by fay WORKER SURVEY A OF THE WEST LABOR 2 für

P r e p r i n t S e r i e s A r b e i t s g r u p p e :

I n t e r n a t i o n a l e s I n s t i t u t für v e r g l e i c h e n d e G e s e l l s c h a f t s f o r s c h u n g I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e f o r C o m p a r a t i v e S o c i a l S t u d i e s

o f t h e S c i e n c e C e n t e r B e r l i n , . D-1000 B e r l i n 12,, S t e i n p l a t z 2 P/74-la

INTERNATIONAL LABOR MIGRATION : A DESCRIPTION OF THE WEST BERLIN

MIGRANT WORKER SURVEY fay

Ay se Kudat

O c t o b e r , 19 74

The p r e p r i n t s e r i e s i n c l u d e , p a p e r s c i r c u l a t e d f o r p r e l i m i n a r y d i s c u s s i o n p u r p o s e s .

I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a b o r M i g r a t i o n P r o j e c t D i r e c t e d by

t h e A u t h o r

Introduction

The purpose of this paper is to furnish a basic

introduction to the Migrant Worker survey carried out with 2,276 foreign workers resident in West-Berlin. In the first part of the paper t~e logic underlying the survey is explained, the ape cí.Ed cat.Lon of the survey items, sample size and sampling procedures are detailed; pretest procedures, translation, coding, survey adminißtration and problemß of

,.

implementation are described. In the ßecond part of the

paper first findings of the ßurvey are presented and a general examination of the accuracy of the survey finding iß undertaken.

During the laßt t:wenty years f Weßt Germany has been

Lrapo'rcí.nq increasingly great,er numbers of relatively un ak í.LLed workers from a number of Mediterranean countries. As in, many

/

other West European countries t.he f'oreí.qn employment quota has been steadily increasing, except in the rather short

lasting periods of recession. Thus, while the percent of foreign employees within total employed was only 1.5 in 1960 this percentage has reached a 10.8 level in 1972. Parallel to this trend has been a growing realization of and concern with social, economic and political problems associated with the irnportation of large numbers of foreign workers. SCiel1"l:ists,

politicians and administrators, depending upon their ideological I

standpoints, have be en debating on t.he Eros_ and .s:_<:2..~.§. of foreign workers' presence from the viewpoint of the polities receiving them. Similarly, there has bèen increasing concern with the welfare of the foreign workers.

2

This project, initiated in Auqust 1973 in

the Int:ernational Institute 0:1: Management, was ano+he r expression of these concerns. 'rhe project had two primary goals: On the one hand, it aimed at examining the cosc s and benefits as soc í.at.edwith +he importation of foreign workers from the viewpoint of policies relevant for the

attainment of grea'cer regional balance in the West-German ...

West'-Berlin economy. In particular, West~Berlin was chosen as a pilot study :I:'egionin an attempt to evaluat.e the impact of these workers on the region's infra-structure, on the structure of its labor marke·t and on the development of its technology. On the other hand, a specific focus was directed on the problems that migrant workers experience during t.heí.r stay abroad.

Because the available data pool was largely inadequate to answer much of the t.neo.retí.ca.land policy oriented questions posed, the research team decided to undertake a survey to

be supp Lement.ed by the exí.stí.nq regional and national level data.

At this time we will not discuss the associated sub-projects, but rather we will focus primarily on the survey material.

The survey was designed primarily to answer theoretical and policy questions in three broad areas: occupational and income mobility, saving tendencies, and housing behavior.

'I'hese were complimented by Lt.ems concerning socdo+economí.c

background, family integration and plans concerning the future.

(A copy of the questionnaire is appended to this paper in rough translation). Our cSoice of these areas was based,

- ^_,~

3

other than on grounds already pointed out, on two additional concerns. On the one hand, problems of access to the workers made it highly advisable to conduct the interviews in

official settings frequented by these workers. This meant that politically sensitive questions as well as questions covering attitudes towards different cultural and ethic groups had to be excluded. On the other hand, the research team had much greater familiarity with and access to the

Turkish workers though they lacked an equal famil.i.ari.tyv,7i +h the other national:Lty groups. rrhereforer an effort. was made to

keep the selections of questionnaire items as concrete as possible in order to minimize the problems of equivalence of meaning and translation and to maximize the compatibility of the data obtained from different nationality groups.

