• Keine Ergebnisse gefunden

Domestic fuel price and economic sectors in Malaysia: a future of renewable energy?

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Aktie "Domestic fuel price and economic sectors in Malaysia: a future of renewable energy?"

Copied!
25
0
0

Wird geladen.... (Jetzt Volltext ansehen)

Volltext

(1)

Munich Personal RePEc Archive

Domestic fuel price and economic sectors in Malaysia: a future of renewable

energy?

Jee, Hui-Siang Brenda and Lau, Evan and Puah, Chin-Hong and Abu Mansor, Shazali

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

24 January 2010

Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/22242/

MPRA Paper No. 22242, posted 26 Apr 2010 00:28 UTC

(2)

! " # " $ % ! $ & '

!! " #

$

()* +*% &# ' # ( # #

# )) ) # # ) !%*

+!!,%* $ - # # . ) # /

) # # 0 ) # $

# 1 ) # (

# ) $ 2 # #

3 # ( ) .4 / ) # )1

# # )# ) ) $ -# ) # '

) ) ( ) # )

( ( # ( )

$

" % 0 ) 4 ( ) 0 #$

5 6 7 % 7 + 89

,- * %! +* %

# # ( # #

$ &# # # ) #

) ( ) (

) .7# )

- ) +!! /$ : . ; / # # # # )

# # - - << $ = #

)

7 = # % & % >?!;+19;+ ! '% >?!;+1?, , 1 % # @ ($ $ A

) '@ # $

&# # , ) # # ( #

. ' : ; ?B 0 0 ;?B ; B " 6 ) +B

?B 2 +!! B C +!!+B 7 0 +!! +!!9B 5 D 31

4 ) 3 E # 3 +!!9B 4 ) 4 +!!9 3 ) +!! /$

(3)

+

( ( # 1 ' ) 1 ) .F

F +!!,/$

&# # # )# # # #

. / # .+/ # +$ # #

# )# # $ = # #

) ) ( ) ) $ - # # #

$ = : . ;;/ # # # )

# # $ -# # #

( # # #

$ - # # # # # #

) #$ &# )# # # # # (

# 1 ) 1 ' ) . ?/$

= ) # # 1 )

# )) ) # # ) # $ < # (

# # #

. ; / # $ &#

) # ( ) )

# ) ' # )

+< # ) # # # # # $ &# #

( # ) ' # ) . ' ?B

C +!!+B 5 D 314 ) 3 E # 3 +!!9 4 ) 4 +!!9/ # # )

$

= # # ) # #

# ( # ) # # $

4 # # ) # = 7# # ) #

# ) $ ' #

G ( G 9 # ) ( G ! ( # +!! $ 1+!!9 # )

( G9! ( ) G ! ( +!!,$ 8 # +!!; )

G !!$ 8 ( # )# G ! # +!!; ( 5 +!!; G 9$ 8

5 +!!; G ,$ : G +9 ( (

# 5 $ = ) ( # # $ < = )

( G 9 # ( ( ! G !+ ( $

(4)

$ &#

# ) $

< # ( ) # #

! +!!9 . 2 +!!?/$ = ) # )

# # )# # # ?!

) +!!9$ &# # # )#

#

# )#$

= # )# # ) ( ' ' # # #

# ) # # = .F =7

+!!9/ # ( ) # ) $ <

)# # ( # ) #

( +!!! +!!;$ ' # ;$9 ( +!!?

. 4 $?+ 4 $ +/ # # ' ( '

' # # 4 ? ( +!!9 4 $, ( +!!?$ <

5 +!!; # ) # 4 +$,! #

) # $ 4 ) = ) + +!!;

# 4 +$99 ) # ) (

# # # )# 5 $

- # # # ' # ( #

# )) ) $ &#

(5)

' # ' ) $ # 1

' ) # # # ' ) # # 1

) 9$ = ( 5 D 314 ) 3 E # 3 .+!!9/ #

# ( ) ( " # 1 ' $

# )) ) ?$ &# )

) )) ) # # #

H ,$ = # )# #

)) # ( ( ' # #

' #

( ) # # ) ' $ < #

# ( (

3 $

&# ) # ) 3 # % + ( # # )

# $ # #

) $

( + +!!? 1 ' . <= < 2 #

/$

9 ( ) 1 ' ,! # )

