Anhänger der Dissertation
Comparative quantitative and qualitative content analyses of coverage of Hizb ut-Tahrir in German, British and Kyrgyz quality newspapers
in 2002-2007
vorgelegt von
Irina Volf
an der
Universität Konstanz
Mathematisch – Naturwissenschaftliche Sektion
Fachbereich Psychologie
Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 14. Juni 2011
1. Referent: Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Kempf, Universität Konstanz 2. Referent: Prof. Dr. Eric Freedman, Michigan State University 3. Referent: Prof. Dr. Thomas Hinz, Universität Konstanz
Konstanzer Online-Publikations-System (KOPS) URL: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-140673
Appendices
Appendix I Coding protocol for quantitative content analysis of German articles 3
Appendix II Coding protocol for quantitative content analysis of British articles 15 Appendix III Coding protocol for quantitative content analysis of Kyrgyz articles 24
Appendix IV Procedures and instructions for training second coders 38
Appendix V Inter-coder reliability indices in the German, British and Kyrgyz samples 39
Appendix VI Coding protocol for analysis of visual images 44
Appendix VII List of analysed visual images 47
Appendix I
Coding protocol for quantitative content analysis of German articles
Coding of German articles was initially performed with the ‘paper and pencil’ method and Excel application. The categories were later recoded with values starting from ‘0’ onwards to enable latent class analysis with WINMIRA software application. Columns highlighted with yellow indicate recoded values for categories. Variables highlighted with blue are ‘overarching variables,’ that indicate whether one of the sub-categories was present in an article.
1. Sources (Not for a second coder)
Tageszeitung 1 0
Frankfurter Rundschau 2 1
Süddeutsche Zeitung 3 2
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 4 3
Die Welt 5 4
2. Year of publication (Not for a second coder)
2002 2 0
2003 3 1
2004 4 2
2005 5 3
2006 6 4
2007 7 5
3. Months of publication (Not for a second coder)
4. Attribution (Not for a second coder)
Journalist’s byline 1 0
News agency 2 1
Journalist’s byline and press agency 3 2
Other attribution 4 3
Not attributed 5 4
5. Page (Not for a second coder)
First/Title page 1 0
Other 2 1
6. Length in words
January – December 1-12
1-300 1 0
301-600 2 1
601-900 3 2
901-1200 4 3
1201- 5 4
7. Rubric (Not for a second coder)
Since FR, SZ and FAZ did not differentiate between “Politics” and “Foreign politics” and Taz did not differentiate between “Politics” and “Internal politics”, “Politics”, “Internal politics” and
“Foreign politics” rubrics were combined into one category.
Unlike the articles from Taz, FR, SZ and DW the FAZ articles did not belong to the newspaper sections related to certain regions or cities; thus, the rubric “Themes from Germany” contained no FAZ articles.
8. Pictures (Bild/Abbildung) (Not for a second coder)
Unlike in the rest of the sample, it was not established whether 30 Taz articles, which were irrelevant to HT, contained pictures or not. Thus, this information can be used only in regard to HT relevant articles.
9. HT name in title or leads
10. Relevance of HT in examined articles
Highly relevant (80-100%) 1 0
Relevant (50%-79%) 2 1
Irrelevant (relevance of HT is not indicated by Lexis Nexis) 3 2 a. If HT relevance is provided by LN, it should be coded as directed in a table above.
Politics (Politik/Politik kompakt/Politishes Bush Innenpolitik/Inland
Ausenpolitik/Ausland kompakt/Ausland/ Deutschland for DW only) 1 0 Themes from Germany (/Themen aus
Deutschland//Berlin/Hamburg/NRW/ Rhein.Main &
Hessen/Frankfurt…
2 1
News of a day (Themen des Tages/Thema des
Tages/Aktuelles/Nachrichten/Zeitgeschenen) 3 2
Opinion and discussion (Meinung und
diskussion/Meinungsseite/Standpunkte/Forum/Kommentar) 4 3
Feuilleton 5 4
Other (Interkullturelles, Medien) 6 5
Yes 1 1
No 2 0
Yes 1 1
No 2 0
b. There are articles in the newspapers, which do not have LN indication of HT relevance although articles are obviously relevant to HT. For example, there is one sentence in the article and it deals with HT. Although LN did not indicate the relevance at all make your estimation and code accordingly.
c. If an entire article or two thirds of an articles deal with HT then relevance is “1.” If half of an article deals with HT then relevance is “2.” If HT is mentioned in an article only in relation to the other big topic then relevance is “3.”
11. Arrests/imprisonment of HT members
Some articles explicitly say that during searches none of HT members was arrested. However, there are references that arrests of HT members occurred earlier. In this case, a coder should code an article as “1.”
There are articles mentioning the fact that HT members are staying in prisons. In such cases an article should be coded as “1.”
If the arrested person was presumably an HT member at some point of time then the coder should code such article as “2”. If the arrested person is presumably an HT member at the moment of arrest or he/she is arrested because of membership in HT then the coder should code such article as “1” and then “ethnicity” and “gender” accordingly.
If the author says that it is not clear whether an arrested person is an HT member or says that he/she had some contacts to HT, one should code such article with “2.”
12. Legal status of HT
Legal status of HT is mentioned Yes -1 No -2 Yes-1 No-0
Banned in Germany 1 2 1 0
Banned elsewhere 1 2 1 0
Not banned in some countries 1 2 1 0
Need to be banned in Britain/Denmark 1 2 1 0
Should not be banned 1 2 1 0
If “Legal status of HT is mentioned” is coded with “1”, then at least one of the following five points should be coded with “1”.
The author should explicitly say that HT is banned or not banned somewhere. For example, if the author says that HT maintains its website from London or runs its office from London, it is not to be assumed that the author is saying that HT is not banned in UK. HT can maintain offices in some countries where it is actually banned.
If the author says that the state (e.g. referring to Germany) treats HT with “harsh measures”, it is not to be assumed that author says that HT is banned. One should code such article with “2” for
“Banned in Germany”.
There are cases when the author says that banning of HT will only lead to negative results such article should be coded as “1” for “Should not be banned.”
Mentioned 1 1
Not mentioned 2 0
“Im Aussland ansässige Organization…” - “organization with the place in foreign country” does not mean it’s banned or not banned somewhere.
If the author writes about HT in Russia (or any other country) and refers to HT as a banned organization, we should assume that it is banned in Russia (or that particular country) and code is with “1” for “Banned elsewhere”.
13. Quotations and references in relation to HT/HT members or persons suspected to be members of HT
Presence of quotations and references in relation to HT Yes -1 No-2 Yes-1 No-0 Quotation/reference to a political figure/authority
(Innensenator, Innenstaarsekretar, Berlin, Uzbekistan, Russia, government)
1 2 1 0
Reference to NPD 1 2 1 0
Quotation/reference to a law-enforcement officials (minister
of internal security, judge, police, secret services) 1 2 1 0 Quotation /reference to a religious activist/scholar 1 2 1 0 Quotation/ref. of a common person (people without concrete
designations, e.g. neighbors, parents) 1 2 1 0
Quotation/reference to an HT member/organization/HT
document, website 1 2 1 0
Quot./ref. to a human right organization 1 2 1 0
Quot./ref. to mass media reports 1 2 1 0
Other people, organizations quoted 1 2 1 0
If “Presence of quotations and references in relation to HT” is coded with “1”, then at least one of the following points should be coded with “1”.
