ESSAYS ON SOCIAL IDENTITY, POLITICAL ECONOMY AND CONFLICT
Moses Shayo
A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY
OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE
OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
RECOMMENDED FOR ACCEPTANCE BY THE DEPARTMENT OF
ECONOMICS
November 2005
Contents
Abstract iii
Acknowledgements ix
I A Framework for Modeling Social Identity 1 1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Social Identity Equilibrium: a General Model 7 1.3 Minimal Group Experiments , 15 1.4 Responses to Group Status 24 1.5 Public Goods Experiments 26 1.6 Conformity 35 1.7 A Proposed Experiment 3S 1.7.1 Method 41 1.7.2 Predictions: 46 1.8 Conclusion 49 References 49 I. A The Tajfel Definition of Social Identity, SIT and the Tajfel Matrices 61 I.A.1 The Tajfel Definition 61
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1.A.2 Social Identity Theory 63 I.A.3 The Tajfel Matrices 64 l.B Prototype and Exemplar Theories of Categorization 66 l.C Proofs 67
II Nation, Class A n d Redistribution: Applying Social Identity Re- search To Political Economy 71 11.1 Introduction 72 11.2 Nation, Class and Redistribution 75 11.2.1 A Two-Class Model 77 11.2.2 Social Identity Equilibria SO 11.3 Evidence: National Identity a n d Redistribution 90
11.3.1 Preferences for redistribution by income a n d national iden- tification 92 11.3.2 National identification by income 100 11.3.3 The cross country patterns 103 11.4 Conclusion I l l References ._ 113 Il.A Proof of Proposition 1 117 Il.B Data US II.B.l WVS Household Income Data: US II.B.2 WVS Household Size Data 119 II.B.3 Definition of Democracy 120
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11.B.4 Matching LIS Household Income Surveys in the Milanovic (2000) data with WVS and ISSP data 121 II. B. 5 Means, Medians and Standard Deviations of Variables Used
in Estimations 122
I I I E d u c a t i o n a n d M i l i t a r i s m : E x p l o r i n g t h e Link B e t w e e n P o v e r t y a n d Civil W a r s 125 111.1 Introduction 126 111.2 Cross-countr)- patterns 132 111.2.1 Data 134 111.2.2 Results 137 111.3 Poverty and militarism at the individual level 144 111.3.1 Data 145 111.3.2 Results 14S 111.4 Possible mechanisms 151 111.5 Education, Urbanization and Civil Wars 161 111.6 Conclusion 166 References 167 Ill.AData 171 HI. A. 1 Conflict definitions and lists of civil conflicts 171 III.A.2 Variables used in cross country analyses 178 II1.A.3 Countries surveyed by WVS included in the cross-country
regressions 178 III.B Determinants of Confidence in the Army 179