# ( ) H ) ' ) # .0 6 +!!;/$ = # )# #

( # ) $

?= ) . 8 / I #

( ! J ) ) # ) ) H )

) ) ) #

# ( )

# $

, # # ) ( #

. ' B K B # +!!!B L # #

+!! B 5 D 3 4 ) 3 +!!,B +!!;/$

(6)

9 .- * )+ /* % ! +% %0 * + * * 1

* ) !%* +!!,%* ,+ (

# $ & ( 3 # ( # #

; # ( ( & 7 = # #

! # ( # (

F ) $ = # ( ' )

. ' / ( ) # ' .72</ '

$

2 ) * (' ,3

- # . ; = / $ . ? 06 /

" $ . + "2 / ) # $ &# = 06 #

# # # # "2 .η /

τ/ ) # $ < # # "2

# # # = 06 $

;&# # ' # # ( # $ 4 # # ) #

$

(7)

?

&# 1( ) ( 5 # 5 . ! 55/

# ( ) H ( # $ 8 )

# # # # # #

3 # ( # ) 10 ) . 0 3 /$

2# . / # ( # # H

( $ &# 3 # .64/ #

( ) ) % # # ' ) $ =

# 55 # # '

# $

< ) # # 0 ) # (

.L 7 / ( . 0 ) ;;/$L 7

L=4 # ) ( #

) # ( # ) 0 ) $ &#

. 7& / ( # L=4 #

$ &# ' ) # # )

# # # ) H ( %

! "

+

! β β ζ

α + + + +

=

=

=

. /

! "

! "! + φ + φ+ + + +

=

=

.+/

= # )# # # # 5 # # (

' ( . ' # # 9/ ) (

) # 1( $

(8)

,

# # ) α! δ! βM φM # #

) # 6 ζ I #

# + ) # . 6/

H ( $ # )) ) # 6

# $ & # # 6 0 )

:!% β+ =! N! H . /!$ &# J # 6 $

) ) ( ) # # #

# 0 ) 6 # # # # :!+ =!

+N ! H .+/$ < # # ) ( #

) .L=4/ $ &#

( # )# # 7& ( # H ( $ < #

# # $

# $ % & % '

< ) ) # ) # # ( # #

# # #

. L / # # ( # $ : # L (

7# I ) # ) # ( # )

) # . 6 # /$ < # # 0 3 L

.0L 7 / )) ( 6 $ . +/ # $ &# # 0L 7

( ) ) # ( # # #

!&# 1 - χ+ # ' ( . / # # .β+ =!

/ # # ) . N!/ # # )# # ) # )) 7& # #

# ) $

(9)

;

# ( # !! $ &# 0L 7 ' )

# 3 + H $

4- 0/ + ' ) '*) ! )+ )) % (

8 # ) # = 06 ) J # )&*' 9

# # "2 # ) # # (

) J # # # 9 $ &# #

# # # # # (

( . $ $ )& /$ &#

# ( ( H # # $

# ) # ( ) #

# ) .L=4/ $ # # )

# ) .: /$ # # #

# . ;,/ # # # ) H $

&# & ( + # # # # # ( J ( #

' ) 2 = $ < )

# .# /

) # # # ) $ 6 # # .2 5/

) # # )# # ( #

5 # 5 . !/ # ' ) # # )#

# $

2 ) * (' .3

(10)

: ) ) # ( #

) # # # # ( J $ = # #

# # ) ) )

. / ) .

/ ( . /

) ) # # $ : # #

# #

# ) # # # $

+ % ,

&# & ( # L 7 $

. ) #/ ( ) # $ &#

# H # # ) )) ) #

# # ( # ( # J ( ) ( # )

H ( $ # 1 # )) )

) # ) # ) & ( +$

&# # # J ( # )

H ( ) ( ) ) !$! , . #/ !$+!? . ) /$ &#

) # # # J # )1

# ) # # $ ) .9 /

. / # .+ / ' ( )#

H J # ) H ( # # J $ $

2 ) * (' 43

(11)

!