If there are references to law-enforcement officials or authorities (even without concrete names) dealing with HT like court, judge, police then the coder should code an articles with “1”.
14. Terms used to describe HT members/organization There are terms that describe HT
members/organization Yes -1 No -2 Yes -1 No -0
Terrorist/terrorist organization/supports terrorism 1 2 1 0
Radical/radical organization 1 2 1 0
Extremist/extremist organization/religious
extremists 1 2 1 0
Clandestine/underground/“konspirativ” 1 2 1 0
Muslim/Islamic 1 2 1 0
Fundamentalist/“gemäßigt fundamentalist“ 1 2 1 0
Islamist/Islamist organization 1 2 1 0
Prohibited/banned organization 1 2 1 0
Killer/bomber/militant 1 2 1 0
Asylum seeker/immigrant 1 2 1 0
Other nouns/adjectives (undemocratic, sect, political party, religious movement, international, dangerous)
1 2 1 0
1. If “There are terms used to describe HT members/organization” is coded with “1”, then at least one of the following points should be coded with “1”.
2. There are articles in which terms related to HT are located in the title apart from the text.
One should take it into account and code it accordingly.
3. “Prohibited/banned organization” should be coded as “1” only if there is explicit mention of HT as a banned organization (banned as an adjective). There are articles, in which author informs readers about HT being banned but doesn’t use adjectives “banned” or “prohibited”
as descriptors of the organization. In this case an article should be coded as “2”.
4. If there are references that HT supports terrorism, an article should be coded as
“Terrorist/terrorist organization/supports terrorism” - “1”.
15. Negative or neutral terms
16. Ideology of HT
1. Cases of “rejection of violence” also include statements that there is no evidence of HT being involved in terror acts or that this organization is not considered to be a terrorist one.
2. Cases of “support of violence” also include statements related to HT praising or supporting terrorism (including suicide bombing), violence propaganda, “außerst aggressive”, as well as calls of HT to kill Jews.
3. If “To destroy Israel” or “To kill Jews” is mentioned in the article, one should automatically code “Antisemitic slogans” with “1”.
Only negative terms used (“terrorist”, “radical”, “extremist”,
“Islamist”, “fundamental” and “militant”) 1 0
Only neutral terms used (“clandestine”, “Muslim/Islamic”, “banned”
and “immigrant”) 2 1
Negative and neutral terms 3 2
No terms 4 3
Ideology of HT is mentioned Yes -1 No -2 Yes -1 No -0
Against any political form other than Islamic
rule (including against Democracy..) 1 2 1 0
Antisemitic slogans (incl. antiisrael, gegen
Israel) 1 2 1 0
Anti-Western rhetoric 1 2 1 0
Anti-Christian/against Christians 1 2 1 0
Use of violence Rejection
of violence /using peaceful means –1 (0)
Support or use of violent means, incl.
suicide bombing –2 (1)
Both (rej.
& sup.) are
mentioned – 3 (2)
Not menti oned – 4 (3)
Against the idea of reconciliation (gegen den
Gedanken der Völkerverständigung) 1 2 1 0
Other points of ideology 1 2 1 0
4. The “…gegen Gedanken der Völkerverständigung…” category is specific to Germany since this is the wording the Minister of Internal Affairs Schilly used in 2003 when he banned the organization.
17. Goals of HT
Goals of HT are mentioned Yes -1 No -2 Yes -1 No -0
To spread Islam (incl. worldwide, Pan-Islamism) 1 2 1 0
To unite diverse Muslim groups, countries 1 2 1 0
To lead Muslims in a struggle against non-
believers/to fight unbelievers/Jihad/Holy War 1 2 1 0
To overthrow governments/to destroy constitutional
order in a country/to act against the state 1 2 1 0
To build a Caliphate (Islamischer Gottesstaat,
großislamisches Reich) 1 2 1 0
To destroy, to fight Israel 1 2 1 0
To kill Jews 1 2 1 0
Other goals (e.g. liberation of Palestine) 1 2 1 0
If “Goals of HT” is coded with “1”, then at least one of the following points should be coded with “1”.
18. Negative or neutral goals mentioned
19. Activities of HT members
Activities of HT members are mentioned Yes -1 No -2 Yes -1 No -0 Activities in universities/with students/being
popular among students 1 2 1 0
Spreading leaflets 1 2 1 0
Publishing articles, books, magazines 1 2 1 0
Preaching in mosques 1 2 1 0
Spreading its ideology via internet/using
internet/websites 1 2 1 0
Recruiting new members 1 2 1 0
Spreading HT propaganda (antijudische,
Gewaltpropaganda, Heztpropaganda) 1 2 1 0
Protests and demonstrations 1 2 1 0
Attempts to occupy political and/or military positions or to recruit political and/or military authorities/or support a political candidate (in positive sence)
1 2 1 0
Any violent or criminal activities (organizing 1 2 1 0 Only negative goals mentioned (“To lead Muslims in a struggle against
non-believers”, “To overthrow governments”, “To destroy Israel” and
“To kill Jews”)
1 0
Only neutral goals mentioned (To spread Islam”, “To unite diverse Muslim countries”, and “To build a Caliphate”, “To penetrate into government and/or military positions”)
2 1
Negative and neutral goals mentioned 3 2
No goals mentioned 4 3
uprisings with use of arms, criminal activities, terror acts)
Any positive activities (contributing to
diminishing crime rates or use of drugs by youth, organizing or supporting businesses, charity actions)
1 2 1 0
Other activities 1 2 1 0
1. If “Activities of HT members” is coded with “1”, then at least one of the following points should be coded with “1”.
2. Each activity should be explicitly attributed to HT.
3. If there is a mention that HT is popular among students or there are references of HT holding some event or a speech at the universities then the coder should code an articles with “1” in
“activities in universities/with students” variable.
4. There are articles, in which the author writes about a terrorist act and informs about HT members being arrested or suspected for this criminal activity. Although relevance of HT to the terrorist act is not directly pointed out and its guilt is not yet proved such articles should be coded as “1” for “Any explicitly violent or conflict activities”.
5. “Multiplikatoren Rolle” = “recruiting new members”.
