Chapter 6
Conclusion
Theobservation ofanarrowstrangeresonane withamassof about1540MeV in
thelastfewyearshasbeenoneofthemostexitingitemsofprogressintheeldofhadroni
physis. The observed resonane properties agreewithpreditions publishedbyDiakonov,
Petrov and Polyakov whih were based on hiral soliton model, where three members of
the antideuplet should exhibit exoti quantum numbers. Several experiments foundthis
resonaneeitherinthepK
S
orinthenK +
deayhannel. Thesesuessfulobserversinlude
the HERMES ollaboration whih reported a narrow resonane in the pK
S
deay hannel
witha massofabout1528MeV and awidth of19MeV. However, several experiments also
reported non-observane of suh a resonane, bringing into question the existene of suh
a resonane, thought originally to bethe +
pentaquark.
Theworkdesribedinthisthesiswas ananalysisofthepK
s
hannel,as measured
withtheHERMESspetrometer. ThekinematisofthedetetedpK
S
systemwere
investi-gatedin detail. The mostsigniant dedution madewasthat theKarliner-Lipkin sheme
ould be a possible tool for the redution of bakground and investigate the prodution
mehanism. Thereis aslight indiationof forwardpeakingin theangular momentum
dis-tribution but the statistis used to investigate the method were too low to draw onrete
onlusions.
Inaddition, to theanalyses ofthepK
S
hannel, aninvestigationof possible,
arti-ial soures of the resonane was performed. A MonteCarlo simulation of N resonanes
deaying into a K
S
has been used in order to determine ifthis is a possible soure of a
kinemati reetion, resulting inanarrowpeakin thepK
S
massspetrum. AlltheN
res-widths do not allow a narrow peak to form. The
(1690) an also be disounted sine,
althoughitanformanarrowpeak,itexhibitstoolowamassvaluetobeaontender. F
ur-therevidene omesfromstudyingthedetetoraeptaneandtheross-setionbranhing
ratioswhih point to anumberofevents whihis beyond thenumberseen intheobserved
peak.
Despite these tests to disount artiial soures forthe observed peak, the
HER-MES result has a very low statistial signiane, and so it is impossible to make a rm
statement about the possible existene of the resonane, other than to note that there is
no obvioussoure forthepeak,should itbe anything other thana statistial utuation.
TheReoil Projet,designedtoextendtheHERMESapabilitytomeasureDVCS
reations, will also help to larify the situation regarding the observed peakat 1528MeV.
Plaedinthetargetregionofthespetrometer,itwillgreatlyenhanetheaeptaneofthe
spetrometer and provideenhaned partile identiation, thelatter being very important
forthesuppression of bakground.
Part of the work ompleted towards the attainment of a PhD was to design a
readout system for the SFT part of the Reoil detetor. The frontend eletronis of the
HADESdetetor were usedas abasisfor thereadout ofthe multi-anode photomultipliers,
neessitating somehanges to theanalogpart oftheexisting system. Theresultant design
wastestedbothinthelaboratoryusinganLEDpulserandlaterintheGSItestfaility. The
test beam at GSI was also used to hek the eÆieny of the SFT indeteting minimally
ionizing partiles and that the SFT omplies with the design requirements stated in the
TDRonerning partilesof highermomenta. The eletronis wereshown tobeapable of
separating one photoeletron peak and provide suÆient resolution to separate pions and
protonswith momentabetween450MeV and 900MeV.
Theseresults fortheSFT represent an internal goal inthe Reoil Projet, whih
should,inadditiontoinvestigatingtheDVCSreation, helptoestablishtheobservane(or
non-observane) of the +
at HERMES kinematis to a degree of satisfatory statistial
signiane.
List of Figures
2.1 The multiplets of the hadrons in the plane given by strangeness and
z-omponents of the isospin. The left diagram shows the SU(3) otet of the
mesonswithandawhihbelongstotheSU(3)singlet. Theplotinmiddle
shows the SU(3)baryon otetand therightmost thebaryon deuplet. . . . 8
2.2 Anti-deuplet of baryons. The orners ofthis diagramaremanifestly exoti. 12
2.3 The rst observation of the +
by the LEPS experiment [31 ℄. Left panel
a) shows themissingmassMM
K +
spetrum forK +
K prodution forthe
signal sample (solid histogram) and for events whih areaompanied with
a proton hit. Right panel b) shows MM
K
for the signal sample (solid
histogram) and forevents aompanied with aproton hit (dottedhistogram). 13
2.4 Compilation of the world data obsereved +
. Left panel shows the mass
values and theright plot shows theFWHM. . . 15
3.1 LoationofHERMESattheHERAstoragering. TheotherexperimentsH1,
HERA-B and ZEUS, the Spin rotators and polarimeters are superimposed.
