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Aufgabe 8.1. Beweise das Lemma von Fatou f¨ ur bedingte Erwartungen, also E lim inf

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L¨ohr/Winter Wintersemester 2010/11

Ubungen zur Vorlesung Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie II ¨

Ubungsblatt 8 ¨

Martingalkonvergenzsatz

Aufgabe 8.1. Beweise das Lemma von Fatou f¨ ur bedingte Erwartungen, also E lim inf

n→∞

X

n

F

≤ lim inf

n→∞

E(X

n

| F ) f.s.

f¨ ur reellwertige ZV X

n

≥ 0 und eine beliebige Teil σ-Algebra F von A.

Aufgabe 8.2 (Wald’sche Identit¨ aten). Seien X

1

, X

2

, . . . unabh¨angig, identisch verteilte, integrierbare ZV und T eine integrierbare Stoppzeit (bezgl. der kanonischen Filtration). Zeige f¨ ur S

n

:=

Pn

k=1

X

k

:

(a) E(S

T

) = E(X

1

)E(T )

(b) Ist T unabh¨angig von ( X

n

)

nN

und X

1

quadratintegrierbar, so ist Var(S

T

) = E(X

1

)

2

Var(T ) + E(T ) Var(X

1

).

Aufgabe 8.3. Seien (X

n

)

n∈N

unabh¨angig, quadratintegrierbar mit

X

nN 1

n2

Var(X

n

) < ∞.

Zeige das starke Gesetz der grossen Zahl, also 1

n

n

X

k=1

X

k

− E(X

k

)

n→∞

−→ 0 f.s.

Hinweis: Verwende das Kroneckersche Lemma: Sei a

n

, b

n

R

mit 0 < b

1

≤ b

2

≤ · · · und b

n

→ ∞. Konvergiert dann die Reihe

P

nN an

bn

, so gilt

b1

n

Pn

k=1

a

k

→ 0.

Aufgabe 8.4. (a) Sei (X

n

)

n∈N

ein Martingal mit X

n+1

≥ X

n

− a f¨ ur ein a ∈

R

. Zeige:

B :=

lim sup

n→∞

X

n

= ∞ ⊆ lim inf

n→∞

X

n

= −∞ =: C modulo P, also P(B \ C) = 0.

(b) Seien X

n

, n ∈

N

, unabh¨angig mit P(X

n

= −1) =

n+1n

und P(X

n

= n) =

n+11

. Zeige, dass f¨ ur S

n

:=

Pn

k=1

X

k

gilt:

P(lim sup

n→∞

S

n

= ∞) = P(lim inf

n→∞

S

n

= −∞) = 1.

(c) Finde ein Martingal (M

n

)

nN

mit M

n n→∞

−→ ∞ f.s.

(2)

Abgabe: Di, 14.12. in der ¨ Ubungsstunde Arbeitsgruppenvortr¨ age:

Am 07.12. (heute) gibt Andre Depperschmidt vom Hausdorff Zentrum Bonn einen Vortrag

¨ uber

Tree-valued Fleming-Viot process with mutation and selection

Abstract: In population genetics Moran models are used to describe the evolution of types in a popu- lation of a fixed sizeN. The type of individuals may change due to mutation. Furthermore, due to selection the offspring distribution of an individual depends on its current type. AsN tends to infinity the empirical distribution of types converges to the Fleming-Viot process. At fixed times the genea- logy of such populations can be constructed using the ancestral selection graph (ASG) of Krone and Neuhauser, which generalizes the Kingman coalescent. As the population evolves its genealogy evolves as well. We construct a tree-valued version of the Fleming-Viot process with mutation and selection (TFVMS) using a well-posed martingale problem. This extends the construction of the neutral tree- valued process given in (Greven, Pfaffelhuber and Winter, 2010). For existence we use approximating tree-valued Moran models and for uniqueness a Girsanov-type theorem on marked measure spaces, the state spaces of TFVMS. Furthermore we study the long-time behavior of TFVMS using duality.

Finally, in a concrete example, we compare the Laplace transforms of pairwise genealogical distances in equilibrium of TFVMS and the neutral tree-valued process. This is joint work with Andreas Greven and Peter Pfaffelhuber.

Am 14.12. gibt Vladimir Osipov einen Vortrag ¨ uber

Ultra-metric models of protein conformational dynamics

Hierzu ergeht eine herzliche Einladung. Zeit: 16.00 – 17.00. Raum: S05 T03 B72

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