# # ) # # H )) ) #

# ' ) # $ # # 0 )

# ) $ # # #

# # 6 . 0 ) 1 / # # J

9 ) ' # # $ #

( 2 7$

$ % ( & % '

& ( # # ( #

# 3 $ &# # # ) # )

) ( # # ' #

( ( ) ' ( # # ( I # $ <

' ( # # # ( ( ' ) $

# # # # #

( # ( ) ( ( # #

$ &# ' ) ( #

' $ 2 = & ( # # # )

( ) ' ( ' + H $ &#

# # # ) ) + H # #

( ; $ ( 2 # #

# ( ) ( # # ( ? $ &#

# ( & ( $

2 ) * (' 53

(12)

: # ( 2 7 # ( J

# ( ( # + H $ - # #

# # ' ) ( #

) # ) # ( ( $ < # #

# ( # # ) )

) # ) ' & ( $

# - . / - %

2 1 # ) #

.<4 / ( 6 $ . +/ 6 2 /$

< H # ( # # ) 1 #

# # $ < # # # ) H (

) ) $ 8 ) # ' # )

) # ) # J ( # ) H (

( # $

) # ) # ) ) ) #

)1 H ( $ < # # 1 # H

) # # # )# # # 3 $ 8 # # #

) ( # # ) # ( ( # H

# ( # ) ) # )# # # #

# $ F # # ( H . $ $ )

&# ) ( # . 7& / # )# #

.L 7 / # ) $ <

.<4 / # 1 H # # # #

# $

(13)

+

H # H #/ ( # 3 $ &# # ) (

( ) H ( ( # +! H $

- # # # # ( )1

) ) # )) ) $ = #

) ) # )

J $

2 ) * ) , " ,( ! ,+3

0

) H ( # & ( + #

# 0 ) . ? / ( $

- # ) # 3 & ( 9$

) 2 7 # # # !1 ) #

# J ) # # # $ = # # # #

0 ) # )

# 1 $ 4 2 0 #

' ( ( # )

) $ &# # J # # # (

# ( # ' # $

8 2 = # # # ) ) #

$ &# ' # # #

' # )

# # )# $ = ) #

(14)

( # ) ' ) # $ &#

# ( # # # $ &# # #

# ) ( #

I ( $

2 ) * (' 63 1 ! . 2

) # )) ( ) 0 ) . ;,/ # ' 0L 7

' # # # # #

( # $ &# #

0L 7 # L=4 # '# ( & ( ?$ #

# ( # # # + H #

) ' ( # ' ) $

&# ( # H $

&# )

) $ # ) # ( #

( # $; ; H ?$!

+ H . 2 /$ # #

# #

# ) ) # $

# # ( 5 D 314 ) 3 .+!!,/ # # #

) # ( # ) # " )

# $

(15)

) # . 2 /$ = ( L

5 3 .+!!?/ # ( +! # )

( 9 $ &# # # #

# J # ) $

&# # )# #

# $ # # # #

( # ) $ # ) #

H ) # + H $ #

# ) ) $

5- % +' ! 0 7)

&# ' # # ( # ! J

$ &# # # '

$ ! # )

# # # $ # )

# H # # # ) (

# # # ) $ &# # )# # 0 )

) ) $

# # ) #

# 0L 7 ' # 1 ) $ &# 0L 7

# # ( # $ 8

# # # # # ' ) ( # )) )

# # ( # ) $

(16)

9

# ) ) #

) # $ &# # #

J # # . / . ( #

#/ ( # # # # $ - # #

# # ) # (

) # $ < # ) # (

# # $ &# #

) # ) ) ) ' ) H

$

) # ( ) .4 /

# # # # 2 # )# #

. 2 +!! /$ = ) 0 6 .+!!; )$ ; ,/ # ) 4 # #

( J $ &# # J

4 ( ) 2 2 ) . 4 2/ 0 F 2 +$

4 ( ) # ( # ( 9 9

( # $ &#

( # ) # ( (

( ) ' # ) ) $ # ( # 3 #

# ( # $ &#

( # )

) ) # # )

) ) # ) $

+ &# 7 4 ( ) . 784 / # # 2

# ( # ) # 4 ) $ = # )# # )

# ' # ( )

# $

(17)

?