The setup of run 2001-2007 is shown. Prior to 2001 there were no rotators
at H1 and ZEUS. . . 21
3.2 Side view ofthe urrent setup ofthe HERMESspetrometer . . . 23
3.3
Cerenkov angles versus momentum for aerogel and C
4 F
10
gas. The upper
urve shows angles ofthe
Cerenkov lightone omingfromthe aerogel
radi-ator. The lower urve orresponds to theC
4 F
10
gas. . . 28
4.1 +
invariant mass spetrum (left) and +
p invariant mass spetrum
(right). No uts are applied on seleted protons and pions. The +
spetrum shows lear K
S
peak while no struture is seen in the +
p
spetrum. . . 34
4.2 Topology ofreonstruted three-trakevents . . . 35
4.3 The +
invariant massspetrumleftandthe +
p invariant mass
spe-trumright. TheDCAandthedeaylengthutsareappliedonseletedpions
in orderto improve theK
S
signal. . . 36
4.4 The +
invariant massspetrumleftandthe +
p invariant mass
spe-trumright. The applied are extended by ausality ut forposition between
+
produtionanddeayvertex. The +
pspetrumisomputedfrom
events with belong to thelled areaofhistogram intheleft panel plot. . 37
4.5 +
invariant mass spetrum after applying the uts is shown in the left
panel. Thespetrumis tted withthe sumofa polynomial of seond order
and a Gaussian. In the right panel, the p invariant mass spetrum is
shown. . . 38
4.6 The nal invariant mass spetrum of the pK
S
obtained by the HERMES
experiment. Therightplotshows thespetrumttedbythirdorder
polyno-mialplus Gaussian. In theleft piturearesix
resonanes tted
addition-ally tothebakground. The grayshaded histogramrepresentsa normalized
Pythia6 simulation andthe solidline histogram isthe normalizedresult of
a mixed event analysis.. . . 39
4.7 The invariant mass distribution of the pK
S
system. The statistis are too
small foranystatement aboutexistene of state,.. . . 42
4.8 The distribution ofpartile type ofthe fourthtrak. . . 43
4.9 InvariantmassspetrumofthesystemK
S
. Thespetrumisgeneratedfrom
events where three traks of standard +
uts are aompanied by fourth
trak whih is identied aspion. . . 44
4.10 The invariant mass spetrum of K
S
p system. Two opposite harged pions
and protons areaompanied with thefourth trak identied as pion. The
events, where pion have together with K
S
invariant mass of K
or with p
massof the,areexluded. . . 44
4.11 The invariant massdistribution ofsimulated . . . 47
4.12 The omparison of the simulated and measured angular distribution of the
+
. Inthesimulation, theparent partile deays isotropially inthe
enter-of-masssystem. Angulardistributionofsimulated +
aepted bythe
HER-MESspetrometer isdisplayed bythedashedline. Theangular distribution
orresponding to theeventswhose massagreewithin 2 to themean ofthe
observed peakaredepited bysolidline. . . 48
4.13 The measured angular distributions of the pK
S
system. The solid line is
given by the events whose mass orresponds to the mass of the observed
peak. The dashed line orresponds to bakground events out of the two
-range around apeak. .. . . 48
4.14 The invariant massspetrumof thepK system. . . 51
4.15 The invariant massspetrumof thepK +
system. . . 52
4.16 The squared momentum dierene jP
K j
2
jP
N j
2
plot. Solid line shows
dis-tribution of thesignal events, whereas dotted line shows distribution of the
bakground. . . 53
4.17 The sanof squaremomenta utvalues forK.-L. sheme. The events below
ertain square momenta dierene are seleted and the nal spetrum is
tted. In upper panels the dependene of nave and realisti signiane is
showed. The dependene of peak position and width on the ut value is
shown inlowerpanels. . . 54
4.18 ThepK S systemmassspetrumafterapplyingutjP K j 2 jP N j 2 <5GeV 2 / 2 . 54 4.19 The invariant massspetrum oftheevents wheresystempK S exhibits mass of152830MeVandsystemsp havemassofthe111618MeV.The is observed as the fourthtrakinthe events. . . 56
4.20 The generatedmass ofthe N(1710) resonanes. . . 58
