Research Collection
Presentation
Smart cities?
Author(s):
Axhausen, Kay W.
Publication Date:
2020-07-07 Permanent Link:
https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000426171
Rights / License:
In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted
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Preferred citation style
Axhausen, K.W. (2020) Smart cities?, Roundtable of the Urban Land Institute at Drees & Sommer, Zurich, July 2020.
Smart cities?
KW Axhausen IVT
ETH Zurich
Social generalised costs
is the sum of
individual generalised costs, i.e.
decision relevant generalised costs &
overlooked individual costs
And the
externalities caused
Accessibility
Accessibility ∼
Opportunities,
Speeds (generalized costs)
The basic dilemma of urban policy: Land use
• Accessibility ∼ Productivity ∼ Welfare
• Productivity ∼ m2/head ∼ Sprawl
• Productivity ∼ Inequality ∼ Segregation
• Inequality ∼ Disneyfication
• Inequality ∼ Urban form stagnation
The basic dilemma of urban policy: Transport
• Accessibility ∼ Productivity ∼ Welfare
• Car-accessibility ∼ Car ownership ∼ 1/transit season ticket ownership
• Accessibility ∼ PKm ∼ CO2 production (with today’s fleet)
• Accessibility ∼ Urban sprawl ∼ PKm
• Infrastructures/vehicles come in discrete steps of capacity (and initial overcapacity)
Urban network capacity =
Junction density, Lane miles density
Betweenness centrality, Bus mileage density (Traffic control)
Example mode allocation for the optimal speed
Transport supply and demand in the short term
The crucial short-term interaction between capacity, i.e. the
number of slots
for the desired speed and the
current demand (a normal good)
What should a smart city do ?
Short term
• Control the social generalised costs
• Shift to system optimal states (price of anarchy)
• Full use of the existing transport capacities:
• Traffic control
• Priority for large pooled vehicles and services
• Full use of residential/commercial capacities:
• Taxation of unused space
• Flexible working times
Longer term
• Full costs for transport consumption:
• Tolls for infrastructures
• Dynamic congestion pricing
• Dynamic parking fees
• Dynamic public transport prices
• CO2 taxation
• More intensive land usage by charging the full costs of land use
Questions ?
See also
www.ivt.ethz.ch
COVID19 impacts: Trips and activity spaces
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Baseline Mar.02
Mar.09 Mar.16
Mar.23 Mar.30
Apr.06 Apr.13
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Jun.15 Jun.22
Number of trips/day
Activity space [km2]
Weekday - Activity space Weekend ..
Weekday - Trips Weekend ..
COVID19 impacts: Door to door speeds
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km/h door to door
Hour of the day
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After lockdown 0 to 20 Baseline 20 to 50
After lockdown 20 to 50 Baseline 50+
After lockdown 50+
COVID19 impacts: Surpressed demand
-50.0%
0.0%
50.0%
100.0%
150.0% Baseline-2019 Mar.02
Mar.09 Mar.16
Mar.23 Mar.30
Apr.06 Apr.13
Apr.20 Apr.27
May.04 May.11
May.18 May.25
Jun.01 Jun.08
Jun.15 Jun.22
%Change
Week starting with
Car Walk Cycle Bus Train
Questions ?
See also