4

§l~?'!}so rshi.2

The research, from its initiation, was financed solely by the International Institute of Management of the Berlin Science Center. The project was then shifted to the Institute of Compara- tive Social Systems and is now being carried out in this latter Institute, which is also a part of the Science Center. We were very fortunate to have a reasonable financial flexibility and to have been able to express our needs as we felt them. 'l'his

ab^í Lí.ty made it possible to explore a number of research Lnt.e re s ca simultaneously and to accelerate certain phasès of the project

by increas:lng, for particular periods of time, our ass.i.stance cadro.

We o~Ñe special gratitud(~ in this respect to the directors of the Institute, Professor Goldberg and Professor Scharpf, who have given us constant: support. and encouragement. We thank

Professor Goldberg particularly for the continuous interest he has taken in the project and for the many tedious hours he has spent in helping us to establish official contacts, in offering an opinion in our recruitment efforts and in encouraging us in our confrontation of numerous bureaucratic difficulties.

5

!i.ck1?:0wledSL~~eni:s

The International Labor Migration Project was initiated by Professors M.R. Sertel, P. Kleindorfer and G. Mensch, and was directed by the author. Professor Sertel took responsibility in regard to all sub+p rojects relating to "labor market ^II and

"savings". Professor Kleindorfer worked very intensively on the project during its original phases and concentrated

on questions of public policy and housing, while Professor Mensch agreed to advise the sUb-project on "technological development and foreign workers", After the initial phase, the staff and nurrber of consultants were increased - Dr. Dirickx joined the project, and focused his attention on the housing sector.

Mr. Y. Özkan joined the group as a doctoral fellow and functioned as a researcher and consultant on legal and

political Lssue s^o Mr. D. F'reiburghaus joined as a full time assistant to the project.

Professor B. Stevens, of Columbia University, and Professor J. Rothenberg, of Massachusetts Institute of

Technology, ~ere visiting consultants to the housing projects.

Professor Stevéns WñS e spe c í.aLl v helpful in ·the de veLopreon t;

of that portion of the survey instrument dealing with the housing behavior of foreign workers. In the summer of 1974, Professor Stevens returned to supervise coding, computer

analyses, collecting and analysing structural data and writing

some of the results. I

I !

6

OfF hl I?rey'

Jo ro -essor ..vv. of M.I.T. a visiting consultant in July and August 1974, designed an experirnental power research te~t to be administered to German I 'I'urk Lah and Yugoslav workers.

Ms. öz ar , Mr. 'I'empeI.r Mr. Knebel and Mr. Andri tzky all had relatively long and extremely beneficial affiliations with the project. Ms. Wehner, Mr. otto and Mr. Kallweit

helped in organizing the data file 'and untertaking the oomput.e r analyses. Perrhap s most crit.Lca L of all were the contributions of Ms. Graetz and Ms. Geiling who have at all stages of the project greatly eased our work load and

brought rapid and efficient solutions to many of our problems.

We are especially grateful to the Turkish General Counsel, Excellence Hasan liner for his sincere interest and unmatchably generous help throughout all phases of our work. Without him and without the friendly assistance of all other members of the Turkish Consulate, we would have found it more than difficult to undertake our research.

We are also thankful to Mr. Grell of Arbeiter Wohlfahrt, Mr.

Kelenç and Mr. Marquardt of the Yuaoslav Beratungsstelle, and all

members of these t,\>JO organizations) of THrk Dcmi~; and of the ~t'urk.i.sh Work Attaché.

1. .

Professor Frey has recently joined the University of Perin sy L van f.a ,

7

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:!:2!.L..9_f_

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The Gastarbeiter survey was administered to two nationali t.y 9roups - rrurks and Yugoslavs. AH:hou~rh six

main nationality groups (Turks, Yugoslavs, Italians, Spanish, Port.ugese and Greeks) are usually referred to as "guest"

wo rke r-s, our focus on jus c two of. +he se groups appeared to be justified on two grounds.