) # )

) ( ( # 4 $ - # # )

( # ) ) # )#1 )

# ) ) # = ( #

$

+7 %8' ! 0 *)

&# # # . F< = / # #

) # #$ = J # # # #

) # . F< = /$ - # #

)) # # <

7 ,1; 5 +!! $ = ) # (

# # $

9 + )

F ) $ # L < F ) $

2$-$ $ $ . / . -- - 3 . / + 4. 5

32 6 7 7 4 7 <

5 9$

$ $ . ; / < ( 7 < 8

9 - :; ;9 O !?$

$2$=$ C $"$ .+!!+/ ) 2 =)) ) =

< . 8 2 : - ! 5. O +!;$

7# ) C$ - ) 5$ $ .+!! / 8 2 )

4, 9 O ?9$

7 5$ 0 $ .+!! / 8 2 # P

.6 , O 9 $

7 5$ 0 $ .+!!9/ 8 2 = < %

= 7 . 8 2 : - ! 56 ?9 O

; $

0$ 4 # ( ) &$5$ 5$:$ . ?/ & = )

4 <5 ; O ; ?$

2 . 2 ) / .+!! / )# # 2 +!! O +!!9

2 F # .2F /$

2 . 2 ) / .+!!?/ F # 2 +!!?1+! !$

2 ) $

(18)

,

) < = $ < 2 # L < $

) < = $

) 4$ $ 0 ) 7$-$5$ . ;,/ 7 ) 7 4

& ) 66 +9 O +,?$

3 ) $4$ 0$ .+!! / &# # # <

) 4, O 9 $

5$ . ?/ 8 2 L # 9 - ,

,; O +?$

0 $ 0 &$:$ . ;?/ 7 8 # % &

2 F 9 - , 6 / ,; 9 O ! $

0 2$C$ 6 K$ $ .+!!;/ = 6 )1& ) 8 #

< 4 ( ) 3 4< ; ! O

; $

0 3 5$ . / = # ) 6 ) 4 H (

4 # 9 - <= +! O + $

0 ) 7$-$5$ . ? / < ) ) 7 4 ( # 7 1

# 4> + O ;$

0 ) 7$-$5$ . ;;/ 4 7 7 9 -

4; O + $

: $0$ . / &# L ) 6 ) # L=4 # ' 6 #

7 ) ) L . 9 - 4; , O

$

: 5$ $ . ; / 8 # - - << 9 -

:, ++; O + ;$

: 5$ $ . ;;/ = F # 7

9 - :< 9 O ? ,$

: 5$ $ . ?/ &# -# : # 8 2 1 4 #

9 - , 4; + 9 O ++!$

5 D 314 ) 3 5$ .+!!,' . ) ) - 3 . / + 2 - .

) - ; 3 **1 - ) 2 !, $

5 D 314 ) 3 5$ E # 3 $ .+!!9/ 8 2 # 4 0 2 0 #%

8 7 7 ( 4> +! O ++;$

5 # $ 5 "$ . !/ ' 6 # <

7 ) # = # 3;- 6 -

6. ? O + ! $

" <$ 6 ) 2$ . +/ &# 4 ) 4 7

9 - , .: , O ; $

" $ 2# 2$7$ $ # 2$ # C$ . +/ & ) # F

: # ) # = 4 $ : = -

# & : 4 P 9 - 65 9 O

,;$

6 "$7$ 2 $:$ 2 4$0$ . +/ 2 #

" 8 0 # 9 ,=. + O 9?$

6 "$7$ 2 $:$ . / 2 2 7

)) ) " 8 0 # . . 5> + O ++$

6 # :$ . /) , ( ) 1L ) $

# =$ $ $ # 4$ . / 8 # 4 ( 7 ) & #

: # % ' ) ' # )

) $ 5> ?! O ;!$

(19)

;

# =$ $ $ # 4$ . 9/ < ) ) # 4 ( & #

: # % 7 ( 7 ) & # H # 7

) ( ! 6 O 9!$

& 7 = .+!!;/ " : ) )1 )

" ) : ) 2 ( # " J $

"$=$ . ; / 8 # -# 2 0 % = '