4.21 ThesimulatedmomentaoftheN(1710)resonanes. Theupperlefthistogram shows the total momentum of the parent partile. The upper right shows the momentum distribution in the diretion of the z-axis, lower left in the x-axis and lower right inthey-axis . . . 58
4.22 The reonstruted massspetrumof pK S system. The generated events are omingfromdeayofN(1710) deayinginto K S . The fromthedeay is notreonstruted. . . 59
4.23 Thet ofthereonstruted massspetrumofthepK S system. Thet fun-tionisomposedasasumofBreit-Wigner,Gaussandthirdorderpolynomial funtion . . . 59
4.24 The t of the pK S mass spetrum. The t funtion is the sum of a third degree polynomial, six Breit-Wigner funtion desribing resonanes and a funtionobtained fromN(1710) kinemati reetion studies. . . 60
4.25 The pK S systeminvariant massspetrumobtainedbyhigherstatisti simu-lation ofN(1710). . . 61
4.26 ThepK S systeminvariantmassspetrumobtainedbysimulationof 0 (1690) deaying into K 0 S . The peak hasbeen tted bymeans of Gaussian distri-bution. . . 62
5.1 The Feynman diagramof theDVCSand ompetitive Bethe-Heitler proess 68 5.2 The missing mass spetrum of the DVCS proess. The blak points orre-spond to the measureddata. The magenta area are MC DVCS events, the light blue areaareevents from fragmentation bakground . . . 69
5.3 3DView ofthe Reoil Detetor . . . 70
5.4 The shemati view of bre layout in the Sintillating Fibre Traker. The bresoftheinnersub-layersareorientatedparallel to thebeamaxis. Fibres wrapped around thebarrel in ahelix-shaped in theouter sub-layers form a stereo angel of 10 Æ with respet to the beam diretion. Two sub-layers are built into eah ofthe parallel and stereolayers of eitherbarrel. . . 72
5.5 Sheme of internalstruture ofGASSIPLEX . . . 74
5.6 Blok sheme of thePFM board . . . 75
5.7 Timing ofa ompletesample yle . . . 76
5.8 Daisy hained onnetion ofve PFMs . . . 77
5.10 Analog Multiplexer Sheme . . . 80
5.11 Capaitive CouplingBetween PMTsand GASSIPLEX Input . . . 81
5.12 Example of the alibration spetrum ofone PFM hannel. The spetrum is
tted byPoisson distribution. . . 82
5.13 The side view of theexperimental setup at theGSIinNovember 2003. . . . 84
5.14 Diagram ofthe testbeamtrigger. TwoPMTs produe thetrigger in
oini-dene. The VETOsignal hasto be released duringevent proessing. . . . 85
5.15 ThesatterplotofthehitpositionobtainedbytheMWPC.Theplotontains
only single hit events. . . 87
5.16 The energy deposition versus TOF. The right panel shows the distribution
for partiles with momentum 300MeV/. Good separation of pions (region
in right bottom orner) and protons is obtained. The left plot shows the
distributionformomentum900MeV/. Theproton andpionpeakareloser
but still good separable. The region in left upper orner represents hits
aused byheavierpartiles like D orHe
3
. . . 88
5.17 Comparison of the QDC and ustomized readout by measurement of
en-ergy deposition ineah moduleaused byprotons (blue) and pions (red) of
300MeV/. TheleftpanelshowstheresponseofCAENQDCwhiletheright
shows the responseof theustomized PFM. . . 89
5.18 (a)Unalibrated spetrum ofa single SFThannel
(b)Calibrated spetrumof same SFThannel . . . 90
5.19 Energydepositionforprotons orpions inasingle breat dierent momenta. 91
List of Tables
2.1 Additive quantum numbersof thequarks. . . 8
2.2 Published experimentswith evidene for +
resonane. . . 15
2.3 Published experimentswith non observation of the +
resonane. . . 17
4.1 MassandwidthvaluesobtainedbydierenttproeduresofthepK
s
system
and theirsystemati andstatistial errors. Row Ia)is basedon thet using
thesimulatedbakgroundmodeland
s. IntheaseofrowIb),bakground
is tted simply by a polynomial. Rows IIa) and IIb) are using same
bak-ground models as Ia)and Ib)respetively,butdierent massreonstrution
expressionsthatareexpetedtoresultinbetterresolution. Numberofsignal
and bakground eventsin 2 areaarein olumnmarked as N 2
s
and N 2
b
. 41
Bibliography
[1℄ J. J.ThomsonPhilosophial Magazine 44,293 (1897).