20. Frequencies of themes discussed.
LN provides several themes with percentage of relevance to an article. I identified the themes, which are the most interesting for me to code. Sub categories of these themes are:
1. Politics: Politik/Politische Debatten/Stats- und Regierungsoberhäupter/Wahlen/Aussenpolitik /Führungskräftewechsel
2. Crimes: Polizeikräfte/Geheimdienste/Armeen/Streitkräfte/Mord/Tötungsdelikte/Organisierte Kriminalität/Innere
Sicherheit/Auslieferung/Ermittlungen/Geiselnahme/Mord/Folter/Verschwörung 3. Terrorism: Terrorismus/Terrorismusbekämpfung/Bomben & Sprengstoffe 4. War: Krieg/Kriegswaffen/Aufstände und Rebellion
5. Human/Civil rights: Menschenrechte und Menschenrechte Oganizationen./Menschenrechtsverletzungen/Prostestmärsche &
Demonstrationen/Verfassungsrecht
6. Immigration: Politisches Asyl, Einwanderung/Abshiebung
(evacuation)/Flüchtlinge/Staatsangehörigkeit/Zuvanderungsgesetz/Bewilligungen 7. Law and legislature: Gerichtshöfe/Rechtsanwälte/Justizministerium/Internationale
Gerichtshöfe & Tribunale/Gesetzgebung/Strafzumessung/Gesetzgebende Körperschaften 8. Religion: Religionsfreiheit/ Christentum/ Juden/ Religiöse Fürer/Kirche und Staat/Kulte und
Sekten
9. Religion und Glaube should be taken into account in this category only if the text is about other religion than Islam (In FAZ “Religion” should be coded as “Islam and Muslime” if the article is about Muslims.)
10. Islam und Muslime: Islam und Muslime/Religion und Glaube (if text is about Muslims or Islam)
Each theme in each and every article should be coded with “1”, “2” or “3.”
“1” means the theme is discussed and highly relevant (80-100% of relevance indicated by LN)
“2” means the theme is discussed (50-79%)
“3” means the theme is not discussed in an article.
In case LN does not provide percentages of relevance of themes (“THEMA” in German), one should estimate what the main theme is, code it with “1” and the rest of themes with “2”. The number of such cases is very small (appr. 18) and topics are easy to identify.
While coding a coder must take following points into account:
1. There are cases when some sub categories indicated in an article by LN do not fit any of the given themes. In this case a coder should code relevance of the given themes with 3.
2. There are cases when several sub categories of the same theme are mentioned and given different percentages, then the coder should take into account only the highest percentage and code it accordingly.
For example, LN indicated following “THEMA” in SZ article Kritik an Russland wegen Abschiebung. 31 October, 2006.
THEMA: MENSCHENRECHTSORGANISATIONEN (93%); MENSCHENRECHTE (91%);
MENSCHENRECHTSVERLETZUNGEN (90%); GERICHTSHÖFE (90%);
INTERNATIONALE GERICHTSHÖFE & TRIBUNALE (90%); AUSLIEFERUNG (88%);
ISLAM & MUSLIME (67%); RELIGION & GLAUBE (67%); GERICHTE DER EUROPÄISCHEN UNION (57%)
Thus, this article will be coded as follows.
21. The main topics of articles
22. Frequencies of countries/regions in focus.
The following countries/regions are to be considered: Germany, Great Britain (England), Denmark, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, U.S.A., Afghanistan, EU/EU countries (Europe), Middle East/ME countries (including Israel) and Central Asia/CA countries other than Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. NB: Egypt is not part of the Middle East!
The coding should be done the same way as coding of themes.
“1” means the country/region is present and highly relevant (80-100% of relevance)
“2” means the country/region is mentioned (50-79%)
“3” means the country/region is not mentioned.
No. of an article / catego ries
Politics Crime s
Terrorism War Human/
Civil rights
Immigration Law and legislatu re
Religion Islam und Musli ms
1 3 1 3 3 1 3 1 3 2
“Politics” and/or “Law and legislature” 1 2 1 0
“Crimes”, “Terrorism” and/or War” 1 2 1 0
“Religion” and/or “Islam and Muslims” 1 2 1 0
While coding a coder must take following points into account:
1. There are cases when the main countries of articles indicated by LN are other than the ones selected for coding. In this case a coder should code relevance of the given countries with 3.
2. If there are several EU or ME countries are mentioned, the coder should take into account only the highest percentage and code it accordingly.
3. In case LN does not provide percentages of relevance of countries/regions, one should estimate what the main country is, code it accordingly. The number of such cases is very small and countries are easy to identify.
SAMPLE OF A CODING BOOK
Number 1 2 3 4 5
Source 1 1 1 1 1
Year 2 2 2 2 2
Month 1 1 3 5 8
First two words of a title Anschl
ag verhin
dert
Mensc henrec hte kontra
Postsowj etische Realitäte
n
Flurber einigun g
Islamis tenproz ess in Kairo
HT in the title or lead 2 2 2 2 2
Page 2 2 2 2 2
Attribution Y/N 2 1 1 1 5
Length 1 3 4 2 1
Rubric 3 1 6 1 3
Picture 2 2 2 2 2
HT relevance 1 3 3 3 1
Arrests of HT members 1 1 1 1 1
Legal status of HT 2 1 2 1 1
Banned in Germany 2 2 2 2 2
Banned elsewhere 2 1 2 1 1
Not banned in some countries 2 2 2 2 2
Should be banned 2 2 2 2 2
Should not be banned 2 2 2 2 2
There are references and quotations related to HT 1 1 1 1 1 Quotation/reference to a political figure/authority
(Behörde /Innensenator, Innenstaarsekretar, Berlin, Uzbekistan, Russia, government)
2 2 2 1 2
References to NPD (National Party of Germany) 2 2 2 2 2
Quot./Ref. of law-enforcement office (intern. sec.