First., in 1973 there were a total of 162,509 foreigners in West B(~rlin. Almost. 70% of this totéÜ oriqinat.ed from five of t.he six countries mentioned above and 84% of this subt.otal were composed only of Turks and Yugoslavs. Thus, by concentrating on these two groups we gained sufficient.

coverage on guest workers in the city. Secondly, (as can be seen from Table 1), t.he other nationality groups are too diversified yet. too small in their populat.ion size in West Berlin to justify Lmp l.emerrtat^ä on of th(? survey instrument. in many different languages. Moreover, the size of the populations make it especially difficult to gain access to sufficient

numbers of workers within a reasonable period of time.

I

,sal~Y?]'_~_.JiE.~£.tfi:£kl!;i.Q.~l

After we decided to include only two nationality groups in our sample, des í.rab Le sampling s í.ze and t.he mode of sampling were considered.

8 'I'hedesign of dE:>,~d.r.edanalyses indicated that. a mí.ní.mum of 500 interviews for each. nationality group and approximately 2000 interviews fat' t.he total sample WE.'!r'C neede d , To insure that these minimums were met, we increased our goal to 1250 Lrrt.erv.íewa from each of the qroups; however, 712 Yugoslav and 1565 rl'urkish_Lnterviews were _compLe t.ed , clue to reasons Wf::: shall expl.aí.n shortly.

Since the major weight of the survey was on ele investiga- tion of housing patterns, it would have been theorectically

more adv í.sab Le +o do a strat:l fied sarnpLí.nq of residential units.

However, not only did we lack the b as í.c Ln fo rmat.Lon at; t:he

'"

hou~ehold level for the populations concerned, but also we would have had much additional difficulty to have access to

tho respondents. We decided, therefore¡ to take individual

workers a.sour fundamerrt a l.sarnpl:Lng unit. rather than the family or the household head since the latter were difficult. to

define and locate. Moreover, sampling on the basis of residen- tial units would have required that interviewing be limited to several hours a day since one had to wait for the workers to

rf~turn horne from work and +heri stop int.erviewing at about 20:00. This procedure woul~ have produc~d a daily maximum of thre(è!Lnt e rv íews per t.nt.erví.ewer if v.Jeas sume a very low level of refusals and absences. 'rhus, to insure comp Let í.on of the field work in a reasonable short time, the rSf:3earch t.eam souqht;

ano+he r met.hod of samplinq.

9 Sampling the workers on the basis of work places, sector and type of employment might have been another desirable

approach. '1'hi.swould have manat, however, that we had Lnt.e r+

viewed the workers at their work places and had had reliable prior information on the distribution of different categories of workers by sector and place of work. A stratified sample would have also requ:l..redour USÜ19 much more time in our

interviews in t.he large firms, such as Siemens r who employ

high numbers of f'ore í.qnworke r s , especially 'l'urks and Yugoslavs f

thereby requirin~:r greater +o l.er ance from soma fi.rms t.han from others. Our attempts in this direct:Lon, however, proved quite

unsuccessful since many of UH~firms we contacted were unwí.Ll.Lriq t.o coope r at.e ,

'I'h.e elimination of the two modes of sampling described

above left. us with two alternatives: wonde rí.nq the streets and t.ryi.nq to Lnt.e rv í.ewrandomly, or sear-ch í.riqfor Loc at.í.onswhere workers congregate rather randomly and wher'et.hey wait for a se rvíce which t.hey asked t.o be completed. 'l'he obvious advan taqe s of the second alternative led us to investigate different

official and voluntary or qaní.zat íona that. t.hese workers frequE?nt..

We have checked and conducted protestings in t.hree Turkish organizations: the cons u la+o , the Turkish lvork Attaché and Türk Dani9 - a social organization provided to the Turkish workers by the Arbeiter Wohlfahrt which is affiliated with the Lutheran Church. If we could choose between the throe, our obse rve t í.ons , as weï.I as official Ln+erví.ews r led us to believe

10 that the Consulate would be a more desirable location than the other. Between 8:30 and 12:30 daily, the Consulate ls usually visited by 120 workers for a wide variety of reasons.