[2℄ E. Rutherford, F.R.S.* Philosophial Magazine Series 6,vol. 21 May1911, p.669-688
[3℄ M. Gell-Mann, Phys.Rev.
125
(1962) 1067.[4℄ M. Gell-Mann, Phys.Lett.
8
(1964) 214.[5℄ M. Gell-Mann andY. Ne'eman1964 The Eightfold Way(New York: Benjamin)
[6℄ P.N.Kirk et al., Phys.Rev. D
8
(1973) 63.[7℄ D. P.Barberet al., Phys.Rev. Lett.
43
(1979) 830.[8℄ D. J.Gross and F.Wilzek, Phys. Rev. Lett.
30
(1973) 1343.[9℄ H. D.Politzer, Phys.Rev. Lett.
30
(1973) 1346.[10℄ K.Gottfried, Phys.Rev. Lett.
18
(1967) 1174.[11℄ M.Arneodo et al.[New MuonCollaboration℄, Phys.Rev. D
50
(1994) 1.[12℄ K. Akersta et al. [HERMES Collaboration℄, Phys. Rev. Lett.
81
(1998) 5519[arXiv:hep-ex/98070 13 ℄.
[13℄ F.M.SteensandA.W.Thomas,Phys.Rev.C
55
(1997)900[arXiv:nul-th/96120 56℄ . [14℄ G. Curi,W.Furmanski and R. Petronzio,Nul. Phys.B175
(1980) 27.[15℄ V.N.GribovandL.N.Lipatov,Sov.J.Nul.Phys.
15
(1972)675[Yad.Fiz.15
(1972)1218℄.
[16℄ G. Altarelli andG. Parisi, Nul. Phys.B
126
(1977) 298.[17℄ Y.L.Dokshitzer,Sov.Phys.JETP
46
(1977)641[Zh.Eksp.Teor.Fiz.73
(1977)1216℄.[18℄ A. Airapetian et al. [HERMES Collaboration℄, Phys. Lett. B
585
(2004) 213[arXiv:hep-ex/03120 44 ℄.
[19℄ R. L.Jae, SLAC-PUB-1774 Talk presented at the Topial Conf. on Baryon R
es-onanes, Oxford, Eng.,Jul 5-9, 1976
[20℄ R. L.Jae, Phys. Rev. D
15
(1977) 267.[21℄ R. L.Jae, Phys. Rev. D
15
(1977) 281.[22℄ V.Kopeliovih, Phys. Lett. B
259
(1991) 234.[23℄ M.Chemtob, Nul. Phys.B
256
(1985)600.[24℄ H.Walliser, Nul. Phys.A
548
(1992) 649.[25℄ D. Diakonov, V.Petrov and M. V.Polyakov, Z.Phys. A
359
(1997) 305 [arXiv:hep-ph/9703373℄.[26℄ T.H. R. Skyrme,Nul. Phys.
31
(1962) 556.[27℄ J.K. Perring and T.H.R. Skyrme,Nul. Phys.
31
,550 (1962).[28℄ K.Hiks, arXiv:hep-ex/0504027 .
[29℄ S.Kabana, arXiv:hep-ex/0503019 .
[30℄ S.Kabana, arXiv:hep-ex/0503020 .
[31℄ T.Nakanoetal.[LEPSCollaboration℄,Phys.Rev.Lett.
91
(2003)012002 [arXiv:hep-ex/0301020℄.[32℄ V.V.Barmin et al. [DIANACollaboration℄, Phys.Atom. Nul.
66
(2003) 1715 [Yad.Fiz.
66
(2003) 1763℄ [arXiv:hep-ex/030404 0℄ .[33℄ J.Barth et al.[SAPHIR Collaboration℄, Phys. Lett. B
572
(2003) 127.[34℄ A.E. Asratyan,A.G.Dolgolenko and M.A.Kubantsev, Phys.Atom.Nul.
67
(2004)682 [Yad.Fiz.