Minister /police /judge, secrete services)
1 2 1 1 1
Quotation of a religious activist/scholar 2 2 2 2 2
Quotation of a common person 2 2 2 2 2
Quotation of an HT member/ organization, document, website
2 2 2 2 1
Quot./ref. to human rights org. 2 1 1 1 2
Quto./ref. to mass media reports 2 2 2 2 2
Other people, organizations quoted 1 2 2 2 2
Mention of ethnicity/nationality of HT members (arrested, suspected) or supporters
2 2 1 2 1
Asian 2 2 1 2 2
Arab 2 2 2 2 1
Turkish 2 2 2 2 2
Western 2 2 2 2 1
Other 2 2 2 2 2
Mention of HT members' gender 4 4 1 2 1
There are terms used to describe HT members or the organization
1 1 1 1 1
Terrorists/terrorist org./supports terrorism 2 2 2 2 2
Radical 2 2 2 2 2
Extremist 2 2 2 2 1
Clandestine/underground/konspirativ 2 2 1 2 1
Muslim / Islamic 2 2 2 1 1
Fundamentalist/gemäßigt fundametalist 1 2 2 2 2
Islamist 2 2 2 2 1
Prohibited/banned 2 1 2 1 1
Killer/bomber/militant 2 2 2 2 2
Asylum seeker/immigrant 2 2 2 2 2
Other (undemocratic, active, dangerous) 2 2 2 2 2
Negative or neutral terms 1 2 2 2 3
Ideology of HT is mentioned 2 1 2 1 1
Against any political form other than Islamic (against Democracy)/Islam as political ideology
2 2 2 2 2
Anti-semitic (incl. antiisrael, gegen Israel) 2 2 2 2 2
Anti-western 2 2 2 2 2
Against Christians/anti-Christian 2 2 2 2 2
Use of violence (Rejection-1; support-2, both -3, not mentioned-4)
4 1 4 1 1
Against the idea of reconciliation (gegen Gedanken der Völkerverständigung)
2 2 2 2 2
Other 2 2 2 2 2
Goals of HT are mentioned 2 1 1 1 2
To spread Islam (incl. worldwide) 2 2 2 2 2
To unite diverse Muslim groups, countries 2 2 2 2 2
To penetrate into government and military positions 2 2 2 2 2 To lead Muslims in a struggle against non-believers/
to fight unbelievers/Jihad/Holy war
2 2 2 2 2
To overthrow government/to destroy constitutional order in a country/to act against the state
2 2 2 2 2
To build a Caliphate (Islamischer Gottesstaat, Reich) 2 1 1 1 2
To destroy, to fight Israel 2 2 2 2 2
To kill Jews 2 2 2 2 2
Other 2 2 2 2 2
Negative or neutral terms 4 2 2 2 4
Activities of HT members are mentioned 1 1 2 2 1
Activities in universities/with students 2 2 2 2 2
Spreading leaflets (in places other than in universities)
2 2 2 2 2
Publishing articles, books, magazines 2 2 2 2 2
Preaching in mosques 2 2 2 2 2
Spreading ideology via internet, video games/Using internet
2 2 2 2 2
Recruiting new members 2 1 2 2 2
Spreading HT propaganda (antijudische, Gewaltpropaganda)
2 2 2 2 2
Protests and demonstrations 2 2 2 2 2
Attempts to occupy political/military positions/ to recruit pol./mil. authorities/or support a political candidate (in positive sense)
2 2 2 2 2
Any violent, criminal activity 1 2 2 2 1
Any positive activity 2 2 2 2 2
Other (meeting of HT, event of HT) 2 2 2 2 2
Topics
Politics: Politik/Politische Debatten/Stats- und Regierungsoberhäupter/Wahlen/Aussenpolitik/
Führungskräftewechsel
3 1 3 1 3
Crimes: Polizeikräfte/ Geheimdienste/ Armeen/
Streitkräfte/ Mord/ Tötungsdelikte/Organisierte Kriminalität/Innere Sicherheit/
Auslieferung/Ermittlungen/Geiselnahme/Mord/Folter/
Verschwörung
1 3 3 1 3
Terrorism:
Terrorismus/Terrorismusbekämpfung/Bomben &
Sprengstoffe
3 1 3 2 1
War:Krieg/Kriegswaffen/Aufstände und Rebellion 3 2 3 3 3 Human/Civil rights: Menschenrechte und
Menschenrechte Oganiz./Prostestmärsche &
Demonstrationen/ Verfassungsrecht/ Familienrecht
3 1 3 1 3
Immigration: Politisches Asyl, Einwanderung/Abshiebung
(evacuation)/Flüchtlinge/Staatsangehörigkeit/Zuvand erungsgesetz/Bewilligungen/Pässe &Visa
3 3 3 3 3
Law and legislature: Gerichtshöfe/ Rechtsanwälte/
Justizministerium/ Internationale Gerichtshöfe &
Tribunale/ Gesetzgebung/ Strafzumessung
3 3 3 2 1
Religion: Religion und Glaube (other than Muslim) Religionsfreiheit/ Christentum/ Juden/ Religiöse Fürer/Kirche & Staat/Kulte & Sekten
3 1 3 3 3
Islam und Muslim: Islam und Muslime/Religion und Glaube (if text is about Muslims or Islam)
3 3 3 1 1
“Politics” and/or “Law and legislature” as the main topics
2 1 2 1 1
“Crimes”, “Terrorism” and/or War” as the main topics
1 1 2 1 1
“Religion” and/or “Islam and Muslims” as the main 2 1 2 1 1
topics
Countries/Regions
Germany 3 2 3 2 3
Great Britain (England) 3 3 3 3 2
Denmark 3 3 3 3 3
Turkey 3 3 3 3 3
Uzbekistan 3 1 1 1 3
Kyrgyzstan 3 3 1 3 3
Russia 3 3 3 3 3
USA 3 1 3 3 3
Afghanistan 3 3 3 3 3
EU/EU countries/Europa 3 3 3 3 3
Middle East/ME countries 3 3 3 2 3
Central Asian/CA countries 3 2 1 3 3
Appendix II
Coding protocol for quantitative content analysis of British articles
Coding of British articles was initially performed with the software application QDA Minor 2.0.7 with binary variables that were later thematically grouped and recoded in Microsoft Excel application with the following categories.
1. Sources (Not for a second coder)
The Independent 0
The Guardian 1
The Financial Times 2
The Times 3
The Daily Telegraph 4
2. Months of publication (Not for a second coder)
3. Year of publication (Not for a second coder)
2002 0
2003 1
2004 2
2005 3
2006 4
2007 5
4. Attribution (Not for a second coder)
Journalist’s byline 0
Other attribution 1
Not attributed 2
5. Section (Not for a second coder)
6. Page (Not for a second coder)
First/Title page 1 2 or 3 page 2
Other 0
January – December 0-11
International news 0
Home news 1
Comments/letters/opinion 2
Features (including Leader articles) 3
Other 4
7. Length in words (Not for a second coder)
1-300 0
301-600 1
601-900 2
901-1200 3
1201- 4
8. Pictures (Not for a second coder)
9. HT name in the title or lead (Not for a second coder)
10. Relevance of HT in examined articles (Not for a second coder)
Highly relevant (80-100%) 0
Relevant (50%-79%) 1
Irrelevant (relevance of HT is not indicated by Lexis Nexis)
2
Relevance indicated by LN indicates the importance of position where HT name is mentioned rather than the importance of HT to the article as such.
11. Background information
Examples:
1. Hizb ut-Tahrir, founded in Jerusalem in 1953…
12. Legal status of HT
Banned in Germany Yes-1 No-0
Banned in some countries 1 0
Legal in Britain, Denmark, USA, etc. 1 0 Should be banned (e.g. Britain/Denmark) 1 0
Should not be banned 1 0
Examples:
1. If the author writes about HT in Russia (or any other country) and refers to HT as a banned organization, we should assume that it is banned in Russia (or that particular country) and code it with “Banned in some countries”.
Yes 1
No 0
HT name
present 1
Absent 0
Origin mentioned 1
Not mentioned 0
2. If the author says that Tony Blair plans to ban HT or the government failed to ban HT one should code it as “legal in Britain”.
3. ‘UK- based’ means legal in Great Britain 4. Examples of “Should be banned”:
a. We trust Miss Harman will lose no time in banning this pernicious organisation, now that she realises just how deadly a threat it poses to the British way of life.
b. There is no quick fix to the problem of home-grown terrorism, but banning Hizb ut- Tahrir would be an excellent first step, sending a strong signal to aspiring terrorists that Britain has not changed the rules of game.
c. Pakistan has also urged the Government to ban a British-based wing of an international Islamist extremist organisation, Hisb-ut-Tahrir.
d. This is intended to snare groups such as Hizb-ut-tahrir, who Mr Blair said would be banned but cannot be under existing laws.