~oreover, eV(;;!J:Y'ï'u.rkabroad must VÜ;,1.t the consuï aee i;lt least once every two yea.rs t:o ex+erid a passport and almost every male must go once a year for the purpose of military service registration control. The workers also go there to read

adve r+ í.sement;sF ask numerous types of informat.ionr send home power of attorney, file complaints, Beek consulation, etc.

They are in line accordina to the purpose of their visit, which makes it possible to randomly select from a queue which samples many different types of workers and not only those with

special problems. We have thus asked and obt a í.ned th.e pe rrní.sson of the 'ï'urkí.sh Consulate to :lnt.ervie"'7wo rke rs who cerne for t.he extension of their passports and who, in order to obtain the extension, must wait an average of an hour after filing their application w.íth the r-espon s í.bl.e officials. l'lehave al.sc obta í.ned pe rmt ss í.on from the authorities of the Work Attaché and TUrk Dani~ to conduct interviews during the hours they accept +he workers. Howe ver-^p because both of +he ae locat.ions seemed t.o be frequented only by certain types of workers,

11

we decided to avoid interviewing in both of these places unless it became necessary. Fortunately, we were able to firiish our task in the Consulate 800n enough as to not cause any unnecessary disturbances, and thus were not forced to continue our inter- viewing at another location.

In the case of the Yugoslav workers, again there were a number of possible Locuríons where workers appeared to come often for a variety of reasons. Corresponding to the Consulate in the Turkish case, there is a Yugoslav Military Mission in West Berlin where workers' passports are extended and other

official matters Bettled. Unfortunately, we were unable to acquire permission to undertake interviews in the mission. However, the consulting bureau of the Arbeiter Wohlfahrt for Yugoslav workers

(Yugoslav Beratmn qs st.eLl.e) allowed us to undertake Ln+e r-ví.ews during their working hours. This particular bureau had a rather low attendance rate compared to the Turkish consulate; the

interviewers were forced to wait a long time before they could find a respondent. Moreover, because of the low demand on the services of the officials, the waiting time was sleb short,

making it difficult for the interviewers to convince the workers to be interviewed. This forced u~ to search for another

location in addition to the Beratungsstelle. From the limited alternatives, we chose a social club where, particularly on weekends p Larqe numoer s of worke rs ,olere present. However, this

location, too was not BO suitable for interviewing, not only because we had no way of controlling the randomness of the

sample but also because refusals and incompletions were quite high. fl'huB,a It.houqh we had startEH1 the lrurld ..sh and Yugoslav

12

s u r v e y s a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e same t i m e i n t h e b e g i n n i n g o f May, by t h e t i m e we had completed"1500 T u r k i s h i n t e r v i e w s i n m i d - J u n e , we had o n l y some 300 c o m p l e t e d Y u g o s l a v i n t e r v i e w s . The

low Y u g o s l a v r e t u r n s f r o m t h e b e g i n n i n g made i t a d v i s a b l e t o keep t h e T u r k i s h sample s l i g h t l y l a r g e r t h a n we o r i g i n a l l y p l a n n e d . I n o r d e r t o be a b l e t o o b t a i n s l i g h t l y o v e r 500 i n t e r ­ v i e w s b e f o r e t h e b e g i n n i n g o f A u g u s t , when t h e w o r k e r s l e a v e

f o r v a c a t i o n , we i n c r e a s e d t h e njamtoer o f Y u g o s l a v I n t e r v i e w e r s and a d m i n i s t e r e d t h e s u r v e y s i m u l t a n e o u s i y i n b o t h l o c a t i o n s m e n t i o n e d . T h i s p r o c e d u r e y i e l d e d 712 c o m p l e t e r e t u r n s toy t h e end o f J u l y .

