPDBogdel’etal.(1983)COMX 156Surgut61,2373,33405p(c)1CNeishtadt(1976)TAIG 157Svitjaz53,7028,682420p(c)7EPDBogdel’(1984)TEDE 158Svjatoe54,0031,231950p(c)7EPDBogdel’(1984)TEDE 159Svyatoye-251,1024,331830p(c)7EPDArtushenko(1957)TEDE 160Taninoozero58,0085,001258p(c)1CBlyakharchuk(1990)TAIG 161Tegul’detskii57,0089,001253p(c)1DBlyakharchuk(1990)TAIG 162Terkhiin-Tsagan-48,1599,7020608p(c)1CDorofeyuk&Tarasov,personalcommunicationSTEP Nur8 163Tom’56,8384,45856p(c)1CArkhipov&Votakh(1980)TAIG 164Urmiin-Tsagan-48,84102,9314502p(c)1CDorofeyuk&Tarasov,personalcommunicationSTEP Nur 165Ust’Mash56,3257,882205p(c)1CPanova,Makovskii&Erokhin(1996)COCO 166Verhi51,8528,801462p(c)6DEPDZernitskaya(1986)TEDE 167Vishnevskoe60,5029,52151p(c)2DEPDArslanovetal.(1992)CLMX [continued]

TABLE1.Continued NNSitenameLat.Lon.Elev.No.14CSourceDat.DataReferenceBIOP (N)(E)(m)datesofevid.contr.base 168Vodorazdel59,3876,9010117p(c)1CGlebovetal.(1997)TAIG 169Vo˜hma59,0527,334614p(c)1CEPD/GPDKimmel(1995)COMX 170Yamant-Nur49,90102,6010001p(c)7EPDDorofeyuk&Tarasov,personalcommunicationCLDE 171Yenisei68,1787,151006p(c)1DAndreev,personalcommunicationTAIG 172Zaboinoe55,5362,372750p(c)7EPDKhomutova,personalcommunicationTAIG 173Zalozci-249,7525,4532015p(c)1CEPDArtushenkoetal.(1982a)COCO 174Zamoshje62,0535,20404p(c)1CElina,personalcommunicationCOCO 175Zapovednoe65,1232,631102p(c)4CEPDElina(1981)COCO 176Zarutskoe63,9036,25205p(c)1CEPDElina(1981)COCO 177Zditovo52,6025,551471p(c)4CEPDZernitskaya&Daineko(1986)CLMX 178Zuratkul’54,9059,277200p(c)7Panova(1982)COCO 179Aiatskoe57,0060,082297p(d)1CPetersoon(1993)COMX 180AralSea46,6761,50770p(d)7Peterson(1993)DESE 181B.71,07156,50774p(d)1CPeterson(1993)TUND Kuropatochya 182Balkashkinskii53,0335,37772p(d)7Peterson(1993)COMX 183BeglianskiiRiam55,5081,57770p(d)7Peterson(1993)TAIG 184Belkachi59,15131,984580p(d)7Peterson(1993)TUND 185Bol.Pershino59,3569,00772p(d)4CPeterson(1993)TAIG 186Chunia61,75102,802291p(d)4CPeterson(1993)TAIG 187Davshe54,33110,034588p(d)1CPeterson(1993)TAIG 188Glukharinoe66,0069,00770p(d)7Peterson(1993)TAIG 189Iamsovei65,6778,25770p(d)7Peterson(1993)TAIG 190Imnatskoe42,0841,724584p(d)1CPeterson(1993)TEDE 191Iuribei69,0070,00770p(d)7Peterson(1993)CLDE 192Ivanovskoe356,8339,00772p(d)2CPeterson(1993)COMX 193Kradenoe62,00129,582294p(d)1CPeterson(1993)TAIG 194Lakhtinskoe60,0030,17773p(d)4CPeterson(1993)COCO 195Markhida67,1752,55772p(d)2CPeterson(1993)TAIG 196Mulianka57,7856,322291p(d)5CPeterson(1993)COCO 197Myksi58,1524,97776p(d)1CPeterson(1993)COMX 198Nizhne-Vartovsk60,9376,637713p(d)1CPeterson(1993)TAIG 199OrshinskiiMokh56,9535,95773p(d)2CPeterson(1993)COMX 200Osechenskoe57,5234,832296p(d)1CPeterson(1993)COMX 201Paden’ga62,8042,93770p(d)7Peterson(1993)COCO 202Polovetsko-57,5737,90772p(d)5CPeterson(1993)COMX Kupanskoe 203R.B.70,7598,60773p(d)2CPeterson(1993)TAIG Romanikha 204Sakhtysh156,8040,42770p(d)7Peterson(1993)COMX 205Sartynia64,1765,47770p(d)7Peterson(1993)COCO 206Selerikan64,30141,874582p(d)2CPeterson(1993)TUND 207Shuvalovskoe60,0530,33777p(d)1CPeterson(1993)COMX [continued]