5. There are cases when the author says that banning of HT will only lead to negative results or be counterproductive such article should be coded as “Should not be banned.”
a. A number of Muslim organisations, including the Muslim Council of Britain and the Muslim Association of Britain, have claimed the plans would be counterproductive.
b. It added: "The proposal to ban the non-violent organisation Hizb ut-Tahrir is, in our view, unwarranted, unjust and unwise, and runs counter to all the principles which western democracies are currently trying to promote abroad ...
13. Arrests/imprisonment of HT members
Examples:
1. Some articles explicitly say that during searches none of HT members was arrested.
However, there are references that arrests of HT members occurred earlier. In this case, a coder should code an article as “mentioned”.
2. There are articles mentioning the fact that HT members are staying in prisons. In such cases an article should be coded as “mentioned”.
3. If the arrested person was presumably an HT member at some point of time then the coder should not code such article as “mentioned”. If the arrested person is presumably an HT member at the moment of arrest or he/she is arrested because of membership in HT then the coder should code such article as “mentioned” and then “ethnicity” and “gender”
accordingly.
4. If the author says that it is not clear whether an arrested person is an HT member or says that he/she had some contacts to HT, one should not code such article with “mentioned”.
14. Quotations and references in relation to HT/HT members or persons suspected to be members of HT
Political figure/authority/institution/party Yes -1 No -0
BNP (usually if HT is compared with BNP or two organizations are
mentioned in one paragraph) 1 0
Law-enforcement officials (minister of internal security (home
secretary, home office), judge, police, secret services) 1 0
Religious activist/scholar/representative 1 0
Ordinary person (e.g. neighbors, parents) 1 0
HT member/organization/HT document, website 1 0
Mentioned 1
Not mentioned 0
Former HT member 1 0
Human right organization 1 0
Mass media reports/journalists 1 0
Student Unions or its leaders/university 1 0
Experts (professor, think tank, research org.) 1 0
Other people, organizations quoted (in general United Nations,
Freedom House) 1 0
1. If one of these persons/institutions are quoted or merely referred to in relation to HT, one should code them accordingly. Fro example, the judge said, Tony Blair plans to ban HT, the wife of an HT member said, Human Rights Watch assessed that, HT member worked in Guardian (such message should appear in sources other than Guardian itself; e.g. “HT member said to Guardian” mass media will not be coded), Professor pointed out, etc.
2. “In recent days, Islamic groups ranging from the moderate Nahdlatul Ulama, the country's largest Muslim group, to the orthodox Hizbut Tahrir, which advocates the introduction of rigid Islamic law, have voiced outrage and called for "strong punishment".” In this case I coded only HT because other religious organisation was mentioned not in regard to HT but only along with HT.
15. Terms used to describe HT members/organization
1. Other negative terms include: pernicious, ruthless, angry, notorious, bozo, trouble-making, poisonous, subversive, separatist, fringe.
2. Other neutral terms include: hardline, controversial, international, global, low profile, little, network, public organization, intellectual, eccentric, youth, legitimate, inspirational.
3. Examples of coding:
a. “Three British Muslims were sentenced to five years in prison by a Cairo court yesterday after being found guilty of spreading propaganda for a banned Egyptian Islamist group.” In this case ‘banned’ and ‘Islamist’ are coded as terms and ‘British’ and ‘Egyptian’ as ethnicity.
b. “Another threat comes from a secretive, pan-Islamic movement called Hizb ut -Tahrir (HT).” Similarly ‘pan-Islamic is coded as ‘activities to spread Islam’ and ‘secretive’ as
‘terms.’;
c. "peaceful Islamic political party" in this case peaceful is coded as rejection of violence and
‘Islamic’ and ‘political party’ as terms.
Terrorist/terrorist organization/supports terrorism Yes -1 No -0
Radical/radical organization 1 0
Extremist/extreme 1 0
Fundamentalist 1 0
Islamist/Islamist organization 1 0
Militant 1 0
Muslim/Islamic 1 0
Clandestine/underground/secretive 1 0
Prohibited/banned organization 1 0
Political group/organization/movement/party 1 0
Religious group/org./movement/party/sect/orthodox 1 0
Other negative terms 1 0
Other neutral terms 1 0
16. Negative or neutral terms (Not for a second coder)
17. Ideology of HT
1. That wouldn't suit or please separatists like Hizb-ut-Tahrir et al, for whom there is only them and us, the West and Islam, forever clashing on the road to hell. (anti Western)
2. Other points of ideology: "they do not believe in women doing anything outside the home'';
„it promotes an ideology that enhances isolation among Muslim communities and hampers integration.”
18. Position on use of violence
5. Cases of “rejection of violence” also include statements that there is no evidence of HT being involved in terror acts or that this organization is not considered to be a terrorist one.
a. Neither group has been implicated in terrorist activity.
6. Cases of “support of violence” also include statements related to HT praising or supporting terrorism (including suicide bombing), violence propaganda, as well as calls of HT to kill Jews.
a. The radical Islamic political party Hizb ut-Tahrir is also represented in Tower Hamlets, with one book, Funds in the Khilafah State, claiming: "The mere apostasy of the apostate gives Muslims the right to shed his blood and seize his property.''
b. Tony Blair has made clear he believes the offence is essential if extremist groups who
"glorify" terrorism are to be banned. Proscription orders outlawing groups such as Hizb ut-Tahrir are expected to follow within weeks of the terror bill reaching the statute book.
7. Example of both positions:
a. „Mr Clarke also indicated the Islamic organisations Hizb ut-Tahir and al-Muhajiroun, both of which deny being involved in terrorism, would be banned within months. They Only negative terms used (“terrorist”, “radical”, “extremist”, “Islamist”,
“fundamental” and “militant”, “other neg. words”) 0
Only neutral terms used (“clandestine”, “Muslim/Islamic”, “banned” and
“political”, religious, other neutral terms) 1
Negative and neutral terms 2
No terms 3
Against any political form or political participations (including against
Democracy.) Yes -1 No -0
Anti-Semitic (incl. against Israel) 1 0
Anti-Western 1 0
Islam and Islamic identity 1 0
Racist 1 0
Homophobic 1 0
Other points of ideology 1 0
Rejection of violence /using peaceful means 0
Support or use of violent means, incl. supporting suicide bombing 1
Both (rej. & sup.) are mentioned 2
No position is mentioned 3
will be caught under a new offence of 'glorifying' terrorism contained in the new legislation.“
b. Hizb ut-Tahrir, which has its headquarters in London, is banned in Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, whose governments regard it is a terrorist group. But the group says that it advocates only a peaceful struggle for an Islamic caliphate in Central Asia, and denies any involvement in the recent violence. Most Western officials and regional and terrorism experts tend to agree.
c. The groups being blamed for the violence are Hizb ut-Tahrir …Hizb ut-Tahrir, which is banned as a terrorist organisation in some countries but is allowed to operate in London, insisted that it had nothing to do with the current violence.
d. "There is a direct link between the ideology of Hizb-ut Tahrir and of other (Islamic terror groups)," he said, adding that "these terrorists aimed at panic and chaos but didn't achieve it".Hizb ut-Tahrir issued a statement from London denying "any involvement whatsoever" and adding that the group "does not engage in terrorism, violence or armed struggle
e. Mr Karimov is pinning the blame for the violence on the Islamist group, Hizb ut-Tahrir.