: I 4 9 - :, , ! O , $

F 2$"$ F $ .+!!,/ ) 8 2 L 46

?9 O ?99 $

F = 7 .+!!9/ 8 2 ( .= ' /$

2 $ .+!! / 8 2 # =

0 .4 9 O 9 +$

2# 2$7$ $ . / 8 < 7 ) 6: +; O

!?$

4 ) $7$ $ 4 4$0$ .+!!9/ &# 8 2 # #

2# % = L=4 = # &# 0$2

# 2# $

C$ $ 4 =$ =( # =$ $ .+!!;/ &# < < #

2 2 7 2 =) =) 1

) 9 - 6 : , O 9+$

$ $ $=$ . ; / & ) 4 = ) 1 )

= ) 8 6 / >, 9 O ?!,$

# 5$ ) 4$ - ( 5$2$ .+!!!/ : )# < 2 8 F 0

8 2 % &# 2 2 < 0

< 6 4> ;, O $

# 0$-$ . ;,/ & 4

9 - , .= , O ! $

L # =$ # -$ $ .+!! / = ) # < 7# ) 2 2

< : # ' = 7

H - ) 2 F $ ! 1! $

L 5$=$ 5 3 $6$ .+!!?/ &# 4 # ( 7 8 F 0

2 ) < = 8 8 F 0

- # ) $7$

K 4$0$ . / 8 2 # = ( 0

= .6 9 O ?,$

(20)

(' , )* %9 ? (' )

L (

F ) #

) F ) # ) # )

F ) # ) H )

F ) # )

F ) #

F ) # )

F ) # #

F ) # )

F ) # (

) F ) # )

# F ) # #

(' . % * * % )* ) '*)

:! : & 9Q

7 L

' 1 ) 9Q

7 L

2 =% ) . N N /

N ! N ,$!,9R 9$ ?$?, R $!,

<N N + !$ ? $,? !$ ? $,?

2 % . N N !/

N ! N $+9! 9$ $; , $!,

<N N + $ !+ $,? $ !+ $,?

2 7% . N N !/

N ! N 9$!;! 9$ 9$!? $!,

<N N + !$! $,? !$! $,?

2 % . N N !/

N ! N !$+ ? 9$ !$ ! $!,

<N N + !$ !? $,? !$ !? $,?

2 % . N N !/

N ! N ?$ ! 9$ ?$9 $!,

<N N + !$ !, $,? !$ !, $,?

2 % . N N /

N ! N + $ R 9$ + $ +R $!,

<N N + !$?, $,? !$?, $,?

2 0% . N N !/

N ! N 9$ 9 9$ 9$;;! $!,

<N N + !$!99 $,? !$!99 $,?

2 :% . N N !/

N ! N ,$+ 9$ ,$+ ! $!,

<N N + !$!!; $,? !$!!; $,?

2 <% ) . N N !/

N ! N $ ; 9$ 9$; + $!,

<N N + $ 9+ $,? $ 9+ $,?

2 5% # . N N /

N ! N 9$! 9$ 9$! 9R $!,

<N N + !$!!9 $,? !$!!9 $,?

F % = .R/ ) 9 # # # ) ) #

# ( ) ) $

(21)

+!

(' 4 0/% ' ) ' *1 ) '*) N

( 7# 1 H

2 = )

) 1 $9 + .!$!+ /R 1!$+!? S1 $! ,TR

$?,+ .!$? / 1 1!$!! S1!$ ,;T

2

1 $ + .!$!+9/R 1!$ +; S19$ TR

$ .!$ +;/ 1 !$!+ S $ 9 T

2 7 #

# 1 +$!?? .!$99 / 1!$! , S1 $,! TR

!$! ? .!$ ,/ 1 !$!+ S!$ ; T

F % = .R/ ) 9 $ &# H

( S T # . / # 1 1 $

(' 5 ' & ! ? + +%0/%) * % '1) ) @ ? )A ) '*)

2 ) : 3 .H / %

2 =% )

* % )

< 9$,;,

< * ?$??!

; =1 = +$,

+ 1 ;+$?,

* %

$ <= 0#

+$+ 9 <1 1=#

; +$+ , <1 1#

+ +$!;, <1 <

2 %

* %

<= = = $ ;+

<0 = = $ 9+

; <* * $ ;

+ 0 *0 ? $

* %

+$ ! <1 =<<

$++ <0 11

; $; + <0 *=

+ 9$,+! < =*

2 7% #

* % #

<< 1<# !$+!9

<= 1 < $+9

; <= <# $! ,

+ 11 #<0 ++$ !