67
(2004) 704℄[arXiv:hep-ex/03090 42℄ .[35℄ S. Chekanov et al. [ZEUS Collaboration℄, Phys. Lett. B
591
(2004) 7 [arXiv:hep-ex/0403051℄.[36℄ M. Abdel-Bary et al. [COSY-TOF Collaboration℄, Phys. Lett. B
595
(2004) 127[arXiv:hep-ex/04030 11 ℄.
[37℄ A.Aleevet al. [SVDCollaboration℄, arXiv:hep-ex/0401024 .
[38℄ A.Aleevet al. [SVDCollaboration℄, arXiv:hep-ex/0509033 .
[39℄ B.Aubert et al.[BABARCollaboration℄,arXiv:hep-ex/040806 4.
[40℄ K.Abe et al.[BELLE Collaboration℄,arXiv:hep-ex/0409010 .
[41℄ S.R. Armstrong,Nul. Phys. Pro.Suppl.
142
(2005) 364 [arXiv:hep-ex/04100 80℄ . [42℄ J. Z. Bai et al. [BES Collaboration℄, Phys. Rev. D70
(2004) 012004[arXiv:hep-ex/0402012℄.
[43℄ I.Abt et al.[HERA-B Collaboration℄, Phys.Rev. Lett.
93
(2004) 212003 [arXiv:hep-ex/0408048℄.[44℄ M.J.Longoetal.[HyperCPCollaboration℄,Phys.Rev.D
70
(2004)111101 [arXiv:hep-ex/0410027℄.[45℄ D. O. Litvintsev [CDF Collaboration℄, Nul. Phys. Pro. Suppl.
142
(2005) 374[arXiv:hep-ex/04100 24 ℄.
[46℄ Y. M. Antipov et al. [SPHINX Collaboration℄, Eur. Phys. J. A
21
(2004) 455[arXiv:hep-ex/04070 26 ℄.
[47℄ K.Abe et al.[Belle Collaboration℄, arXiv:hep-ex/0411005 .
[48℄ K.Goetzen[BaBar Collaboration℄, arXiv:hep-ex/0510041.
[49℄ C. Pinkenburg [PHENIX Collaboration℄, J. Phys. G
30
(2004) S1201 [arXiv:nul-ex/0404001℄.[50℄ M. Battaglieri, R. De Vita, V. Kubarovsky, L. Guo, G. S. Muthler, P. Stoler and
D. P.Weygand [the CLASCollaboration℄, arXiv:hep-ex/0510061 .
[51℄ V.D.Burkert, arXiv:hep-ph/0510309 .
[52℄ M.I. Adamovih et al.[WA89 Collaboration℄, arXiv:hep-ex/0510013 .
[53℄ S. Stepanyan et al. [CLAS Collaboration℄, Phys. Rev. Lett.
91
(2003) 252001[arXiv:hep-ex/03070 18 ℄.
[54℄ V. Kubarovsky et al. [CLAS Collaboration℄, Phys. Rev. Lett.
92
(2004) 032001[Erratum-ibid.
92
(2004)049902℄ [arXiv:hep-ex/0311046 ℄.[55℄ H.Z.Huang,arXiv:nul-ex/050 90 37 .
[56℄ C. Alt et al. [NA49 Collaboration℄, Phys. Rev. Lett.
92
(2004) 042003 [arXiv:hep-ex/0310014℄.[57℄ B. Aubert et al. [BABAR Collaboration℄, Phys. Rev. Lett.
95
(2005) 042002[arXiv:hep-ex/05020 04 ℄.
[58℄ K. Stenson[FOCUSCollaboration℄, Int.J. Mod.Phys. A
20
(2005) 3745 [arXiv:hep-ex/0412021℄.[59℄ J.Spengler[HERA-BCollaboration℄, AtaPhys.Polon. B
36
(2005) 2223 [arXiv:hep-ex/0504038℄.[60℄ A. Airapetian et al. [HERMES Collaboration℄, Phys. Rev. D
71
(2005) 032004[arXiv:hep-ex/04120 27 ℄.
[61℄ M. I. Adamovih et al. [WA89 Collaboration℄, Phys. Rev. C
70
(2004) 022201[arXiv:hep-ex/04050 42 ℄.