T r a n s i a t i o n

The s u r v e y was f i r s t w r i t t e n i n E n g l i s h . Two i n d e p e n d e n t t r a n s l a t i o n s were t h e n made i n t o T u r k i s h . A German t r a n s l a t i o n was a l s o p r e p a r e d by two i n d e p e n d e n t t r a n s l a t o r s and t h i s

v e r s i o n was once more t r a n s l a t e d i n t o T u r k i s h by y e t a n o t h e r p e r s o n . A l l d i f f e r e n c e s i n t r a n s l a t i o n were d i s c u s s e d j o i n t l y by a l a r g e r g r o u p o f r e s e a r c h e r s and t r a n s l a t o r s . The s u r v e y

i n s t r u m e n t i n German and. T u r k i s h l a n g u a g e s was c o r r e c t e d

a c c o r d i n g l y and a l l f u r t h e r changes i n t h e i t e m s were r e c o r d e d on t h e s e v e r s i o n s a l o n e . A rouah f i n a l E n g l i s h t r a n s l a t i o n

13

was written for enclosure in this paper. Since the research team had access to a pool of bilinguals in Turkish-English, Turkish-German, and German-English, the Turkish instrument was developed with confidence.

The translation into Serbo-crotian was more problematic.

Again, two independent translations were obtained and the translators were asked to compare t.heir results in the presence of the author and two of the Turkish translatois.

'l'hesecond draft of the t.ransLat i.on was ·then shown to and dí.scu ssed with a numbe r of Yugoslav officials.

E_~.t.es,!:1-"~

Having developed sufficient trust in the equivalence of +he two Lnet.rument.s, we sent out. two :i.nt.erviewers,who had taken active part in the translation phase, to pretest the survey. The pre-tested instrument was once more

discussed jointly with the author and the interviewers.

As a result, some items were changed, some were

eliminated and several new items were added to have checks on internal consistency. Some of the individual items were further p ret.est.ed to make a choice among a Lt.ern atí,ve

formulations of certain questions. After all the changes were made and the instrument took its final format, a new pretest was done for the purpose of analysis. As a result of

1.4

r.hí.s last pretes't, it.emsyí.eLd í.nq extremely ~3kewed dint,:ributions as well as some of the items whí.ch seem to capture Lderrtí.caI information were dropped and a large portion of the open-ended Lt.ema were converted into close-ended questions, againw.H:.h t.he help of pairs of translators working independently.

:~(:! c~..:'h~îJl!.lJ2!:~.~in~.l~9:_2f

_t.:.~1!~.~;~!Vi~~~.~~

One of t.he most serions pr obl.ems that Wf!. have faced t.hz-o uqh-:

out, the Lmpl.emerrtat.Lonof thE~ survey had t.O do with the

interviewers. First, there was an extremely small pool of potential interviewers who could be selected, but they were not easily

accessible. Theoretically~

we

worke r-s, students and other employees who are relati valy more ,educated than the workers. The workers were neither sufficiently

educated nor had enough time t.o work. at: a full t,ime capací.cy for

él month or Lonqe r , 'l'he s+udent.s , on t.ho o+he r hand I' were rather f~:l\" in numbez s and highly d í.aper-ae d , Moreov(o'!:t',a large por+on of them were young undergraduates unlikely to be able to build congenial relationships with the respondents and, particularly in the Turkish case, often highly politicized which sometimes resulted in political argumentation with the workers during the interview. Our decision to conduct the interviews in official buildings also required special care in being able to Lnt.roduce to the offic:l.i:.ÜBé1 ~:;e'l:of i.ntEn.·vicwerswh o created no uneasiness and yet did not look like an integral

"

I

-- -- --

I

1r-

.)

part of the bu re auc rat.í,c hierarchy imposing authority on the respondents. The third q roup , composed of t.eache rsr

government. employees I social workers, e+.c,, were also highly dispersed and difficult to locate. Aléa, since they were already ernpLoyed in other capaci.ties, only a few could be expected to devote much time to interviewing.

In spite of all these rather discouraqing considerations, it seemed best to start our research from among this last group.

We were fortunate in the Turkish case to have a group of Turkish primary school teachers sent directly by the Turkish Ministry of Education to Berlin to teach the

Turkish language to the children after their regular training in G(~rman schools. These teachers worked only in the

afternoons and took turns helping in the Consulate, especially on Saturdays when the work load was extremely he avy . 'rheir working schedule fitted our plans well since interviewing

could only be carried out in the mornings between 8:30 and 12:30.