* %

!$ + << =1<

!$ + << =1

; !$+9 << 1 <

+ $ + <= =*=

F % &# # # # $

(22)

+

(' 6 $% * ) ' *1 ) '*)

F : # 6 ) 6 ) + 6 ) 6 )

1

2 =%

0 ) !$ ;! !$, ; !$ 9 !$ ,

0 ) $?,9R ,$!; R $ , R $+, R

2 %

0 ) !$? $ , !$ ;; !$ 9

0 ) $9 $; ! $ 9 $ ,+

2 7%

0 ) !$!!+ !$ , !$ , !$ +

0 ) !$! ; !$ !+ !$+!! !$+ +

2 %

0 ) !$!+ !$ 9+ !$!9? !$! ?

0 ) +$ ; $, $ !$ +,

2 %

0 ) !$+ 9 !$,9 !$ ;! !$ +

0 ) $ ! $,,+ $ ; !$

2 %

0 ) $+?+ $+ !$;+! !$?

0 ) $ ! !$,; !$9,! !$9?+

2 0%

0 ) ) ,$; ;R +$!+ !$,, !$+

) 0 ) $ +R +$ ; $9 $+ +

F % = .R/ ) 9 $

(23)

++

(' < *$ # ! +

2 ) : 3 .H / %

2 =%

* %

<< 0= !$

<= 0 * $ ;!

; <= 1*< $+

+ << * 0 !$ 9

* %

!$!! << <<<

$? <= 0

; +$;? <1 0

+ $? ! <0 *

2 %

* %

<# * $; ;

<* 1 = $+?+

; =0 1 * $+ !

+ = <=1 ?$!

* %

+$ ? <1 # 1 +$ ; <1 #0

; +$ 9+ <1 # =

+ +$ 9 <1 # 1

2 7%

* %

<# === $ +

<# 1 $+,;

; <# =0 $;

+ < <=1 9$!

* %

$ ;, <# #

$ ; <0 *=

; $, <0 #

+ $9,? <0

2 %

* %

< < 9$!??

< ##< ;$

; =0 # $ ,;

+ = = ;$? ?

* %

$9; <* 0

$ ! =0 0<1

; $+ =# 1#1

+ $ ++ =# #1=

(24)

+

@ (' < % * !A

2 %

* %

< 0*= 9$ +

<* $,9,

; =# 0 * $ !

+ = ;$???

* %

$ <= =#

$++, <= 11

; $+ + <= 1*=

+ $+;9 <= 1 #

2 %

* %

<< 0 1 !$ ;

<< #0# !$ 9

; << #< !$ !

+ << 1* !$+ ?

* %

$,, <= 1

+$?;! <1 *

; +$,+? <1 1

+ +$? <1 #<

2 0% )

* % )

<< =<1 !$ !

<< =* !$ ,

; << !$?;;

+ <0 1<< $+!

* %

!$!9? << <

!$!+? << <1

; !$! + << <==

+ !$!!; << <<

F % &# # # # $

(25)

+

, ) )* + %9 ' $%+7 9% % * * ? +*% @' A

,( ) )* + %9 ' $%+7 9% % * * ? +*% @' * ! A

,+ ) )* + %9 ' $%+7 9% % * * ? +*% @' %*$A

Referenzen

ÄHNLICHE DOKUMENTE

Energy storage may thus turn out to be a key problem on a long run for the penetration of new energy sources as in year 2050 over 30% (worst case) of all

Key policy message 3: While the expected growth of Turkey’s wind and solar power producers will increase the demand for high-skilled jobs, middle-skilled workers are the

Domestic opposition from downstream users of solar panels, exporters of upstream solar products to China, as well as American subsidi- aries of Chinese solar companies, combined

In order to support the tran- sition to a renewable energy system the Institute for Thermal Turbomachinery and Machine Dynamics has been working on innovative highly-efficient

Therefore since 2016 we have been working on a concept which also additional- ly uses the oxygen from the electrolysis for the hydrogen combustion, thus leading to a power cycle

This stylization of socio-technical transformation processes is characterized by three main points: technologies are not viewed in isolation from the socioeconomic

Given that the level of wood used in residential and public construction, interior design, and outdoor design continues to expand, results and information conducted during this

The most important allies of the supreme leader who have taken opposing views over the past few years include former president Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, who has clearly