The White House expressed concern about "terrorist" involvement.Hizb-ut Tahrir has denied involvement.
f. BUT in this case ‘terrorist’ is only the terms. The security forces have waged a ruthless campaign to crush both the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, which seeks a Muslim state in Ferghana, and Hizb ut-Tahrir, another Islamist group whose members have been labelled 'terrorists' by the Karimov regime.
19. Goals of HT
To spread Islam (incl. worldwide, Pan-Islamism) Yes -1 No -0 To unite diverse Muslim groups, countries Yes -1 No -0 To lead Muslims in a struggle against non-
believers/to fight unbelievers/Jihad/Holy War/against the West
Yes -1 No -0 To overthrow governments/to destroy constitutional
order in a country/to act against the state Yes -1 No -0 To build a Caliphate (Mulim/Islamic state) Yes -1 No -0
To kill Jews Yes -1 No -0
Other goals (e.g. liberation of Palestine) Yes -1 No -0 1. Examples of „To spread Islam“:
a. But the Islamic order advocated by Hizb-ut-Tahrir; which advocates the introduction of rigid Islamic law; the worldwide implementation of the Koran's set of laws governing everything from banking to prayer, theft and adultery; imposing shariah law over the whole planet
2. Examples of “To lead Muslims in Jihad”:
b. The Government's refusal to outlaw Hizb ut-Tahrir, on the spurious grounds that, although it promotes the Islamic take-over of Britain, it is not committed to violence, has meant that this group continues to recruit students to the cause of jihad against the West.
c. The rhetoric of jihad introduced by Hizb ut-Tahrir in my days was the preamble to 7/7 and several other attempted attacks.
d. The website of the organisation Hizb ut-Tahrir, which has repeatedly stressed its opposition to violence, tells its followers: "We begin fighting the enemy even if he did not start fighting us. . . Jihad is not a defensive war; it is in fact a war to raise the word
of Allah and it is compulsory originally in order to spread Islam and to carry its message even if the disbelievers did not attack us."
3. Examples of „Other goals“:
e. Those ideas, he said, included living under sharia law within a caliphate of Islamic countries, opposing the "corrupt and dictatorial" regimes in the Middle East and central Asia and resisting occupation of Muslim lands.
f. "The Hizb ut-Tahrir principal aim is dissemination of thoughts and therefore we will use different means to attend societies.
g. "The aim is to resume the Islamic way of life and . . . to change the situation of the corrupt society so that it is transformed into an Islamic society,
h. When asked how to spread Hizb ut-Tahrir's message, Patel insists that all Muslims must press their local imams to be more political.
20. Negative or neutral goals mentioned (Not for a second coder)
21. Activities of HT members
Activities in universities/with students/being popular among students Yes -1 No -0
Spreading leaflets 1 0
Publishing articles, books, magazines 1 0
Spreading its ideology via internet/using internet/websites 1 0
Recruiting new members 1 0
Spreading HT propaganda/promoting HT views/trying to revive the
organization/preaching hatred 1 0
Protests and demonstrations 1 0
Conferences/debates/speech/issuing statements 1 0
Attempts to occupy political/civil positions (in positive sense, e.g. worker
in Home office, trainee in Guardian) 1 0
Attempts to overthrow governments/insurgency 1 0
Initiating or supporting legal matters in the court 1 0
Any violent or criminal activities (organizing uprisings with use of arms,
criminal activities, terror acts) 1 0
Any positive activities (contributing to diminishing crime rates or use of drugs by youth, organizing or supporting businesses, charity actions;
humanitarian help during crisis)
1 0
Other activities 1 0
6. Each activity should be explicitly attributed to HT.
7. If there is a mention that HT is popular among students or there are references of HT holding some event or a speech at the universities then the coder should code an articles with “1” in
“activities in universities/with students” variable.
Only negative goals mentioned (“To lead Muslims in a struggle against non-
believers”, “To overthrow governments”, “To destroy Israel” and “To kill Jews”) 0 Only neutral goals mentioned (To spread Islam”, “To unite diverse Muslim
countries”, and “To build a Caliphate”, “To penetrate into government and/or military positions”)
1
Negative and neutral goals mentioned 2
No goals mentioned + other goals 3
a. However, in this case “Babar said that he became a member of Hizb-ut-Tahrir and al- Muhajiroun while at university, when he became angered by the Gulf War” we do not assume that HT was active in universities
8. There are articles, in which the author writes about a terrorist act and informs about HT members being arrested or suspected for this criminal activity. Although relevance of HT to the terrorist act is not directly pointed out and its guilt is not yet proved such articles should be coded “Any violent or criminal activities”.
9. Positive activities examples:
a. Nasar Hanif, the party's Leeds representative, prefers to emphasise its approach to issues such as drugs and rime, and whether there are sufficient local Islamic schools or mosques.
b. HT urged Muslims to be 'decent citizens' under Islamic law
c. "It is Hizb ut Tahrir who is channelling the emotions of the Muslim community, who have been incensed by the West's colonialism in the Muslim world, into political work."
d. Hizbut-tahrir, a Muslim organisation which the Government has threatened to ban, said yesterday that it had been involved in a Home Office consultation exercise aimed at improving race relations.
10. Speech: On the window is a poster advertising a talk on the "crisis in Lebanon". The star guest speaker is billed as a member of Hizb ut-Tahrir, the radical Islamist group.
11. Other activities:
a. There, the HT raises funds and trains recruits to spread the movement in Central Asia.
b. The party is also at the forefront of the opposition movement in Uzbekistan.
c. I regularly delivered the Friday sermon
d. Hizb ut-Tahrir's 50-year history of non-violent political work for change in the Muslim world is well known.
22. Topics. (Not for a second coder)
LN provides several topics (subjects in LN) with percentage of relevance to an article. I identified the topics, which are the most interesting for me to code. Sub categories of these topics are:
1. Politics: Politics/ Political debates/ Head of state/ Elections/ Foreign Politics/
2. Crimes: Police/ Secret Services / Army/ Murder/ Organized crimes/ Internal security/
Torture/ Law enforcement
3. Terrorism: Terrorism/ Antiterrorism/ Bombs and explosives 4. War: War/ Conflicts and War/ Rebellion
5. Human/Civil rights: Human rights/ Protests and demonstrations /Civil rights 6. Immigration: Political asylum/ refugees/ citizenship
7. Law and legislature: Courts/ Lawyers/ Ministry of Justice/ International court
8. Religion: Freedom of religion/ Christianity / Jews/ Sects/ ‚Religion and faith’ should be taken into account in this category only if the text is about other religion than Islam.
9. Islam und Muslime: Islam and Muslims/Religions and faith (if text is about Muslims or Islam)
Each topic can be coded either as a ‘Main topic’ (80-100% of relevance indicated by LN) or a
‘sub-topic’ (50-79%).