Thus, we asked the interested teachers to meet us to discuss the nature and conditions of the work. They were given copies of the questionnaire and asked to study it carefully. In three consecutive meetings we _explained

the aim of the survey and discussed thE! instn.1ITi.entas a wh o Le

16

as well as item by item. Demonstration interviews were undertaken by the author with the assistance of our chief interviewer and two sessions were devoted to the principles of interviewing. The candidates were then divided into two sub-groups, each alternately in interviewing one another and critiquing. They were then asked to do practice

interviews with s(::!varaloft.heí.r friends and family members;

the returned instruments were examine~ jointly and experiences and difficulties met were communicated.

As the next step in our training phase we asked

all candidates to encounter the "field" and conduct tes·t interviews in the setting where the survey was going to

be implemented. At t.he end of this trial day t.he group aq a í.n went over the difficulties and examined each returned

in s t rUrí\<:"mt..

Performances of three candidates were deemed

unsatisfactory and the remaining group received final

instructions concerning field strategies, manner of reporting, control and supervision, etc. Until the completion of the survey, regular biweekly meetings were held with

the whole group and defects in the administration of the survey were jointly and individually discussed.

Al t.houqh the same selection and training procedure was envisioned for the Yugoslavian group, we were disillusioned due to a number of re aaoris. First I recruitment pos ed a much

17

greater problem dUB to there being fewer persons interested in the job despite intensive dfforta made by many responsible

person s from t_he Arbeit.er Wohlfahrt in announc.í.nq the positions formally and informally. Second, some of the orí.o^í.rieL candí.da+es left the group in the middle of the training phase and almost all the rast after one or two weeks of working. From then on all

new recruitment and training was made on individual bases and only one of the interviewers stayed on the job for longer than three week. They complained that they could only find a few res-

poriderrt s durí.nq an ent.ire workinqday and the work was no+

sufficiently intensive to make continuing worthwhile. Finally, at th(~ end of J·uly t.hey all res i~Jned Ln order to return horne for vacation. The third problem was that our training program for t.he ini t.ial qroup as weLl, as for t.he late comers was never

aB thorough and effective as with the Turkish group since it had to be in a language (German or English) other than that of the instrument. On the other hand, despite the

deficiencies in our training program the Yugoslav interviewers recorded the data more accurately, especially with regard to those items requiring Borne knowledge of German.

In both cases p f.n+e rví.ewers repo r+ed very fE-~W re fus als or incompleted interviews and our rate of rejection - due to poor quality or Lncomp Leteriess - was al.so low <'lftür the ini t:Lal two weeks.

18

C9,gil).5l

Once the coding Bchema was prepared, much of the coding particularly all closed-ended items and answers involving absolute numbers (i.e. income, rent), was just a matter of time, concerrt.r at^í on and control. Concerning operi=ended

quest.í.onsf we had t.wo major problems. First p a numbe r of r athe r important itoms required recording in the German language.

Particularly for the Turks, this led to a loss of crucial in- formation. For instance, we wanted to identify the block of current residence for each respondent. This meant recording the street name, house number and code of the residential area.

However, only few workers are able to pronounce the street name correctly and only two of the interviewers were fluent in

German to record mispronounced names after correction or to detect a mispronunciation and do further inquiries. It is also possible that some portion of the information was misrecorded despite correct pronunciation. Although the interviewers were

instructed to ask the respondents for identification at the end of the interview with the correct current home address, many workers did not carry such an identification. The misrccorded infor-

mation was also difficult to detect since the interviews were con- trolled upon receipt. Although random checks were made and the intcr- viewers were instructed repeatedly, the recording of current home

1.9

address remained as él. problem. The coding of this information was equally troublesome since a number of alternatives had to be checked by a mín í.mum of +wo code rn^f one 'I'urkish^f another German. For instance, the Knesebeck Street. might have been re- corded as Kinezebek, Kinesebek, Knesebec, nesebek,etc. Thus, t.heGerman code rr unable to Lderrc í,fy Kinez(~bek f:;1:reet would ask

the Turkish coder for a phonetic reading, approximate the re- corded word ruld produce a new list of possible streets. He would then try to locate this street. If one of these approximations were Looat.ed, the area code number qLven by thE! respondent was compared wi.th the coxre cc area coae of the idEmt.ifled street:.