[62℄ S. Chekanov et al. [ZEUS Collaboration℄, Phys. Lett. B
610
(2005) 212 [arXiv:hep-ex/0501069℄.[63℄ C. Alt et al. [NA49 Collaboration℄, Phys. Rev. Lett.
92
(2004) 042003 [arXiv:hep-ex/0310014℄.[64℄ A.Aktasetal.[H1Collaboration℄,Phys.Lett.B
588
(2004)17[arXiv:hep-ex/04030 17℄ . [65℄ R.L.JaeandF.Wilzek, Phys.Rev.Lett.91
(2003)232003[arXiv:hep-ph/0307341℄ . [66℄ A.Gal andE. Friedman,Phys.Rev. Lett.94
(2005) 072301 [arXiv:nul-th/051 10 33℄ .[67℄ C.Alexandrou and A.Tsapalis, arXiv:hep-lat/050301 3.
[68℄ A. I. Titov, A. Hosaka, S. Date and Y. Ohashi, Phys. Rev. C
70
(2004) 042202[arXiv:nul-th/040 800 1℄ .
[69℄ K.Akersta etal.[HERMES Collaboration℄, Nul.Instrum.Meth.A
417
(1998) 230[arXiv:hep-ex/98060 08 ℄.
[70℄ A.Nasset al., Nul. Instrum.Meth. A
505
(2003) 633.[71℄ J.T. Brak et al., Nul. Instrum.Meth. A
469
(2001) 47.[72℄ S.Bernreuther et al., Nul. Instrum.Meth. A
416
(1998) 45[arXiv:hep-ex/98030 05 ℄.[73℄ A.Andreevet al., Nul. Instrum. Meth.A
465
(2001) 482.[74℄ H.Avakian et al., Nul. Instrum.Meth. A
417
(1998) 69 [arXiv:hep-ex/9810004 ℄.[75℄ N.Akopov et al., Nul. Instrum.Meth. A
479
(2002) 511 [arXiv:physis/010403 3℄.[76℄ T.Benish et al., Nul. Instrum.Meth. A
471
(2001) 314.[77℄ K. Wittenburg, 11th ICFA Mini-Workshop on Diagnostis forHigh-Intensity Hadron
Mahines, ORNL Spallation Neutron Soure projet in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.,
Otober 21-23, 2002
[78℄ U.Elshenbroih HERMES02-013, June2002
[79℄ S.Eidelman et al.[Partile Data GroupCollaboration℄, Phys.Lett. B
592
(2004) 1.[80℄ W. Verkerke and D. Kirkby, eConf
C0303241
(2003) MOLT007[arXiv:physis/0306 116 ℄.
[81℄ T. Sjostrand, P. Eden, C. Friberg, L. Lonnblad, G. Miu, S. Mrenna and E. Norrbin,
Comput. Phys.Commun.
135
(2001) 238 [arXiv:hep-ph/0010017℄.[82℄ E.-C.Ashenauer,P.Liebing, and T.Sjostrand,in preparation.
[83℄ W.Yu,Y.Mao, X.Lu, H.Ye, B.Ma. HERMES 04-018, June2004
[84℄ A. Airapetian et al.HERMES Release report,September16,2003
[85℄ GEANT Detetor Desription and Simulation Tool, CERN Program Library, Long
Writeup, W5013, 1994.
[86℄ A.Airapetian, W. Deonink, F. Giordano HERMES04-030, September2003
[87℄ C.F. von Weizsaker, Z.Phys.
88
(1934) 612.[88℄ E. J.Williams, Phys.Rev.
45
(1934)729.[89℄ M.A.Moinester,D.Ashery,L.G.Landsbergand H.J.Lipkin,Z.Phys.A
356
(1996)207 [arXiv:hep-ph/9510356℄ .
[90℄ M.Karliner and H.J.Lipkin, Phys. Lett. B
616
(2005)191 [arXiv:hep-ph/0501189℄ . [91℄ A. R. Dzierba, D. Krop, M. Swat, S. Teige and A. P. Szzepaniak, Phys. Rev. D69
(2004) 051901 [arXiv:hep-ph/0311125 ℄.
[92℄ A. R. Dzierba, D. Krop, M. Swat, S. Teige and A. P. Szzepaniak, Phys. Rev. D
71
(2005) 098502.
[93℄ K. Hiks, V. Burkert, A. E. Kudryavtsev, I. I. Strakovsky and S. Stepanyan, Phys.