How to code:
There are cases when several sub categories of the same topic are mentioned and given different percentages (e.g. one with 90% and other with 50%), then the coder should take into account only the highest percentage and code it accordingly. For example,
SUBJECT: BOMBS & EXPLOSIVES (90%); TERRORISM (90%); MUSLIMS & ISLAM (86%); TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS (78%); PROTESTS & DEMONSTRATIONS (76%);
ADOLESCENTS (75%); GANGS (72%); JUVENILE JUSTICE (71%); RELIGION (69%);
WAR & CONFLICT (68%); JUVENILE CRIME (67%)
In this case BOMBS & EXPLOSIVES (90%); TERRORISM (90%); TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS (78%); belong to the same topic – terrorism, that will be coded as the ‘main topic’; MUSLIMS & ISLAM (86%) – main topic; PROTESTS & DEMONSTRATIONS (76%) – human/civil rights as the sub topic; GANGS (72%); JUVENILE JUSTICE (71%) – crime as a sub topic; WAR & CONFLICT (68%) – war a sub topic. RELIGION (69%) will not be coded here unless the article mentions other religions than Islam, which is unlikely. Usually if other religions are mentioned then they are also indicated in SUBJECT like in the example below.
SUBJECT: TERRORISM (92%); MUSLIMS & ISLAM (92%); RELIGION (91%); ARMIES (90%); TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS (90%); ARMED FORCES (90%); CHRISTIANS &
CHRISTIANITY (88%); POLITICAL PARTIES (78%); JEWS & JUDAISM (78%);
NATIONAL SECURITY (73%); INTELLIGENCE SERVICES (71%); COLLEGES &
UNIVERSITIES (63%)
In this case ARMED FORCES (90%) and NATIONAL SECURITY (73%) have different relevance but belong to the same topic – crimes. Thus, they will be coded as ‘crimes’ only once taking into account only the highest percentage, thus crimes as the main topic.
23. Frequencies of countries/regions in focus. (Not for a second coder)
The following countries/regions are to be considered: Germany, Great Britain (England), Denmark, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, U.S.A., Afghanistan, EU/EU countries (Europe), Middle East/ME countries (including Israel) and Central Asia/CA countries other than Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. NB: Egypt is not part of the Middle East!
The coding should be done the same way as coding of topics.
While coding a coder must take following points into account:
4. If there are several EU or ME countries are mentioned, the coder should take into account only the highest percentage and code it accordingly.
5. In case LN does not provide percentages of relevance of countries/regions, one should estimate what the main country is, code it accordingly. The number of such cases is very small and countries are easy to identify.
Appendix III
Coding protocol for quantitative content analysis of Kyrgyz articles
Coding of Kyrgyz articles was initially performed with the software application QDA Minor 2.0.7 with binary variables that were later thematically grouped and recoded in Microsoft Excel application with the following categories.
1. Months of publication (Not for a second coder)
2. Year of publication (Not for a second coder)
2002 0
2003 1
2004 2
2005 3
2006 4
2007 5
3. Section (Not for a second coder)
4. Attribution (Not for a second coder)
Journalist’s byline 0
Other attribution 1
Not attributed 2
Special correspondent (without name) 3
Vechernii Bishkek’s information 4
5. Author (Not for a second coder) January – December 0-11
Overview of a day 0
Actual / Main topic 1
Zone of trouble / Hot spot 2
Regions 3
Crime stories 4
Terrorism/Extremism 5
Politics 6
Religion and society 7
Anatomy of a phenomenon 8
Investigation of VB 9
Guest of VB/Direct line/Exclusive
interview 10
Public opinion/opinion 11
Secret material/national security 12
Other sections 13
First, each author is to be coded under his/her name. As coding is completed the authors of many articles are given their special numerical code, the rest are coded at ‘Other authors’.
In this sample the following major authors have been identified.
6. Length in words (Not for a second coder)
1-300 0
301-600 1
601-900 2
901-1200 3
1201- 4
7. Pictures (Not for a second coder)
8. HT name in the title or lead (Not for a second coder)
9. Background information
Example:
Как получилось, что зародившаяся в 50–х годах в арабской Палестине, она быстро и, главное, так глубоко пустила корни на Тянь–Шане?
10. Legal status of HT
Banned in Germany Yes-1 No-0
Banned in Kyrgyzstan 1 0
Banned in some other countries 1 0
Legal in Britain, Denmark, USA, etc. 1 0 Should be banned (e.g. Britain/Denmark) 1 0
Should be legalized 1 0
Author N of reports Coding
Urumbaev 50 0
Satybekov 83 1
Kusminyh 42 2
Hamidov 30 3
Karimov 20 4
Otorbaeva 16 5
Oreshkin 10 6
Kasybekov 10 7
Malikova 9 8
Other 34 authors 53 9
Yes 1
No 0
HT name present 1
Absent 0
Origin mentioned 1
Not mentioned 0
Examples:
6. If the author writes about HT in Russia (or any other country) and refers to HT as a banned organization, we should assume that it is banned in Russia (or that particular country) and code it with “Banned in some countries”.
7. “Хизб ут-Тахрир, имеющая штаб-квартиру в Лодноне» means HT is legal in Britain.
8. Examples of “Should be banned”:
a. Британский премьер Тони Блэр наконец выступил с предложением запретить деятельность двух радикальных исламских организаций. Одна их них группировка Хизб ут Тахрир.
9. Examples of “Should be legalized”.
a. Предложения Бакир улуу легализовать деятельность Хизб ут Тахрира.
11. Threat of HT
Examples for “radicalization due to HT”:
1. Кроме того, также будет активизирована борьба против негативного влияния на верующих людей экстремистских религиозных течений, подобных тому, к которому принадлежит “Хизб ут–Тахрир”.
Examples for „HT poses a threat“
2. И, наконец, если руководство Кыргызстана не примет ультиматум, то начинается самый опасный, последний, четвертый этап.
3. Поэтому предлагается комплекс превентивных мер, включающий в себя активизацию разъяснительной работы со стороны Госкомиссии по делам религий и ДУМК – Духовного управления мусульман Кыргызстана – вплоть до издания ими специальной февтвы (решения) для верующих об опасности ХТИ.
4. Хизб ут–Тахрир”, хотя и проповедует ненасильственные действия в достижении своих целей, тем не менее разделяет многие более широкие цели с ИДУ, главным образом в установлении исламского политического порядка в Центральноазиатском регионе. В то время как ИДУ ставит перед собой преимущественно краткосрочные политические цели, сосредоточиваясь на свержении правительства Узбекистана, “Хизб ут–Тахрир”
имеет более утопическую цель – возрождение Халифата, который мог бы объединить всех мусульман. В этих условиях Кыргызстан, исходя из сложившейся военно–
политической обстановки в Центральноазиатском регионе, без колебаний активно включился в борьбу с этим злом. Поэтому недооценивать возможность возникновения новых очагов угроз и вызовов нельзя.