If a hous e 'i,,:i.th tb.e rrurnbe r given. existed on it.p t.hestreet code

number "ras record('~d;otherwise the :j_nfol:,matJ.on Vias recorded as missing. A similar problem occurred with the specification of +.he name and addz e ss of the work. place.

In the case of Yugoslav interviews, both respondents' accuracy in name and addre ss specification and pronunc í.at.í.o»

and Lnt.e rví.ewe rsi abL11ty to correctLy record th.e information was grE!at.er.

O·th(2!l" t.han +hese t.wo l'naj or op~~n->endedLt.ema, +he re \-.rere

él number of at t ^í tudinal open=ende d que s+Lon s and LnñorrnarLon recorded as ^IIother" which had to be re···exan:i.ned as recoà(.~d when possible. This was done, item by item, on the basis of

the listings of randoM r~sponses (takincr apprx. 10% sub-sample in each case) and their re-categori.zation.

20

The Turkish categorization was prepared first and translated into German. The Yugoslav coders were then asked to compare "their sub-sample responses \llith

the categories offered. If there were exclusions, responses were pooled together and a new coding schema was prepared. If not, Yugoslav codings were done directly

from t.he German schema. 'l'hesame procedure was applied to all information recorded as "otherll if the occurrence

"other" for any one item exceeded 3% of the t.otal responses to the particular item.

Since coding and the training for it was done item by

item or by cluster of it.ems, there was need for native speakers only for specific questions. Thus all of the housing questions and much of t.he close-ended Lterns were coded by German co de r s . Each coder was instructed individually for specific clusters of items and upon completion of one particular cluster new instructions were given.

Coders were controlled intensively in the beginning of each coding phase, i.e., when they began a new cluster, by the author and Professor stevens. Particularly for

open-ended items, the author held detailed discussion

with the coders, and took active part in parts of the coding.

other than these detailed controls, standard controls were unde rtaken e a) through the help of "if-then-it:ems"¡ b) through simple column controls; and c) through random content checks.

21

'Ac cur:.9-..EL __?_!_lL~:L~~,LFⁱ!~f1_Lngs

In this se ctLon we discus s a number of pos s ible errors which could have resulted from the above mentioned difficulties encountered in conducting the survey. One of the first

problems resulted from the lack of experience of the inter- viewers, none of whom were professional. Another arose from our inability to keep the Yugoslav interviewers throuqhout the duration of the administration of the survey instrument. Thus, we were under continual pressure to re-train interviewers,

which. due to the short time span left to comp Let e the interviewing, resuled in shorter traini,ng periods.

Thirdly, the semi-officiality of the location where we conducted the interviews presented another obstacle. On the one hand, other workers were present in these settings and caused distractions which were hard to eliminate.

Moreover, our ability to interview was a function of the

waiting beriod which the workers encountered in these settings.

For example I if the passport. renewal _of the Lnt.erv í.ewer took only one-half hour, he was most likely interested in leaving irrunediately rather than waiting to finish our interview which took one hour. As a result, the fluctuations in the timing of the business at hand caused a riumber of interviews t.o be

interrupted, and, therefore, eliminated.

22

Our next major problem occurred at the coding stages.

We had less control over the -accuracy of the Yugoslav group with respect to the open-ended questions in Serbo-Croatian

than over the Turkish, since no bi-lingual Serbo-Croatian Was a member of our research team. De spi,te al1 of t.he se obstacles, we have conducted a number of checks on the survey results which increase our confidence in their accuracy.

'l'hesampling method we have used was not: of a stratified na-ture with one or two sub-samples. + Since we have not used this t:ype of sampling procedure r there was no way to check for accuracy on this basis. Instead, we did two different kinds of internal controls; a) of the interviewer effect on the survey results, and b) on the location effect on the survey resuLt.s,

In order to control for the interviewer effect, we checked whether different interviewers obtained the same results on

survey items. We found no interviewer effect except on those items which required the noting of answers in German. Two of the Turkish interviewers consistently made more misrecordings than the rest. As a whole, the Yugoslav interviewers were more accurate in these types of questions, which, we believe, is more a reflection of the German language competence of t.he interviewees than of the interviewers.