Rev. D
71
(2005) 098501.[94℄ M.I.Adamovihet al.[WA89Collaboration℄,Eur.Phys.J.C
5
(1998)621 [arXiv:hep-ex/9710024℄.[95℄ S.F.Biagi et al., Z.Phys. C
34
(1987) 15.[96℄ C. Dionisi et al. [Amsterdam-CERN-Nijmegen-Oxford Collaboration℄, Phys. Lett. B
80
(1978) 145.[97℄ S.F.Biagi et al., Z.Phys. C
9
(1981) 305.[98℄ F.Giordano, DESY-HERMES-04-55
[99℄ X.D.Ji, J.Phys.G
24
(1998) 1181 [arXiv:hep-ph/9807358 ℄.[100℄ A.V.Radyushkin, arXiv:hep-ph/0101225.
[101℄ K.Goeke,M.V.Polyakov andM. Vanderhaeghen, Prog. Part. Nul.Phys.
47
(2001)[102℄ M. Diehl, Phys. Rept.
388
(2003) 41 [arXiv:hep-ph/0307382 ℄.[103℄ The HERMESCollaborationDESYPRC01-01, HERMES 01-017, April 2001
[104℄ The HERMESCollaborationDESYPRC02-01, HERMES 02-003, April 2002
[105℄ J. C. Santiard et al., CERN-ECP-94-17 Presented at the 6th Pisa Meeting on
Advaned Detetors, La Biodola, Isola d'Elba, Italy, 22 - 28 May 1994
[106℄ J.C. Santiard and K.Marent [ALICE Collaboration℄, CERN-ALICE-PUB-2001-49
[107℄ EL4421C/22C/41C/42C/43 C/44 C-dat a sheet Rev.C.Elante In.January 1996
[108℄ ADS820data sheet, Burr-BrownCorp. Otober1996
[109℄ MG-7010 data sheet, Seiko-Epson In.
[110℄ CY7C420/421data sheet, Cypress Semiondutor, August 1993
[111℄ Anton Kastnuller, Mihael Bohmer, Jurgen Friese, etl.Fastdetetorreadout forthe
HADES RICH.Nul. Instr. Meth.
A 433
(1999)438[112℄ M. Bohmer, Diploma Thesis, TUMunhen2000.
[113℄ W.Sommer, Diploma Thesis, JLU Giessen2003
[114℄ J.Diaz et al., Nul. Instrum.Meth. A
478
(2002) 511.[115℄ M. Hoek, Thesis, JLU Giessen inpreparation
[116℄ M. Hoek et al.HERMES 05-013, April 2005
[117℄ M. Hoek, et al.Nul. Instrum.Meth. Ainpreparation
Acknowledgments
Iwould like to expressmy gratitudeto myadvisor Prof. Dr. Mihael Duren who
made itpossible for meto work at HERMESand supervisedme duringthewriting of my
PhD.
I wish to thank also Bjoern Seitz for his time and help with the development
of the SFT eletronis and the analysis of the data pertaining to the Reoil projet. I
highly appreiate the help and assistane of Matthias Hartig during his stay in Giessen.
I am espeially grateful for his oordination of the test beam at GSI Darmstadt and the
expertisethat he provided atthat faility.
Many thanks to my friend and oÆe mate Matthias Hoek for his support and
fruitful disusions on all subjets duringthe ompletion of this work. My thanks go to all
my olleagues inourgroup at Giessenas well.
Iwouldlike to expressmythanksto thedevelopers oftheHADESeletronis for
theirontinuousaidandassistane: JorgLehnert, MihalBohmerandRomanGernhauser.
MythanksalsogotomembersofHERMESollaboration. Iwouldliketothankthe
management oftheReoil Projet fortheopportunityto partiipateinsuhan interesting
programofdetetordevelopment. Iwouldalsoliketothankallthemembersofthe\Exotis
Analysis Group" for many produtive disussions and ontinued motivation during the
analysis period ofmywork.
I wish to express my gratitude to representatives of the
Copenhagen-Gieen-Helsinki-Jyvasky la-Torino European Graduate Shool on \Complex Systems of Hadrons
and Nulei" fortheirnanial supportand theopportunities they providedforme to
par-tiipate inexiting Leture Weeksand olloquia.
Inaddition, Iwould liketo thankto MorganMurrayforhishelpinorretingthe
grammarand spelling of this publiation.