5. Потом был Баткен – вторжение боевиков ИДУ. Оправившись от первоначального шока, казалось, мы осознаем наконец всю опасность религиозного экстремизма, что с помощью огня и свинца истребим эту рать зла, изведем под корень. И вроде бы так и случилось. Уползли побитые боевики. Правда, оставив схроны с оружием. Поди, надеялись вернуться. А главное: в нашем тылу осталась их “пятая колонна” – религиозно–политическая партия “Хизб ут–Тахрир аль–Ислами” (ХТИ).
6. Дальнейший рост членов “Хизб ут–Тахрира” стал представлять уже реальную угрозу безопасности всех стран Центральной Азии.
7. Есть люди, считающие, что “Хизб ут–Тахрир” – проблема внутриконфессиональная.
Что против идеологии следует бороться опять же идеологическими методами. В коридорах власти, правоохранительных органах с такой позицией соглашаются как бы наполовину. Дескать, идеологическое противоборство имеет место быть. Но когда Radicalization of a person/Muslims in general due to HT Yes-1 No-0
HT poses a threat 1 0
угрожают основам государственности, приходится и другие меры принимать, говорят здесь.
8. уж что такое партия “Хизб ут–Тахрир” и какую угрозу она представляет для Кыргызстана и всей Ферганской долины, не мне вам объяснять.
9. Деятельность запрещенной в Кыргызстане религиозно– экстремистской партии “Хизб ут–Тахрир” осложняет общественно– политическую ситуацию в Ошской области.
10. Ныне статистика свидетельствует о том, что распространение идей “Хизб ут–Тахрира”
принимает угрожающие масштабы.
11. Основная масса людей стала сторониться хизбутовцев. “Это опасное явление”, – предостерегают детей в семьях.
12. Persecution of HT members
Examples:
1. Arrests: Там состоялся массовый женский митинг с требованиями освобождения 11 членов ХТИ, задержанных накануне.
2. Criminal case Управлением внутренних дел Ошской области возбуждено уголовное дело в отношении 43–летнего Адахама Балтабаева из Кара–Сууйского района.
3. Registered with police В прошедшем году здесь были взяты на профилактический учет в связи с распространением нелегальной литературы 65 человек.
4. Imprisonment 42–летний Абдулла Абдурасулов и 25–летний Шавкат Исламбаев осуждены на пять лет каждый по обвинению в разжигании религиозной, национальной, расовой вражды.
5. Administrative measures Во–первых, статья 299 УК КР “Разжигание национальной, расовой или религиозной вражды”, по сути, единственная статья, по которой их сейчас осуждают, и чаще всего хизбутовцы отделываются мелким испугом, точнее – штрафами и предупреждениями.
6. Immediately released С этими гражданами, согласно законодательству, проведены профилактические беседы, после чего задержанных отпустили по домам.
7. Capital death Как хизбутовцы отреагировали на события 24 марта и 17 июня? Что думают по поводу мятежа в Андижане и терактов в Лондоне, где находится штаб–
квартира ХТИ? Эти и другие темы обсуждали наши корреспонденты с пресс–атташе организации, за одно членство в которой в некоторых странах предусмотрена даже смертная казнь. Например, в 1979 году король Иордании казнил более 100 активистов ХТИ во главе с их руководителем Ахмад ад–Дауром.
13. Quotations and references in relation to HT/HT members or persons suspected to be members of HT
Arrests of HT members/sympathizers Yes-1 No-0
Criminal case 1 0
Registered with police (на учете) 1 0
Imprisonment 1 0
Administrative measures 1 0
Immediately released 1 0
Capital death 1 0
Confiscating/discovering HT leaflets 1 0
Confiscating/discovering arms/weapons/patrons allegedly belonging to HT
1 0
Political figure/authority Yes -1 No -0
Law-enforcement officials 1 0
Religious org./activist 1 0
Ordinary person/people 1 0
Human rights organization 1 0
Mass media/journalist 1 0
Experts 1 0
NGO 1 0
HT 1 0
Other people/org. 1 0
3. If one of these persons/institutions are quoted or merely referred to in relation to HT, one should code them accordingly. Fro example, the judge said, Tony Blair plans to ban HT, the wife of an HT member said, Human Rights Watch assessed that, Professor pointed out, etc.
4. Есть другая версия происходящего: после серии задержаний активистов движения в соседней Джалал–Абадской области “Хизб ут–Тахрир” решил на время уйти в глубокое подполье. Такое предположение выдвигают лидеры некоторых местных НПО.
5. Недавно в редакции “Вечерки” состоялась встреча с видным международным экспертом в области религиозного ультрарадикализма, профессором госуниверситета штата Миссури (США) господином Мердадом Хагаеги. У него хизбутовская версия вызывает большие сомнения.
14. Terms used to describe HT members/organization
1. Other negative terms include: e.g. dangerous, notorious, restless, subversive, odious
2. Other neutral terms include: e.g. not unknown, agitators, newly, the best known, propagandists
Terrorist Yes -1 No -0
Radical 1 0
Extremist/extreme 1 0
Fundamentalist 1 0
Islamist 1 0
Millitant 1 0
Fanatic/fanatics 1 0
Clandestine/underground/secretive 1 0
Muslim/Islamic 1 0
Prohibitied/banned 1 0
political 1 0
Religious/Sect 1 0
clerical 1 0
Other neutral 1 0
Other negative 1 0
15. Negative or neutral terms (Not for a second coder)
16. Ideology of HT
Examples:
1. Члены ХТИ призывают изменить конституционный строй, свергнуть светские институты и построить в Ферганской долине теократическое государство под главенством шариата – халифат.
2. Опровергаются демократические завоевания, идут призывы отказаться от празднования Дня независимости.
3. было расклеено двадцать четыре листовки. Содержание их отдавало фашиствующими настроениями: “Америка, руки прочь от мусульман”, “Восстанем против неверных” и тому подобное, только в более резкой форме.
4. Главные объекты их нападок – светская власть, правоохранительные органы, руководство соседнего Узбекистана, а также США и Израиль.
17. Position on use of violence
Examples:
1. “Хизб ут–Тахрир”, хотя и проповедует ненасильственные действия в достижении своих целей, тем не менее разделяет многие более широкие цели с ИДУ, главным образом в установлении исламского политического порядка в Центральноазиатском регионе.
Only negative terms used (“terrorist”, “radical”, “extremist”, “fundamental”,
“Islamist”, “militant”, “fanatic”, and “other negative terms”) 0 Only neutral terms used (“clandestine”, “Muslim/Islamic”, “prohibited”,
“political organization”, “religious organization”, “clerical”, and “other neutral terms”)
1
Negative and neutral terms 2
No terms 3
Anti-secular/anti-constitutional/anti-state Yes -1 No -0
Against any political form other than Islamic (incl. anti-democracy, against elections, etc.)
1 0
Anti-Western 1 0
Against President Karimov of Uzbekistan/ against ‘Uzbekistan’ 1 0
Anti-Semitic/anti-Israel 1 0
Anti-Slavic/anti-Christian 1 0
For Islam / Islamic identity 1 0
HT’s ideology is against Islam 1 0
Rejection of violence /using peaceful means Yes-1 No-0
Support or use of violent means, incl. supporting suicide bombing 1 0
Both (rej. & sup.) are mentioned 1 0
No position is mentioned 1 0