+ _{This is not to be confused with our use of the term sub-sample}

to refer to the two national groups 13 the rest of this report.

The specific use intended in this section is more of a technical one. By sub-sample, we mean the use of two large samples,

identical in design to compare against each other as an accuracy control, See Frey r F. and Hyman f II.H. (prev íous page), for a description of the technical usage of this term.

23

In the case of the Yugoslavs. where two different locations were used, we conducted a check on the effects of the settings.

As a whole there were no major dissimilarities in the responses to items obtained in the Arbeiterwohlfahrt as opposed to those obtained in the Yugoslavlan club.

In addition to these internal controls, we have made an attempt to use external data as control of accuracy. However, the lack of detailed official statistical data on the foreign worker population in Berlin hindered a thorough check of

comparability +o establish +he representiveness of our samp Le , Par this reason, we must refer primarily to the data available on

age, sexp and foreign worker population by district (Bezirk).

As a whole our sample is comparable to the distribution tendencies in thes(~ thre~:'!rrajar :Ltems for Berlin f as well as w.í th respect.

to data on the foreign worker population in the Federal Republic of Germany.

Howe ve r , there are t.wo major surveys which .be cause of +he í r size and similarity of interests, we might consider representative and use as a control of our representativity. The first is the Survey carried out by the Senato:;:fUr Arbeit. und Soziales .in

Berlin in Winter 1971 - 1972+, the second the "PepreBentativ~

unt.ersuchunq 1'72 put out by the Btmde:::ianstal'l:flir Arbeí,t (a

Federal institution for manpower and labor research) in Nürnberg+~

Alt.houqh the sampli.ng p170cedure of +.he former may be questioned,

.._.,_.....-...,...,~..."""'..._ ...<>f1o~_...,__ .."..,...,...~> ...._""' ... ""_ ...O",,...

+-Abqeordnetenhaus von nerlin Vorla08 Z\I1":' Kenntni.snahme, Nr. 125 über den Bericht übe r e íne B(-::fra~Tungfüx ki.sche r :iU90!:31ënll:ischel~

und qri.echtßchc'r Arbc í.t.nernnor in Berlin (WeBt) f ok+obe r, 1973.

+~undesanstalt fUr Arbeit Representativuntersuchung, Beschäftgung ausländischer Arbeitncnmer.

24

they h ave established basle sí.mLlarí,ties to popu l.at.Lonstat:i.s- tics and their sample is large, while the latter provides, in

add ^í,tian, a rnet.hodo.Loçí.caLky sound bas^í s for comparison.

In both surveys we note,in general, tendencies which are sí.mí.Lar to our f í.ndí.nqs wi th respect; to employment aect.or , oocupa tLon , e duc at.Lon , maräta l, stat.us fete, rIOWE~V{~17^f this is

more true of the Berlin survey than the Bundesanstalt für Arbeit.

But we have no way of telling if this is attributable to

d:f.ffer(~ncesin sampl.f.nq procedures or d:i.,fferences betwefH1 +he Berlin foreign worker population and the West German foreign wor-kor population. As to the lat.t.er point f we have e Lre ady no+e d that the Berlin foreign worker population is peculiar insofar as it is primarily made up of Turks and Yugoslavs (44.9% Turkish, 22.8% Yugoslavian, 6.9% Greek, with those remaining - other

nationalities) .+ We hope, in the future, to increase our knowledge of other possible peculiarities through the use of

r~gional comparisons we have requested from the data collected by the Bundesanstalt fUr Arbeit.

In view of the mobill'~y ()i-.· tl f' k

L _le orelgn war er population, the two year time difference between the above-mentioned studies and that of ours - almost two years - should not be ignored.

If we compare the sex distribution of the t;hre(::l surveys f

we observe similar tendencies. In each case the results of our sample lie somewhere between th(~ first: t;y.¡omerrt.Lone.dau rvey s . Andr moroove r p our data is e Los e r' to t,::H~ official data of the Landesarbeitsamt than ~he 1972 Berlin Senat Survey.

+Source: Sti:1t.istiche~> Lande samt; Berl:i.!'l,E:,tat:ist.Lch e s J'ahYGsbuch Berlin, 1973, p. 186.